In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus.
In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus.
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule.
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
he sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system.
Each sense organ contains different receptors.
General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin, visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity), muscles, and joints.
Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose, photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes, and mechanoreceptors found in the ears.
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
This is about the general physiology of sense organs for medical and paramedical professional beginners who choose pharmacy, nursing and physiotherapy to study.
Senses : any of the physical processes by which stimuli are received, transduced, and conducted as impulses to be interpreted in the brain.
The special senses consist of the eyes, ears, nose, throat and skin.
Each of these organs have specialized functions that make if possible for us to experience our environment and to make that experience more pleasant
The nephron is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule.
The outer ear
- pinna
- ear canal
- eardrum
2. The middle ear
- three ossicle bones;
(malleus, incus, stapes)
- two major muscles
(stapedial muscle, tensor
tympani)
- Eustachian tube
3. The inner ear
- cochlea (hearing)
- vestibular system (balance)
4. The central auditory system• PINNA: Important for sound
gathering and localization of
sound
• EAR CANAL or AUDITORY
MEATUS: important for
sound selection
• EARDRUM or TYMPANIC
MEMBRANE:
vibrates in response to
sound/pressure chan
Unit-I, Chapter_1 Nervous System Final PPT.pptAudumbar Mali
B. Pharm. Sem:-II,
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory),
Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters. Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of brain and
cerebrospinal fluid.structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts,reflex activity).
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
2. • A. The Eye and its Appendages
• B. Ear and Ear Ossicles
3.
4.
5. Elevated by a muscle called Levator Superioris Muscle
Nerve supply: facial n. – orbicularis muscle
occulomotor n. – levator palpebrae
muscle
Blood Supply:
• arterial supply – superior and inferior palpebral
branches of ophthalmic artery
• Venous drainage – ophthalmic vein
6. Superior Plica
Conjunctiva semilunaris
Lateral canthus
Lacrimal
caruncle in
lacrimal
lake
Inferior lacrimal
papilla
7. 1. Lacrimal Gland
located at the superolateral angle of the orbit
Oval in shape
Divided into 2 parts: Superior (orbital portion) and
Inferior (Palpebral portion)
Pour tears by means of 8-12 tiny ducts
Function of Tears:
A. Wash away iritating materials, e.g.
dust
B. Lyzozyme prevents microbial
infection
C. Prevents drying of conjunctiva and
cornea
8. 2. Lacrimal Ducts
Situated one on each eyelid starting
from lacrimal punctum to lacrimal sac
3. Lacrimal Sac
Situated in the lacrimal fossa
4. Nasolacrimal Ducts
Downward continuation
of the sac
About ¾ inch in length
Drains into the inferior
nasal concha
9. Likened to a quadrilateral pyramid
Each orbit contains the globe of one eye
and its appendages
10. Approximately 1 inch in diameter
Situated in the anterior parts of the orbit
nearer the roof than the floor
3 COATS OF THE EYEBALL
FIRST COAT
Sclera – white of the eye; tough
fibrous external capsule which encloses
the posterior 5/6 of the eyeball
Cornea – anterior transparent and
clear portion
11. SECOND COAT
Choroid – nourishing coat of the eyeball composed
manily of blood vessel
Ciliary Body - dangerous area of the eye since the
wound here can involve the iris, chorois, retina or the
cornea
o Ciliary muscle – bundles of smooth muscle; aka the
“muscle of accomodation”
o Ciliary Processes – about 70 in number; forms the
Aqueous Humor.
Iris – aka Uveal Tract; corresponds to the diapragm of
the camera and has a central opening called “pupil”
which regulate the amount of light that reach the retina
12.
13. THIRD COAT
Retina– expanded termination of the Optic nerve; considered part of
the brain.
Optic Disk – considered as the physiologic blind spot
Macula Lute (yellow spot) – forms a yellowish, circular area
that lacks blood vessels
Fovea Centralis – tiny depression at the center; the point of
highest visual acuity
Refractive Media – are he Cornea, Aqueous Humor, the Lens and
the Vitreous Humor (in order from outside to inside)
Aqueous Humor - clear fluid that occupies the space between the
cornea in fromnt and lens behind. It is the Lymph of the eye.
Lens- biconvex, transparent and colorless body found between
aqueous humor in front and vitreous humor behind. It has the
“Power of Accomodation” due to its elastic nature of change.
Vitreous Humor – soft, gelatinous substance that fills whole of the
eyeball behind the lens; supports retina behind
14.
15. 1. Lateral rectus m. – pulls the eye laterally
2. Medial Rectus m. – pulls the eye medially
RECTI 3. Superior Rectus m. – pulls the eye superiorly and
medially
4. Inferior Rectus m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and
laterally
5. Superior Oblique m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and
OBLIQUE laterally
6. Inferior Oblilque m. – pulls the eye superiorly and
laterally
7. Levator Palpebrae superioris m. – raises the
upper eyelid
16.
17.
18. - acute and painful
pyogenic infection of
the sebacious or
Meibomian glands of
the eylid margin
19. - Inflammation of the
conjunctiva may be
caused by irritants such
as smoke, dust, wind
cold, dry air, micronial
infection or allergic
reations
21. Opacity of the lens which
may be degenerative or
congenital, bilateral or
unilateral. Opacity
interferes with
transmission of light rays
so that vision is impaired.
22. Inability of eyes to move
so that the same image
falls on the corresponding
parts of the retina in both
eyes cause by extraocular
muscle weakness or
defective nerve supply
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28. a. AURICLE b. EXTERNAL
(Pinna) AUDITORY MEATUS
Its purpose is to collect and convey sound
waves to the tympanic membrane (ear drum).
29. - a cartilagenous framework
covered by skin
- Aka “Pinna”
- Nerve Supply:
• Greater auricular n., auriculo-
temporal n., lesser occippital n.
- Blood Supply:
Supplied by posterior auricular
artery and superficial temporal
artery
Venous drainage by
superficial temporal vein and
external jugular vein
30. - A canal that extends from concha to tympanic membrane
- About 1 inch long
- 1st part – cartilagenous; 2nd part - osseuos
Blood supply:
Skin of cartilagenous part is
by hair follicles, sebaceous
and ceruminous glands
Nerve Supply:
Auriculo-temporal nerve
31. o Separates the external and the middle ear
o It trnasmits the vibrations of soundd waves along the
auditory ossicles to the inner ear
o It bulges into the middle ear, making the outer wall
concave
32. It is the space in the petrous portion of the temporal,
lined by mucuos membrane
Contains the OSSICLES (Malleus, Incus, Stapes),
which transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to
the internal ear
33. MIDDEL EAR
Anterior wall – presenst the Auditory(Eustachain) tube
Medial wall – present 3 structures:
Foramen Ovale (fenestra vestibule)
Promontory
Foramen rotundum
2 muscles:
a. Tensor tympani
muscle
b. Stapedius
muscle – draws
stapes
backward
34. It is situated in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Concerned with sound perception, orientation and
balancing
Made up of TWO LABYRINTHS
BONY
LABYRINTH
MEMBRANOUS
LABYRINTH
35. - About 3mm thick, hard as ivory.
- Consists of:
o Cochlea – small shell that
makes ½ turns around a
central pillar called the
“modiolus”
o Vestibule – central part,
attached to stapes
o 3 Bony Semicircular Canals –
horseshoe-shaped, contain the
membranous semicircular
ducts. They have no auditory
functions but they provide
information about the position
of the head in space,
contributing to the maintenance
of equilibrium and balance
36. - This lies within the bony
labyrinth consisting of sac that
contains fluid known as
“endolymph”
- Separated between the bony
walls by a fluid known as
“perilymph”
- It consists of:
Cochlear Duct – contains the
spiral organ of Corti, essential
part of the organ of hearing
Utricle and Saccule –
situated inside bony vestibule
Semicircular Ducts – smaller
in size but have the same
shape as the bony canals
39. Inflammation of the
middle ear and may be
due to spread of
microbes from the upper
respiratory tract through
the eustachain tube or
from the outer ear
through the rupture of
tympanic membrane.
40. There is excessive
endolymph causing Repetitive motion cause
generalized dilation and excessive stimulation of the
increased pressure within semicircular canals & vestibular
the membranous labyrinth. apparatus and result in nausea
With episodes of vertigo, and vomiting in some people
nausea, vomiting, tinnitus.
The deafness of old age
due to the degeneration of the
sensory cells of the organ of
Corti.