The document is a master's thesis by Marc Diviu Franco on 3D modeling of subsurface geology, focusing on a study area in the Ebro Basin, Spain. It outlines the methodology used in creating facies models, including stratigraphic framework development and fault modeling, while also discussing results and conclusions related to hydrocarbon reservoirs. The study emphasizes the importance of accurate geological modeling for resource management and highlights the application of various statistical methods in understanding geological formations.

1. Student: Marc DiviuFranco
Tutors: P. Cabello, M. López
ReservoirGeologyand Geophysicsmaster
Year2013-14

2. Index
1.Introduction
•Aims
•Geological setting
2.Workflow
•Stratigraphic framework
•Fault Modelling
•Pillar Gridding
•Make Horizons
•Layering
•3D facies Modeling
3.Results
4.Discussion
5.Conclusions
6.References

3. 1.-Introduction
“3Dmodelsofsubsurfaceheterogeneityhaveprovedtobeimportanttoolsfortheefficientmanagementofhydrocarbonreservoirsandaquifers”(Matheronetal.1987;Gundeso&Egeland1990;Stanleyetal. 1990;Weber&vanGeuns1990;Bryant&Flint1993;Krum&Johnson1993; Deutsch&Hewett1996;Drubrule&Damsleth2001;Faliveneetal.2007;Jacksonetal.2009;Sechetal.2009;Cabelloetal.2011).

4. 1-. Introduction
1.1. Aims
•Developarealisticfaciesmodel
Datasource:8Geologicalmapsatscale1:10000(López-Blanco& Piña(1992/93),keysequentialtraces,DigitalElevationModels& Orthophotomaps1:5000InstitutCartogràficdeCatalunya
•Improvetheknowledgeaboutthedepositionalframeworkofdeltaicpatternthatcanberelatedwiththesubsurfacegeology.
Modellingofgeologicalframeworksisquiteimportanttoimprovethecapacityofrecoverthesourcesplacedintheunderground.
PersonalExpectations
Learnmoreaboutthemodelizationworkflowacquiringtheskillsinvolvedinthisprocess.

5. •Location
LópezBlanco M. (2012)
NE Spain, South-Eastern part of Ebro basin1.-Introduction
1.2. Geological Setting
•Characterization
Average of sediment thickness about 1000 m
Areal extension
SLM: 350/450 km2
Monts: 100/150 km2

6. 1-. Geological Setting
•Facies belts
LópezBlanco M., (2006)

7. Cyclic stacking pattern (Agradational, Progradationalor Retrogradational)
HyerarchicalSequential subdivision: 3 Orders of magnitude
•Milanycomposite megasequence
•Composite sequences 10__ >100 m thick
•Fundamental Sequences 1__>10 m thick
Study Area
Gomez Packard et al., (2012)
1-. Geological Setting

8. 2-. Methodology
Workflow
Stratigraphic Framework
Fault Modelling
Pillar Gridding
Make horizons
Layering
Facies modelling

9. 2.1. Stratigraphicframework
2-. Methodology
-Georeferencing

10. 2-. Methodology
2.1. Stratigraphicframework
-Addition and analysis of altitudes. DTM at scale of 1:5000

11. 2-. Methodology
2.1. Stratigraphicframework
-Data Treatment

12. 2-. Methodology
2.1. Stratigraphicframework
-Contour Maps
Elevation Control points

13. 2.1. Stratigraphicframework
2-. Methodology

14. 2-. Methodology
2.2. FaultModelling
-Vertical Faults
Plan view
3D view

15. 2.2. FaultModelling
Basement thrusts
“Elsbrucsthrust sheet” SW 18º towards the south
“Les Pedritxes” SE 12º towards the South East
2-. Methodology
Hanging wall Surfaces
Footwall Surfaces
“Elsbrucs”
“Les pedritxes”

16. 2-. Methodology
2.3. Pilar Gridding
SEGMENT 1
SEGMENT 2
3D view
2D view

17. 2.4. MakeHorizons
2-. Methodology

18. 2.5. Layering
2-. Methodology
TSS: 40 layers
RSS: 60 layers

19. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology
•Geostatisticalalgorithmbasedonthetruncationofthesumofadeterministicexpectationtrendandagaussianrandomfield(TTG):Distributionterrigenousfaciesbelts.2differentparts:
Thelinearexpectationtrend:Characterofsequencesets
Thegausianrandomfield:interingeringbetweenadjacentfaciesbelts
•ObjectBasedMethod(OBM):CarbonatePlatforms

20. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology
FM. Terrigenous
FM. Terrigenous Sep.
FM. DDF+PPD
FM. CarbonatePlatforms
Final Model

21. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology

22. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology
FM. Terrigenous
FM. Terrigenous Sep.
FM. DDF+PDD
FM. CarbonatePlatforms
Final Model

23. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology

24. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology
FM. Terrigenous
FM. Terrigenous Sep.
FM. DDF+PPD
FM. CarbonatePlatforms
Final Model

25. 2.7. Facies Modelling
2-. Methodology

26. •PaleogeographicMaps
•3D facies Model(10 realizations)
•4 StratigraphicThicknessMaps
•Proportionsand volumeof facies belts(averageof realizations)
•Cross Sections
•Modeland probabilitymaps(averageof realizations)
3-. Resultsand Discussion

27. •PaleogeographicMaps
3-. Resultsand Discussion
Prox_Dist_AF_TOP
Prox_Dist_AF_BASE
CLine_TOP
CLine_BASE
DF_Off_TOP
DF_Off_BASE

28. 3-. Resultsand Discussion
•3D facies Model(10 realizations)

29. 3-. Results

30. 3-. Resultsand Discussion

31. 3-. Resultsand Discussion
Rierade Santa Maria Cross section
López-Blanco (1996)

32. 3-. Resultsand Discussion
•Model
•CarbonaticPlatforms
•Probability maps
•Compartmentalization

33. Probability models and maps
3-. Resultsand Discussion

34. 4-. Conclussion
•Workflow applied is a good approximation to the reality
•The treatment of the final model have provided indications about the place where the DF concentration is maximum
•Scale of work linked to the exploration one
•HC could be trapped at the dead-ends in the depositional pinch- outs of the fan-delta front wedges. (Cabello, P., López-Blanco, M., Howell, J., Arbués, P., Ramos, E. 2009)
•Model suitable to be analogue of similar subsurface geological bodies
Further Work

35. 5-. References
[1]Cabello,P.,Falivene,O.,López-Blanco,M.,Howell,JohnA.,Arbués,P.,Ramons,E.(2011).Anoutcrop-basedcomparisonoffaciesmodellingstrategiesinfan-deltareservoiranaloguesfromtheEoceneSantLlorençdelMuntfan-delta(NESpain).Pet.Geocience,Vol.17,pp.65-90.
[2]Cabello,P.,López-Blanco,M.,Howell,J.,Arbués,P.,Ramos,E.(2009).Modellingfaciesbeltdistributioninfandeltascouplingsequencestratigraphyandgeostatics:TheEoceneSantLlorençdelMuntexample(Ebroforelandbasin,NESpain).Elsevierltd.MarineandpetroleumGeology.
[3] Dubrule, O. & Damsleth, E. 2001. Achievements and challenges in petroleum geostatistics. Petroleum Geocience, 7, S1-7.
Deutsch, C.V. 1999. Reservoir modelling with publicly available software Computers & Geociences, 24, 69-76.
[4] FaliveneO., Arbués, P., Howell, J., Muñoz, J.A., Fernandez, O. & Marzo, M. 2006, Hierarchical geocellularfacies modelling of a turbiditereservoir analogue from the Eocene of the AinsaBasin, NE Spain. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23, 679-701.
[5]Gómez-Paccard,M.,López-Blanco,M.etal.(2012).Tectonicandclimaticcontrolsonthesequentialarrangementofanalluvialfan/fan-deltacomplex(Montserrat,Eocene,EbroBasin,NESpain).BasinResearch24,437-455.Pg.3.

36. [6] Gundeso, R. & Egeland, O. 1990. SESIMIRA: a new geological tool for 3D modelling of heterogenousreservoirs. In:Buller, A.T., Berg, E., Hjelmeland, O., Kleppe, J., Torsaeter, O. & Aasen, J.O (eds) North Sea oil and Gas Reservoirs II.TheNorwegian Institute of Technology, Graham & Trotman, London, 363-371.
[7] Jackson, M.D., Hampson, G.J. & Sech, R.P. 2009. Three-dimensional modelling of a shoreface-shelf parasequencereservoir analog: Part 2. Geologic controls on fluid flow and hydrocarbon recovery. American Association of PpetroleumGeologists Bulletin, 93, 1183-1208.
[8]López-Blanco,M.(2006).StratigraphicandtectonosedimentarydevelopmentoftheEoceneSantLlorençdelMuntandMontserratfan-deltacomplexes(SoutheastEbrobasinmargin, NortheastSpain).CONTRIBUTIONStoSCIENCE,3(2):125-148.Pg.134
[9]López-Blanco,M.(1993).StratigraphyandsedimentarydevelopmentoftheSantLlorençdelMuntfan-deltacomplex(Eocene,southernPyreneanforelandbasin,norheastSpain).Int. Ass.Sediment,20,67-88.
[10] Matheron, G., Beucher, H., de Fouquet, H., Galli, A., Gerillot, D. & Ravenne, C. 1987. Conditional simulation of the geometry of fluviodeltaicreservoirs. Paper SPE 16753, presented at the 62ndAnnual SPE Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, 27-30 September, 591-599.
Stanley, K.O., Jorde, K., Raestad, N. & Stockbridge, C.P. 1990. Stochastic modelling of reservoir sandbodiesfor input to reservoir simulation, Snorrefield , northern North Sea, Norway. In: Buller, A.T., Berg, E., Hjelmeland, O., Kleppe, J, Torsaeter, O. & Aasen, J.O. (eds) North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs II. The Norwegian Institute of Technology, Graham & Trotman, London, 91-103.
5-. References

37. [11] Sech, R.P., Jackson, M.D. & Hampson, G.J. 2009. Three-dimensional modelling of a shoreface- shelf parasequencereservoir analog: Part 1. Surface-based modelling to capture high-resolution facies architecture. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 93, 1155-1181.
[12] TravéA. (1988). Estratigrafiai Sedimentologiadelsdipòsitsdeltaicsde l’eocèmitjà-superior al sector de Manresa. Universitatde Barcelona Phdthesis, pp. 85.
Valles J.C. (1985). Facies y evolución del complejo de abanico deltaico de Montserrat en la transversal del rio Llobregat (Eoceno, Provincia de Barcelona). Phdthesis, pp. 66
5-. References