Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Aims: The main objective of this work was to observe the analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice. Study Design: Present study was designed to isolate pure compounds as well as to observe pharmacological activities of the isolated pure compounds with crude extracts of the plant Vitex negundo (leaves). The study protocol consisted of the following steps:
Cold extraction at room temperature of the whole plant with distilled methanol.
Filtration of the crude petroleum ether and methanolic extracts by using the Markin cotton cloth and subsequently through the filter paper and solvent evaporation.
Screening of analgesic activity of crude extracts on Swiss Albino mice.
Place and Duration of Study: The study of analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice was take place in the laboratory of Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh, between January 2011 and July 2011. Methodology: The analgesic activity was investigated for its peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Results: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts, at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, displayed 82.60% & 74.66% pain inhibition which was significant (p<0.001) compared to control. These results indicate that the extracts possess strong analgesic activity. Conclusion: The present study tends to suggest the analgesic activities of the crude methanolic and petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo and justify its use in folkloric remedies
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
In Vivo Assay of Analgesic Activity of Methanolic and Petroleum Ether Extract...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Aims: The main objective of this work was to observe the analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice. Study Design: Present study was designed to isolate pure compounds as well as to observe pharmacological activities of the isolated pure compounds with crude extracts of the plant Vitex negundo (leaves). The study protocol consisted of the following steps:
Cold extraction at room temperature of the whole plant with distilled methanol.
Filtration of the crude petroleum ether and methanolic extracts by using the Markin cotton cloth and subsequently through the filter paper and solvent evaporation.
Screening of analgesic activity of crude extracts on Swiss Albino mice.
Place and Duration of Study: The study of analgesic activity of Vitex negundo (leaves) on mice was take place in the laboratory of Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Bangladesh, between January 2011 and July 2011. Methodology: The analgesic activity was investigated for its peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice. Results: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts, at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, displayed 82.60% & 74.66% pain inhibition which was significant (p<0.001) compared to control. These results indicate that the extracts possess strong analgesic activity. Conclusion: The present study tends to suggest the analgesic activities of the crude methanolic and petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo and justify its use in folkloric remedies
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiac...IOSR Journals
salix herb to mediate the effect of sedation, anti-spasmodic and analgesic in Europe traditional
medicine and most countries have had a special status and also in Iran since ancient is used as herbal extract,
as well as salix extract has many therapeutic properties. Because this plant hasmany alkaloids, phenols
andflavonoidsare constantly used for reducing the nerve pressure, treatment of chronic insomnia, depression,
create a calming effect and appealed to the restoration of skin.With noticeof synthetic drugsside effects and
economic issues we sensed to need that to compare of anti-anxiety and pre anesthetic effects of the extracts of
this plant with the synthetic drugs. Methods: In different groups of Wistar male rats, the extract ofSalix
Aegyptiacawith doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and diazepam with 1.2 mg/kgwere injected
andDimethyl sulfoxide with the same volume 30 minutes prior to the assessment of the effects of sedation and
anesthesia (sleeping period induced with ketamine) with the dose of 40 mg/kg was injected and for evaluating of
the anti-anxiety effects ‘‘Elevated plus maze’’was used. Results: The achieved results represent a significant
increase for sleeping that induced by ketamine, as well as a significant increase in the time expired in the open
arms in the treated group with 200 mg/kg of extract.Conclusion: The results showed that the salixextract with a
dose of 200 mg/kg has the effects of pre-anesthesia, and anti-anxiety.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
www.biolifejournal.com.
Biolife is an open access, online, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to all the Biology and Life Sciences
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF LEAVES OF EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORALIN RATSJing Zang
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of Eucalyptus citriodora(EAEEC)ethyl acetate and ethanol (EEEC)extracts on wound healing activity. Excision, incision and dead space wound healing activity was examined on wistar rats, dressed with 10% and 200 mg/kg p.o of the extracts respectively. Control groups were dressed with the simple ointment (negative control) and 5% povidone-iodine (standard) respectively. Healing was assessed based on contraction of wound size, mean epithelisation time, hydroxyproline content and histopathologicalexaminations. Excision wound healing study revealed significant reduction in wound size and mean epithelisation time and scar area. In incision model showed significant (p<0.01) variation in breaking strength and dead space model shows increase wet & dry weight of cotton pellet this indicate higher collagen synthesis in the 10% extract-treated group compared to the vehicle group. These findings were supported by histolopathological examinations of healed wound sections which showed greater tissue regeneration, more fibroblasts and angiogenesis in the 200 mg/kg extract-treated group. The extracts of Eucalyptus citriodorais a potential candidate for the treatment of dermal wounds by topical and oral administration. The extracts are deduced to have accelerated the wound repair at all the phases of the healing.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Study of Sedation, Pre-anesthetic and Anti-anxiety Effects of Salix Aegyptiac...IOSR Journals
salix herb to mediate the effect of sedation, anti-spasmodic and analgesic in Europe traditional
medicine and most countries have had a special status and also in Iran since ancient is used as herbal extract,
as well as salix extract has many therapeutic properties. Because this plant hasmany alkaloids, phenols
andflavonoidsare constantly used for reducing the nerve pressure, treatment of chronic insomnia, depression,
create a calming effect and appealed to the restoration of skin.With noticeof synthetic drugsside effects and
economic issues we sensed to need that to compare of anti-anxiety and pre anesthetic effects of the extracts of
this plant with the synthetic drugs. Methods: In different groups of Wistar male rats, the extract ofSalix
Aegyptiacawith doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and diazepam with 1.2 mg/kgwere injected
andDimethyl sulfoxide with the same volume 30 minutes prior to the assessment of the effects of sedation and
anesthesia (sleeping period induced with ketamine) with the dose of 40 mg/kg was injected and for evaluating of
the anti-anxiety effects ‘‘Elevated plus maze’’was used. Results: The achieved results represent a significant
increase for sleeping that induced by ketamine, as well as a significant increase in the time expired in the open
arms in the treated group with 200 mg/kg of extract.Conclusion: The results showed that the salixextract with a
dose of 200 mg/kg has the effects of pre-anesthesia, and anti-anxiety.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Stem Bark Extract b...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is also known as ‘Miracle tree’ because of its uses of all parts particularly for their great potential in pharmacological, nutritional and water purification aspects. The study has been done for the phytochemical screening and analysis of analgesic potential of Moringa olifiera Lam. methanolic stem bark extract using Acetic acid induced Writhing method. Qualitative chemical analysis was carried out through phytochemical investigation which indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonois, tannins, proteins, alkaloids etc. in the extracts. To study analgesic activity Acetic acid induced Writhing test was used, where Methanolic stem bark extract was introduced intraperitonially at doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg to Swiss-albino mice. The dose of 300 mg/kg showed significant inhibition of Writhing response created by acetic acid in a dose dependent manner when compared to the standard control drug Diclofenac Sodium. Those two different doses exhibited 5% and 80% inhibition in writhing response respectively while the Diclofenac Na inhibited about 46.25% of writhing response at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight. The results of this study support the potential pain management therapy using this crude extract.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Withania Somnifer...iosrjce
Anti-depressants play a major role in today’s life style. There are evidences of the ayurvedic
formulation withania somnifera (roots) being effective in various neuro- psychiatric conditions. The antidepressant
activities of aqueous extract Withania somnifera roots (AEWS) were studied using - Forced swim
test (FST). Effect of different doses of AEWS (30,40,50 mg/kg), Imipramine (15mg/kg)were studied on
behavioural despair tests induced immobility time . WS produced dose dependent decrease in immobility
time in FST, maximum effect being observed with WS 50 mg/kg. The findings support the use of WS as potential
adjuvant in depressive disorders.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial ExtractsIJERA Editor
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
www.biolifejournal.com.
Biolife is an open access, online, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to all the Biology and Life Sciences
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Phytochemical composition and antiradical activity of Sakersia africana Hook....Open Access Research Paper
The valorization of the medicinal plants of our country and determination of their impact on health due to their abundance of substances with various pharmacological effects are our principal objective. This study was evaluated the phytochemical screening and radical 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of different extracts of Sakersia africana Hook. f.. The results revealed that Sakersia africana Hook. f. is rich in phenols compounds, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids and reducing compound. The values in total phenols and proanthocyanidines are ranging respectively from 391.58 ± 0.04 to 777 ± 0.03 mg/100 g of drugs and 113.5 ± 3.17 to 653.5 ± 36.83 mg/100 g of drugs. Results also show that different extracts tested present antiradical activity with values of IC50 ranging from 164.21± 0.014 to 195.54± 0.012 % and abundance in bioactive compounds. This study could justify the use of Sakersia africana of some chronic diseases.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
ABSTRACT- Valeriana jatamansii Linn (Valerianaceae) is a medicinal herb used in the traditional health care system of
Uttarakhand (India). The present study reports the anticonvulsant activities in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the
roots of Valeriana jatamansii on the rats, induced both chemically and electrically. The models chosen for the activity
were Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsions in rats. The test dose studied were
400 and 600 mg/kg body weight orally of the extracts. Acute toxicity studies show that the extracts were non toxic up to
the recommended dose 2000mg/kg body weight orally as per OECD guideline no 423. In PTZ induced seizures, onset of
clonic convulsions were studied while in MES model, reduction in the mean duration of extensor phase was noted. Both
the extracts showed anticonvulsant activities against MES and PTZ animal models.
Key Words: Anticonvulsant activity, MES, PTZ, Herbal drug
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
In recent years, traditional system of medicine has become a topic of global importance. Many of the plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifically evaluated for their possible medicinal, pharmacological and toxicological effects. A number of species of the genus Grewia have been used as medicinal herbs to treat several diseases in different parts of the globe. Grewia bicolor is the most famous medicinal plant among the genus Grewia. Despite the wide use of the plant in traditional medicine, so far no scientific evaluation was carried out on this plant for the preclinical toxicity profile. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety of Grewia bicolor root extract. The plant extract proved that it is relatively safe through the acute and sub-acute studies.
Expt. 6 Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motilityVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Preparation of Tyrode solution
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and Interpretation
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Sedative activity of abutilon indicum original
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
IN VIVO SEDATIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF STEM
OF ABUTILON INDICUM
Dhanapal. V.*1
, Samuel Thavamani B.1
, Muddukrishniah1
and Sampath Kumar2
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Velappara, Palakkad, Kerala – 678 702.
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.
Article Received on 27/10/2017 Article Revised on 17/11/2017 Article Accepted on 08/12/2017
INTRODUCTION
Insomnia is the most common sleep-related complaint
and the second most common overall complaint (after
pain) reported in primary care settings.[1]
It is a prevalent
and potentially serious condition that adversely affects
the sleep, health status and life quality of people of all of
age.[2]
Insomnia can be treated pharmacologically and
non-pharmacologically or with a combination of both.[3]
Benzodiazepines, zolpidem, zopiclone, zaleplon, have
been used for the treatment of insomnia.[4]
The use of
benzodiazepines in the management of insomnia is
associated with well known problems such as ‘hangover’
effects, dependence, addiction, withdrawal symptoms
and subsequent drug resistance.[5]
Medicinal plants are
now widely used all over the world for the management
of several conditions including insomnia. The World
Health Organization (WHO) encourages the inclusion of
herbal medicine in health care because of the great
potentials they possess.[6]
Around the world have been
used several plants like sleep inducers, such as Valerian,
Passion flower, Melissa, Hops and Kava Kava
(banned).[7]
However, scientific research is needed to
provide evidences of their safety and efficacy (WHO,
2000). A number of medicinal plants are traditionally
endowed with anxiolytic or sedative properties.[7]
One of
such medicinal plants is Abutilon indicum. The present
work describes the screen sedative activity of ethanol
and aqueous extract of the stem of the medicinal plant,
Abutilon indicum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
Abutilon indicum stem were collected during the month
of January 2011, from Children’s park, Guindy, Chennai,
India and authenticated by Dr. P. Jayraman, Director of
plant Anatomy Research Centre Chennai. The fresh stem
were separated and kept for shade drying. Dried stem
material was powdered using mechanical grinder and
passed through 60 mesh sieve to get the powder of
desired coarseness. Powdered material was preserved in
an air tight container.
Extraction of Plant material
For preliminary phytochemical analysis, extract was
prepared by weighing 600grams of the dried powdered
stem were subjected to hot successive continuous
extraction with different solvents as per the polarity,
petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethanol and
finally with aqueous. The extracts were filtered in each
step using Whatman filters paper. The filtrate was
concentrated using a rotary evaporator at low
temperature (40-45o
C) and pressure. The presence or
absence of the primary and secondary phytoconstituents
was detected by usual prescribed method.[8]
Chemicals and Drugs
Phenobarbitone and Tween 80 were purchased from
Sigma Co. (Sigma St. Louis, MO). Absolute ethanol was
of analytical grade and was purchased from Merck
(German). The other reagents were of analytical grade.
Research Article ISSN 2454-2229wjpls, 2018, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 92-94
World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
WJPLS
www.wjpls.org
SJIF Impact Factor: 4.223
*Corresponding Author: V. Dhanapal
Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Velappara, Palakkad, Kerala – 678 702.
ABSTRACT
Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders around the world. In this present study we evaluate the crude
ethanol and aqueous extract of stem of Abutilon indicum, a medicinal plant which is laxative, anticonvulsant,
diuretic, etc., using phenobarbitone-induced sleeping time test in mice. Ethanol extract produced a significant
(p>0.05) and dose dependent reduction in the onset of sleeping and aqueous extract of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg
was significant in prolonging the sleeping time. These results suggest that the fraction obtained from the aqueous
extract of stem of Abutilon indicum posses sedative activity may further lead to the pharmacological and
pharmacokinetics of the plant to a useful sedative in future.
KEYWORDS: Insomnia, Phenoborbitone, laxative, Abutilon indicum, anticonvulsant, sedative.
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
Animals
Swiss albino mice (18-22 g) maintained in the Animal
house Facility of the Department of Pharmacology,
Annai Veilankanni;’s Pharmacy college, were used in
these experiments. The animals were maintained on
standard small animal feeds (Excel feed, Ilorin) and
water ad libitum. This research was carried out in
accordance with the rules governing the use of laboratory
animals as accepted internationally. The experiment was
conducted between the hours of 900 h and 1600 h. The
experimental groups consisted of six animals. They were
maintained at constant room temperature (22° ± 1 °C)
and submitted to12 h light/dark cycle with free access to
food and water.
Experimental procedure
Acute oral toxicity study
Acute oral toxicity was conducted as per OECD
guidelines (organisation of economic cooperation and
development) 423 (Acute toxic class method). The acute
toxic class method is a step wise procedure of three
animal of a single sex per step. Depending on the
mortality and / or moribund status of animals, on the
average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on
the acute toxicity of the test substance. This procedure
results in the use of a minimal number of animals while
allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion.
The method uses defined doses, (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg/kg
body weight) and the results allow a substance to be
ranked and classified according to the globally
harmonised system (GHS) for the classification of
chemicals which causes acute toxicity. The method
previously described by Lorke[9]
was adopted.
Phenobarbitone – induced sleeping time test in mice
Albino rats of either sex weighing between 90-170gms
were divided into five groups of five animals in each
group was used for the study. The first group served as
control and was treated with normal saline through intra
peritoneal route. 30 min after treatment with normal
saline or the fractions, all the rats were treated with
phenobarbitone at a dose of 5mg/kg. The onset and
duration of sleep was recorded for each rat. The loss of
righting reflex was regarded as the onset of sleep while
the time difference between the disappearing and the
recovery of righting reflex was taken as the duration of
sleep (sleeping time).[10]
Statistical analysis
The results were analyzed for statistical significance
using Student t-test and p value <0.01 was considered
significant.
RESULTS
Phenobarbitone induced sleep in mice
Ethanol extract of stem of Abutilon indicum produced a
significant (p<0.01) and dose dependant reduction in the
onset of sleep but duration of sleep in this dose is non-
significant. The aqueous extract is non-significant on
onset of sleep but it is significant evidently in prolonging
the duration of sleep in both the doses, 100mg/kg and
200mg/kg (Table.1, Figure.1).
DISCUSSION
The data presented in this study showed that the ethanol
extract produced a dose dependent reduction in the onset
of sleep which is highly significant when compared with
the aqueous extract and control but non-significant in the
duration of sleep (0.45 mints in 100 mg/kg and 0.43
minutes in 200 mg/kg) when compared with aqueous
extract and control as aqueous extract shows 1.01
minutes in 200 mg/kg, 0.97 minutes in 100 mg/kg, which
is significant in p<0.01 value and control shows 0.57
minutes. These results indicate that there is no significant
correlation between the onset of sleep and the duration of
sleep. This may be due to the different chemical
compositions of the crude extract and their timing to bind
with GABA. A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a
non selective central nervous system depressant
promotes binding to inhibitory.
Table 1: Effects of fractions obtained from abutilon indicum on phenobarbitone -induced sleeping.
Group no.1 Drug treatment Dose mg/kg Mean onset of sleep (mins) Mean Duration of sleep (mins)
1. Control Nacl 5ml/kg 0.28±0.004 0.57± 0.011
2. AEAI 100 0.13±0.0054 0.97±0.14**
3. AEAI 200 0.09±0.004 1.01±0.027**
4. EEAI 100 0.61±0.017** 0.45±0.086
5. EEAI 200 0.37±0.070 0.43±0.095
AEAI – Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum, EEAI – Ethanolic extact of Abutilon indicum
One way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test. Values are mean ± S.E.M. n=5, in each group **
p < 0.01 is significant.
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
Figure 1: Sedative activity of Ethanol and Aqueous extract of stem of Abutilon indicum.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid subtype receptors, and
modulates chloride currents through receptor channels
and also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.
Research on herbs with sedative or antidepressant actions
such as Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) has
recently centered on the BDZ receptor complex, but in
general herbal extracts have been shown to have multiple
pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic actions across a
range of neurotransmitters and receptors.[11]
Attempts to
characterize sedative herb action as single active
constituent effects paralleling orthodox drug action at
single receptors have now been recognized as fruitless by
most researcher. Further work has to be carried out to
purify and isolate the sedative compound in order to use
without much side effects.
REFERENCE
1. Mahowald MW, Kader G and Schenck, CH. (1997)
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