Formation of cracks in concrete is a common phenomenon that allows many chemicals, water to seep inside leading to decrease in durability, including progressive drop in concrete strength. The maintenance and repair of structural concrete is very complex phenomenon. Self-healing concrete, using bacteria at the time of mixing, is an impressive solution to overcome these kinds of adverse effects. It is an economical way is to prepare concrete of better quality. The study was carried out to investigate the concrete performance by adding bacteria “Bacillus subtilis”. This Self-Healing concrete is also known as as Bio-concrete. Bacteria was induced directly in the concrete mix along with calcium lactate i.e., an organic precursor producing calcium carbonate crystals that block cracks and pores in the concrete. Samples were made with different quantities of bacteria and results showed significant increase in compressive strength of concrete and decrease in permeability. The concrete micro-structure was observed under SEM which also confirmed the experimental results obtained.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
concrete is widely used around the world. the consumption rate of cement of a country gives the development rate of the country. hence concrete is used in most of the construction works. concrete tends to crack when there is air voids etc. this ill further corrode the reinforcement and cause in destruction of the structure. bio concrete is a type of concrete hat will help in closing those cracks by itself.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
what is polymer concrete, types, properties, material used in manufacturing process , manufacturing process, applications and their advantages. case study on polymer composite concrete.
Self healing concrete are those concrete which heals the crack itself .How the technology is changing the concrete Industry and how can we get the benefit is described here.
Cracks in concrete are inevitable and are one of the inherent weaknesses of concrete. Water and other salts seep through these cracks, corrosion initiates, and thus reduces the life of concrete. So there was a need to develop an inherent biomaterial, a self - repairing material which can remediate the cracks and fissures in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a material, which can successfully remediate cracks in concrete. This technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. As the cell wall of bacteria is anionic, metal accumulation (calcite) on the surface of the wall is substantial, thus the entire cell becomes crystalline and they eventually plug the pores and cracks in concrete. This paper discusses the plugging of artificially cracked cement mortar using Bacillus Pasteurii bacteria combined with sand as a filling material in artificially made cuts in cement mortar which was cured in urea and Calcium chloride medium. The effect on the compressive strength and stiffness of the cement mortar cubes due to the mixing of bacteria is also discussed in this paper. It was found that use of bacteria improves the stiffness and compressive strength of concrete. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to document the role of bacteria in microbiologically induced mineral precipitation. Rod like impressions were found on the face of calcite crystals indicating the presence of bacteria in those places.
In this study, bacterial concrete is to be prepared under grade of concrete OPC 43.The design mix proportioning also carried under IS code provision. Testing of specimens are carried at 7 days ,14 days and 28 days of curing by Compression Testing Machine and Universal Testing Machine for corresponding specimens. The Compressive Strength and Flexural Strength of Bacterial Concrete are found.
The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
Strength and durability of concrete - Repair and rehabilitation of structures...Shanmugasundaram N
Quality assurance for concrete – Strength, Durability and Thermal properties, of concrete - Cracks, different types, causes – Effects due to climate, temperature, Sustained elevated temperature, Corrosion - Effects of cover thickness.
what is polymer concrete, types, properties, material used in manufacturing process , manufacturing process, applications and their advantages. case study on polymer composite concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract
Crack is commonly observed failure in the case of concrete. Crack may develop due to addition of excess of water to during mixing of
concrete, or may be due to shrinkage and creep. In the present study, crack healing and improvement of physical properties of cement
paste, mortar and concrete are studied. It is done by the addition of bacterial strains namely Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina
Pastuerii. It is found that these bacteria when added at 106 concentration of cells/ml of water to cement composites increased by about
39.8% and 33.07% in paste. There is an increment of 50% and 28.2% in mortar for two bacterial strains. The strength increment is
found to be 18.3% and 12.2% for Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina Pastuerii respectively for concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
of the bacterial concrete was in line with conventional concrete. SEM and XRD images revealed presence of CaCO3 produced
microbially. There is overall improvement in the bacterial composites compared to conventional composites.
Keywords: Bacillus Sphaericus, Sporosarcina Pastuerii Bacteria, Crack, Concentration, and Calcite.
A study on effect of bacteria on cement compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract
Crack is commonly observed failure in the case of concrete. Crack may develop due to addition of excess of water to during mixing of
concrete, or may be due to shrinkage and creep. In the present study, crack healing and improvement of physical properties of cement
paste, mortar and concrete are studied. It is done by the addition of bacterial strains namely Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina
Pastuerii. It is found that these bacteria when added at 106 concentration of cells/ml of water to cement composites increased by about
39.8% and 33.07% in paste. There is an increment of 50% and 28.2% in mortar for two bacterial strains. The strength increment is
found to be 18.3% and 12.2% for Bacillus Sphaericus and Sporosarcina Pastuerii respectively for concrete. Ultrasonic pulse velocity
of the bacterial concrete was in line with conventional concrete. SEM and XRD images revealed presence of CaCO3 produced
microbially. There is overall improvement in the bacterial composites compared to conventional composites.
Keywords: Bacillus Sphaericus, Sporosarcina Pastuerii Bacteria, Crack, Concentration, and Calcite.
Mechanical properties of bio mineralized concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract Quantities of sludge from septic tank and quarry rock dust from industries have been on the rise in recent years due to the rapid improvement in the standard of living and the increase in industrialization. Unfortunately, the majority of sludge from septic tank is not being recycled and hence it causes serious problems on natural resources and environment. For these reasons, this study has been conducted through basic experimental research in order to analyze the possibilities of recycling the sludge from septic tank as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this research various proportions of septic tank sludge and quarry rock dust are used as supplement to sand in cement concrete and also various proportions of bacterial solutions are used as a supplement to water. The works under taken here dealt with the use of quarry rock dust, septic tank sludge and bacterial water as a supplementary material in cement concrete. In this investigation ,% of water absorption and compressive strength criteria were analyzed by introducing septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust and bacterial solution into the cement concrete. Keywords: recycling, septic tank sludge, quarry rock dust
The usage of cement has been increased
throughout the world which has severe effect on the
environment. replacement of cement in concrete is in very
much need, for which several materials came into existence
like flyash, silicafume GGBS and geopolymers etc.one such
material which will act as cementinious materials is used in
the study which will reduce cracks and fissures in concrete
by utilizing microbiologically induced calcite (CaCo3
)
precipitation called Bio Mineralization produced by Bacillus
subtilis in the presence of chemicals. In this project,
bacterial concrete is prepared under grade of concrete M25
and Natural fiber is added in total volume of concrete in
desired level which will cure the cracks automatically by
forming calcium carbonate precipitate as well as to achieve
more Compressive strength and Flexural strength. To avoid
corrosion, the bacterial concrete along with natural fibers is
used which results in self healing process.
In this study, the behavior of bacterial fibre
concrete was investigated experimentally. Various
parameters like compressive strength, flexural strength and
splitting tensile strength of specimens for bacterial fibres
concrete have been studied. Then these values for bacterial
and bacterial fibre concrete are compared with the
conventional concrete.
BACTERIAL CONCRETE - A SOLUTION TO CRACK FORMATIONAM Publications
Concrete is a homogenous mixture and cracks in concrete are inevitable so there is a need for repair which affects the economic life of any structure. To overcome this problem an inherent biomaterial is developed, a self-repairing material which can remediate the cracks in concrete. Bacterial concrete is a technique which is highly desirable because the calcium precipitation is induced as a result of microbial activities. This helps in increasing the strength and durability of concrete. As per the results, it is clearly observed that there is increase in compressive strength, tensile strength and durability in bacterial concrete as compared with normal concrete. This is the main objective of the bacterial concrete for which it was introduced. Various tests which are carried out to study these properties of concrete are compressive strength test, Split tensile test. Scanning Electron Microscope (S.E.M) is used to study the growth of bacteria in the concrete. It is observed that for bacterial proportion 105 cells (24 ml of bacteria in 1000ml), there is significant increase in compressive strength of the bacterial concrete i.e. around 25% increase in strength as compared with normal concrete. For this purpose bacteria used is Bacillus Subtilis.
The objective of the present investigation is to obtain the influence of facultative bacteria (Bacillus Cereus) on the strength of concrete made with and without bacteria. Three different cell concentrations (102,107, 1010 cells/ml) of bacteria are used in making the concrete mixes. In making concrete, one control specimen is prepared and three more mixes are also prepared by voluntarily replacing of 10, 20 and 30 litres of bacterial nutrient medium with water. Split Tensile strength test is performed at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. Test results indicate that inclusion of Bacillus Cereus in concrete enhances the compressive strength. Maximum 25.64% increase in compressive strength is observed with 107 cells/ml of bacteria. The improvement in strength takes place due to microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP). MICP is a layer of highly impermeable calcite deposition on the surface of already existing concrete layer. The effect of MICP is quantified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and visualized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
3. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most common material used in construction. Cracks formation is one of the
most common phenomenon in concrete.
Many research works are being carried out in the world for the modification of concrete
to make it more durable, strong, user friendly and environmental friendly. Many
different materials are combined with concrete like carbon fibers, fly ash, blast furnace
slag etc. to check properties to check concrete performance.
The world is getting advanced in the field of construction. Researches are being made
to improve the concrete behavior by the addition of micro-organisms.
4. SELF-HEALING CONCRETE
Self-healing concrete also known as Bio-Concrete can be produced by
adding bacteria in concrete along with its nutrient to keep it alive for
production of calcite to fill crack after precipitation. Bacteria was
added in concrete along with calcium lactate to repair cracks.
The focus is not only to keep bacteria alive but also to generate much
calcite to fill the cracks.
5. WHICH BACTERIA IS USED
The bacteria from Bacillus family is chosen for self-healing in concrete. Following are
those bacteria:
• Bacillus Pastuerii
• Bacillus Sphearicus
• Bacillus Pseudofirmu
• Bacillus Subtilis
6. BACTERIA SUBTILIS
• Bacillus subtilis, also known as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-
positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of
ruminants and humans. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped,
and can form a tough, protective endospore, allowing it to tolerate extreme
environmental conditions. B. subtilis has historically been classified as an obligate
aerobe, though evidence exists that it is a facultative anaerobe. B. subtilis is
considered the best studied Gram-positive bacterium and a model organism to study
bacterial chromosome replication and cell differentiation. It is one of the bacterial
champions in secreted enzyme production and used on an industrial scale by
biotechnology companies.
7. WHY BACTERIA SUBTILIS
1
It is able to adjust to
alkaline atmosphere
in concrete for the
production of calcium
carbonate.
2
It produces copious
amount of calcium
carbonate without
being affected by
calcium ion
concentration.
3
It is able to
withstand high
pressure and it is
oxygen brilliant to
consume much
oxygen and minimize
corrosion of steel.
4
It is gram-positive bacteria having
an ability to form spores when
subjected to unfavorable conditions.
This spore formation provides its
protection against high mechanical
pressure and alkaline environment,
making it ideal selection
8. WORKING PROCESS
• In bio-concrete when water seeps through the cracks ,the bacteria get activated from
its stage of dormancy and the bacteria starts to feed on calcium lactate and in turn
produces calcium carbonate through its metabolic activities which acts as a healing
material.
• Ca(C3H5O2)2 + 7O2 → CaCo3+5Co2+5H20
• Where,Ca(C3H5O2) is Calcium lactate; and CaCo3 is lime
9. MATERIAL SELECTION
• Ordinary Portland Cement
• Crushed aggregate of size 20mm
• Sand
• Water
• Calcium Lactate
• Bacillus Subtilis
11. PREPARATION OF CULTURAL BACTERIA
Bacillus subtilis was casted on
nutrient agar plates
A nutrient broth was prepared
for the further growth of
bacteria. L.B (Composition:
Nacl, peptone and yeast
extract) was added in distilled
water.
200 ml broth was prepared in
500 ml conical flask. Then a
single colony of bacterial
culture was picked up from
agar plate and added in the
nutrient broth.
Then it was set for autoclaving
at 121oC for 15 min. After that
the flask was placed in
incubator at 37oC for 24 hours.
After that for storage the flask
was placed in refrigerator at
4oC till further use.
Contamination was checked
periodically.
12. PREPARATION OF CULTURAL BACTERIA
Fig.2.1 Bacteria grown on agar plate Fig 2.2 Culture grown in nutrient broth Fig 2.3 Stored in refrigerator till further use
13. SAMPLES PREPARATION
MIX DESIGN:
Suitable materials were mixed to prepare Concrete of mix ratio 1:1.5:3. The water-
cement ration was kept 0.4.
0ml,15ml,20ml,30ml of Bacteria was added in different cubes.
14. SAMPLE PREPARATION
PREPARATION OF CUBES:
Standard size cubes of 152mm*152mm*152mm were casted with different quantities
of Bacteria Subtilis i.e. 0ml,15ml,20ml, 30ml.
After 24 hours of casting, samples were demolded and soaked in clean water for 7,14
and 28 days.
15. HOW BACTERIA IS ADDED?
BY DIRECT
APPLICATION:
The bacteria and
the chemical
precursor(calcium
lactate) are added
directly while
making concrete.
BY ADDING
BACTERIAL
BROTH:
The bacterial
broth prepared is
added along with
calcium lactate
while making
concrete.
18. 2. SURFACE CRACKS HEALING
The specimens were subjected to compressive test machine under controlled and
careful compressive loading till visible cracks appeared on the surface. The crack
widths were measured at different points on the specimens and the cracks with a
width around 1 mm were selected and marked for further observations of self-healing.
The pre-cracked specimens were continued to cure under controlled curing conditions.
After pre-cracking, crack width was measured on regular intervals of 3,7,14 and 28
days and difference between the original crack width and that observed on later days
was considered as a measure of self-healing.
23. 3.COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The compressive strength was measured after 7,14 and 28 days. Cubes with different
quantities of bacteria were tested after 7,14 and 28 days. The compressive strength
increased by increasing quantity of bacteria.
QUANTITY OF BACTERIA
(ml)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(MPa)
7 days 14 days 28 days
0 11 12.5 21
15 12 14.8 26
20 16 19 28
30 16.5 25 34
25. DIFFERENT CONCRETE MIX COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
• The 28 days compressive strength of 1:2:4 concrete was found to be 16 MPa while
1:1.5:3 ( with 30 ml bacteria) concrete had 34 MPa compressive strength.
26. 4.SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE FOR
INTERNAL CRACKS
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments
available for the examination and analysis of microstructural characteristics of solid
objects. The primary reason for the SEM’s usefulness is the high resolution that can
be obtained when bulk objects are examined.
27. SEM SAMPLE PREPARATION
• The specimens extracted from the concrete cubes were 25 mm square and had an approximate
thickness of 5 mm.
• First, one side of each specimen was polished with120#, 220#, 320#, and 600# silicon carbide using
a rotating grinder and mounted it against a 25 mm diameter glass plate with epoxy. To make both
sides of the specimen parallel to each other, the samples were cut 2–3 mm thick by using a
diamond slicing wheel with a nonaqueous lubricant (propylene glycol coolant). The specimens were
then lapped with a wheel grinder and polished with 600# silicon carbide. Further polishing was
performed with 100, 50, and 10 micron aluminum powder on a glass plate. The final stage involved
was treating specimens with 5, 3, and 0.25 micron diamond paste using a special polishing
equipment. After each stage of polishing, the specimens were immersed in acetone and placed in an
ultrasonic bath to remove the residual silica film on their surfaces, thus preparing them for the
next stage of polishing.
28. SEM ANALYSIS
Samples were also subjected to
scanning electron microscope
(SEM) analysis to monitor
microstructural changes due to
mineral formation. The crack set
under observation was of 1mm.
30. ADVANTAGES OF SHC
Improvement in compressive
strength of concrete
Reduction in permeability of
concrete
Reduction in corrosion of
reinforcement
The self healing bacterial
concrete helps in reduced
maintenance and repair costs of
steel reinforced concrete
structures.
Oxygen is an agent that can
induce corrosion, as bacteria
feeds on oxygen tendency for
the corrosion of reinforcement
can be reduced.
Self healing bacteria can be
used in places where humans
find it difficult to reach for the
maintenance of the structures.
Hence it reduces risking of
human life in dangerous areas
and also increases the
durability of the structure.
Formation of crack will be
healed in the initial stage itself
thereby increasing the service
life of the structure than
expected life.
31. SAVES MAINTENANCE COST
• Self-healing concrete could save £40bn in maintenance costs. It is estimated that
around £40billion is spent each year in the UK on structural maintenance, and the
majority of these structures are made of concrete.
32. DISADVANTAGES OF SHC
Preparation of self healing concrete needs the requirement of bacteria and calcium
lactate. Preparation of calcium lactate from milk is costlier. Hence preparation of self
healing concrete costs double than conventional concrete.
33. APPLICATIONS OF SHC
For constructing
underground
retainers for
hazardous waste
1
For high rise
building and
buildings in
seismic zones.
2
Water retaining
structures
3
Concrete floors,
Tunnel linings,
basement walls
4
34. CONCLUSION
• Microbial concrete technology has proved to be better than
many conventional technologies because of its:
• Eco- friendly nature, self-healing abilities.
• Reduction in permeability.
• Reduction in reinforcement corrosion.
• The compressive strength is 34 MPa , that is maximum
,when the addition of bacillus subtilis bacteria is 30 ml.
• This concrete technology will soon prove the foundation for
an alternative solution and high quality structures which
will be affordable and environmentally safe.
35. REFERENCES
• IS 10262,”Recommended Guideline For Concrete Mix Design”.
• IS 456:2000,”Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice”.
• Sathish Kumar. R, “Experimental Study on the
• Properties of Concrete Made With Alternate Construction Material”, International
Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol. 2,Issue. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2012, pp-
3006-3012.
• Self-healing concrete repairs itself with bacteria. Ashley P. Taylor (2012).,
• Engineered bacteria can fill cracks in aging concrete.Prof. Claydillow.,(2010)
• H.G. Schlegel, General Microbiology, seventh ed., Cambridge University Press,1993.