concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
Formation of cracks in concrete is a common phenomenon that allows many chemicals, water to seep inside leading to decrease in durability, including progressive drop in concrete strength. The maintenance and repair of structural concrete is very complex phenomenon. Self-healing concrete, using bacteria at the time of mixing, is an impressive solution to overcome these kinds of adverse effects. It is an economical way is to prepare concrete of better quality. The study was carried out to investigate the concrete performance by adding bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. This Self-Healing concrete is also known as as Bio-concrete. Bacteria was induced directly in the concrete mix along with calcium lactate i.e., an organic precursor producing calcium carbonate crystals that block cracks and pores in the concrete. Samples were made with different quantities of bacteria and results showed significant increase in compressive strength of concrete and decrease in permeability. The concrete micro-structure was observed under SEM which also confirmed the experimental results obtained.
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
A special type of concrete which provided with specific bacteria to fill the cracks in the concrete by converting the unreacted silica(cement) to limestone.
The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
Formation of cracks in concrete is a common phenomenon that allows many chemicals, water to seep inside leading to decrease in durability, including progressive drop in concrete strength. The maintenance and repair of structural concrete is very complex phenomenon. Self-healing concrete, using bacteria at the time of mixing, is an impressive solution to overcome these kinds of adverse effects. It is an economical way is to prepare concrete of better quality. The study was carried out to investigate the concrete performance by adding bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. This Self-Healing concrete is also known as as Bio-concrete. Bacteria was induced directly in the concrete mix along with calcium lactate i.e., an organic precursor producing calcium carbonate crystals that block cracks and pores in the concrete. Samples were made with different quantities of bacteria and results showed significant increase in compressive strength of concrete and decrease in permeability. The concrete micro-structure was observed under SEM which also confirmed the experimental results obtained.
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
A special type of concrete which provided with specific bacteria to fill the cracks in the concrete by converting the unreacted silica(cement) to limestone.
Self-healing concrete is the special type of concrete invented by a group of microbiology researchers under the head of henk jonkers. Bio concrete is also called as BACTERIAL CONCRETE or self-healing concrete. Its specially made to increase the lifespan or the durability of concrete structure by the self-healing action of that concrete
Self healing of cracks or self-filling of cracks by the help of bacterial process after hardening is known as self healing concrete, It is also known as bacterial concrete. Bacterial concrete refers to a new generation concrete in which selective cementation by microbiologically-induced CaCO3 precipitation has been introduced for remediation of micro-cracks. Self-repairing of cracks without any external aide.
Significant increase in compressive strength and flexural strength when compared to normal concrete.
Resistance towards freeze-thaw attacks.
Reduction in permeability of concrete.
Reduces the corrosion of steel due to the cracks formation and improves the durability of steel reinforced concrete.
Bacillus bacteria are harmless to human life and hence it can be used effectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
3. DEFINITION –
Self healing concrete is a
concrete which heals itself when it comes
in contact with air and water, it produces
lime on outer layer of concrete.
* In most of the traditional concrete
mixtures 20-30% of the cement is left
unhydrated.
* If cracking of the concrete occurs,
unreacted cement grains may become
exposed to moisture penetrating the
crack.
* In that case the hydration process may
start again and hydration products may
fill up and heal the crack.
INTRODUCTION
5. Need of Self-healing
Concrete
1. It provides longer life to the structures.
2.Maintenance and repair are less required.
3. Improvement in compressive strength of concrete.
4. Reduction in permeability of reinforced concrete
5. Good resistance towards freeze-thaw attack reduction.
7. Bacteria used for Self healing
The bacteria from the Bacillus family is considered for
self-healing in concrete. Following are those bacteria:
a. Bacillus Pastuerin
b. Bacillus Sphearicus
c. Bacillus Pseudofirmu
d. Bacillus Subtilia
8. Characteristics of Bacillus
• Spores are 1-1.2 microns in diameter, round, and terminal to subterminal.
• The colonies are generally circular and glossy, however, the size and opacity
increase from media to media.
• Urea-agar slant shows thin growth i.e. restricted and translucent.
• Urea-milk-agar streak plate shows variable hydrolysis of casein.
9. WORKING OF SELF HEALING
CONCRETE
1. Self-healing concrete is a substance that will biologically prepare
limestone to heal cracks that comes on the surface of concrete structures.
Ca(C3HSO2)2 + 702 → CaCO3 + 5CO2 + 5H20
(Calcium Lactate) (Lime)
2. Especially chose types of the bacteria genus Bacillus, with a calcium-
based nutrient given as calcium lactate, and nitrogen and phosphorus, are
added to the ingredients of the concrete when it is being mixed.
11. TEST ON SELF HEALING
CONCRETE
HENK JONKERS
• In 2011, Jonkers and his team is doing testing
and case study on self healing concrete.
• A small structure or part of a structure will be
built with the self-healing material and observed
over three to five years.
• Structures will be fitted with some panels of self-
healing concrete and others with conventional
concrete so that the behaviour of the two can be
compared.
• Cracks will be made in the concrete that are
much larger than the ones that have healed up in
the laboratory to determine how well and fast
they heal over time.
14. Advantages of Self healing
Concrete
1. This concrete has comparatively much lower permeability, greater durability,
and stress carrying capacity than conventional concrete.
2. It can be applied to existing buildings in the form of spray which can reduce
the overall repair and maintenance costs of the buildings.
3. This is an environmentally friendly technique because the carbon dioxide
produced is prevented due to the low use of concrete.
4. SHC is a more effective shock absorber that protects during earthquakes
because it has a polymer membrane on its surface.
5. It can operate at internal levels which means that the smallest cracks can be
reached.
15. Disadvantages of Self healing
Concrete
1. Self-healing concrete cost price is almost 2 times compared to normal
concrete.
2. Growth bacteria can be affected by various environmental conditions.
3. The clay pallets mixed in concrete mostly cover 20 % volume of
concrete and This may result in a shear zone or fault zone in the concrete.
16. 1. Tunnel lining
2. Walls of the building
3. Highway bridges
4. Concrete floors
5. Structural Basement
6. Marines Structures
APPLICATIONS
17. Highlights of self healing
concrete
•MICP was used to repair concrete cracks with the width of
0.3–0.5 mm.
•Studied the basic and self-healing properties of two kinds of
self-healing concrete.
•Used sensors to monitor the generation of cracks through
strain and temperature.
•The concrete cracks in the engineering application site have
been well repaired.
18. CONCLUSION
• Hence, self healing concrete is crack resistant.
• Which protects the concrete and reinforcement
from cracks and from corrosion.
• By doing this, it prevents water to percolate into
reinforced steel concrete and hence it does not
comes in contact with reinforcements.
• Thus, it prevents reinforcement from corrosion.
• It is a research project.