Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study. The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay. The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
The purpose of the present study was to explore the influences roasting on the radical scavenging activity and total Phenolic content on selected seeds. Fresh seeds of Prunus domestice, Prunus armeniace and Prunus persica were selected from the local market. The selected seeds were heated on the hotpot at a temperature 160 °C for 1 to 3 hours, respectively and one group were remain irrespective of any treatment (control). It was observed that roasting of fruit seeds produce different effects on total phenolic contents and radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant capacity was measured against the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) whereas the reducing capacity was evaluated with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). Total phenolic content in Prunus domestica was highest at 160 °C when heated for 1 hour (554 mg/100g), similarly the total phenolic content in the Prunus armeniaca was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g) while the Total phenolic content in the Prunus persica was highest when heated for 2 hour (684 mg/100g). Radical scavenging activity in the Prunus domestica was highest when heated for 1 hour (48 %). Similarly radical scavenging activity in the Prunus armeniaca was highest during heated for 1 hour (86 %) while radical scavenging activity in the Prunus persica was at maximum (43 %) at 2 hour treatment. It is suggested that different effect were produced when different fruit seeds were roasted at a single temperature, Therefore different optimum temperature and conditions are required for roasting different seeds.
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Study of invitro anti-Oxidant Activity of Ipomea Pes-CapraeSriramNagarajan19
The traditional medicinal plant ipomea pes- caprae belongs to convolvuceae family. The present study has been undertaken to find out the antioxidant activity of the whole plant extract of Ipomea pes-caprae. Plant was subjected to extraction by cold maceration by using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity such as 1,1-Diphenyl,2-Picryl,Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity were determined. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituent of the plant and showed the presence of alkaloid, sugar, steroid, glycoside, saponins, Terpenoids and phenol compounds. The result of free radical scavenging activity of EEIP by DPPH reduction revealed that the test compound is electron donor and could react with free radicals to convert them to more stable product and terminate radical chain reaction. For the measurement of reducing ability we investigated the Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation. The metal chelating capacity of the EEIP and standard anti oxidants are determined by accessing the ability to complete with bipyridil and thiocyanate for Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. The formation of ferrous bipyridil, ferric – thiocyanate is not complete in the presence of EEIP. The ability of chelating is increased with increased concentration. So, it can be assumed that the plant extract chelate the iron. The experiment demonstrates that action of plant extract as per oxidation protector may be related to its iron binding ability.
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Brainstorming: Thinking - Problem Solving StrategyIJERA Editor
Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative answers to a problem. It is mainly useful when you want to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. The aforementioned also helps you overcome many of the concerns that can make collection problemsolving a sterile and substandard process. Though group brainstorming is often more effective at generating ideas than normal group problem-solving, study after study has revealed that when individuals brainstorm on their own, they come up with more ideas and often better quality ideas than groups of people who brainstorm together.
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
In this paper, we introduce intense subgraphs and feeble subgraphs based on their densities and discuss mild balanced IFG and equally balanced intuitionistic fuzzy subgraphs and their properties. The operations “sum” and “union” of subgraphs of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs (IFG) are analyzed. As an application of equally balanced IF subgraphs, curriculum and syllabus formation in higher educational system is discussed. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C72, 03E72, 03F55.
Topology Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ScenarioIJERA Editor
Cooperative communication is the main accessing point in present days. These results can be accessed through proactive protocol like route request packet sending and route request packet receiving. The main issue is how communication will be done in MANETS. Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configurable networks; each node behaves like server and client in MANET. COCO (Capacity Optimized Cooperative Communication) model was developed for accessing these types of resources in MANETs. This model can’t provide sufficient communication or overall network performance. This model provides sufficient capability improvement in mobile ad-hoc networks, but this model will be taking more power resources for doing this work. exploitation simulation examples, we have a tendency to show that physical layer cooperative communications have important impacts on the performance of topology control and network capability, and also the proposed topology management scheme will considerably improve the network capability in MANETs with cooperative communications
Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on MUSIC Algorithm Using Uniform and No...IJERA Editor
In signal processing, the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation denotes the direction from which a propagating wave arrives at a point, where a set of antennas is located. Using the array antenna has an advantage over the single antenna in achieving an improved performance by applying Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. This paper focuses on estimating the DOA using uniform linear array (ULA) and non-uniform linear array (NLA)of antennas to analyze the performance factors that affect the accuracy and resolution of the system based on MUSIC algorithm. The direction of arrival estimation is simulated on a MATLAB platform with a set of input parameters such as array elements, signal to noise ratio, number of snapshots and number of signal sources. An extensive simulation has been conducted and the results show that the NLA with DOA estimation for co-prime array can achieve an accurate and efficient DOA estimation
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Study of invitro anti-Oxidant Activity of Ipomea Pes-CapraeSriramNagarajan19
The traditional medicinal plant ipomea pes- caprae belongs to convolvuceae family. The present study has been undertaken to find out the antioxidant activity of the whole plant extract of Ipomea pes-caprae. Plant was subjected to extraction by cold maceration by using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity such as 1,1-Diphenyl,2-Picryl,Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity, Reducing Power, Metal chelating activity were determined. Physicochemical analysis was carried out to identify the chemical constituent of the plant and showed the presence of alkaloid, sugar, steroid, glycoside, saponins, Terpenoids and phenol compounds. The result of free radical scavenging activity of EEIP by DPPH reduction revealed that the test compound is electron donor and could react with free radicals to convert them to more stable product and terminate radical chain reaction. For the measurement of reducing ability we investigated the Fe3+ to Fe2+ transformation. The metal chelating capacity of the EEIP and standard anti oxidants are determined by accessing the ability to complete with bipyridil and thiocyanate for Fe3+ and Fe2+ respectively. The formation of ferrous bipyridil, ferric – thiocyanate is not complete in the presence of EEIP. The ability of chelating is increased with increased concentration. So, it can be assumed that the plant extract chelate the iron. The experiment demonstrates that action of plant extract as per oxidation protector may be related to its iron binding ability.
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
Screening of antioxidant phytoextracts of Canarium odontophyllum (Miq.) leave...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRAC...IJSIT Editor
The leaves of the plant Annonareticulata were collected and extracted using different ranges of polar
organic solvents like low (Ethyl acetate), medium (Butanol) and high (Methanol). Qualitative analysis and
antimicrobial activity was investigated. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed that the
presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and coumarins. The Ethyl acetate and Methanol extracts
showed better antibacterial activity, the significant inhibitory effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
putida and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and thus displayed highest inhibitory zone of 19.5mm, 19mm and 19mm
when compared to Butanol. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the Ethyl acetate, Butanol and Methanol extract of
A.reticulata revealed the presence of -CH, -OH, CH-OH and –NH2 bond stretching. The clinical isolates were
collected from patients suffered from different microbial infections. The antibacterial and antifungal activity
was determined by using leaf extracts.
Brainstorming: Thinking - Problem Solving StrategyIJERA Editor
Brainstorming is a popular tool that helps you generate creative answers to a problem. It is mainly useful when you want to break out of stale, established patterns of thinking, so that you can develop new ways of looking at things. The aforementioned also helps you overcome many of the concerns that can make collection problemsolving a sterile and substandard process. Though group brainstorming is often more effective at generating ideas than normal group problem-solving, study after study has revealed that when individuals brainstorm on their own, they come up with more ideas and often better quality ideas than groups of people who brainstorm together.
Duplex 2209 Weld Overlay by ESSC ProcessIJERA Editor
In the modern world of industrialization the wear is eating metal assets worth millions of dollars per year. The wear is in the form of corrosion, erosion, abrasion etc. which occur in the process industries like oil & gas, refineries, cement plants, steel plants, shipping and offshore working structures. The equipments like pressure vessels, heat exchangers, hydro processing reactors which very often work at elevated temperatures face corrosion in the internal diameter. Duplex 2209 weld overlay on ferrous material is developed for high corrosion resistance properties and having high productivity by Electroslag strip cladding process due to its less dilution ~10% as compared to SMAW , GTAW or FCAW process. Because of Low Dilution ~10% undiluted chemistry can be achieved with single layer as compared to other weld overlay processes. The facility was developed inhouse to carry out weld overlay by ESSC and Testing.
In this paper, we introduce intense subgraphs and feeble subgraphs based on their densities and discuss mild balanced IFG and equally balanced intuitionistic fuzzy subgraphs and their properties. The operations “sum” and “union” of subgraphs of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs (IFG) are analyzed. As an application of equally balanced IF subgraphs, curriculum and syllabus formation in higher educational system is discussed. Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C72, 03E72, 03F55.
Topology Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ScenarioIJERA Editor
Cooperative communication is the main accessing point in present days. These results can be accessed through proactive protocol like route request packet sending and route request packet receiving. The main issue is how communication will be done in MANETS. Mobile Ad-hoc networks are self-configurable networks; each node behaves like server and client in MANET. COCO (Capacity Optimized Cooperative Communication) model was developed for accessing these types of resources in MANETs. This model can’t provide sufficient communication or overall network performance. This model provides sufficient capability improvement in mobile ad-hoc networks, but this model will be taking more power resources for doing this work. exploitation simulation examples, we have a tendency to show that physical layer cooperative communications have important impacts on the performance of topology control and network capability, and also the proposed topology management scheme will considerably improve the network capability in MANETs with cooperative communications
Direction of Arrival Estimation Based on MUSIC Algorithm Using Uniform and No...IJERA Editor
In signal processing, the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation denotes the direction from which a propagating wave arrives at a point, where a set of antennas is located. Using the array antenna has an advantage over the single antenna in achieving an improved performance by applying Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm. This paper focuses on estimating the DOA using uniform linear array (ULA) and non-uniform linear array (NLA)of antennas to analyze the performance factors that affect the accuracy and resolution of the system based on MUSIC algorithm. The direction of arrival estimation is simulated on a MATLAB platform with a set of input parameters such as array elements, signal to noise ratio, number of snapshots and number of signal sources. An extensive simulation has been conducted and the results show that the NLA with DOA estimation for co-prime array can achieve an accurate and efficient DOA estimation
“Electricity Generation by Universal Neodymium Permanent Magnetic Rotor by Re...IJERA Editor
In this paper construction of universal neodymium permanent magnetic rotor without any electromagnetic core, due to this we will reduce 38% of core losses and increase the stability of the system efficiency. Now a day’s electricity generation from various sources like hydro, steam, solar, nuclear etc. but these sources have some merits & demerits. By these sources have more demerits as well as its have more losses, so we not fulfill the costumer/industrial requirements. For alternate arrangement we have been innovated this system
An Intelligent Healthcare Serviceto Monitor Vital Signs in Daily Life – A Cas...IJERA Editor
Vital signs monitoring for elderly in daily life environment is a promising concept that efficiently can provide medical services to people at home. However, make the system self-served and functioning as personalized provision makes the challenge even larger. This paper presents a case study on a Health-IoT system where an intelligent healthcare service is developed to monitor vital signs in daily life. Here, a generic Health-IoT framework with a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS) is presented. The generic framework is mainly focused on the supporting sensors, communication media, secure and safe data communication, cloud-based storage, and remote accesses of the data. The CDSS is used to provide a personalized report on persons‟ health condition based on daily basis observation on vital signs. Six participants, from Spain (n=3) and Slovenia (n=3) have been using the proposed healthcare system for eight weeks (e.g. 300+ health measurements) in their home environments to monitor their health. The sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the DSS‟s classification are achieved as 90%, 97% and 96% respectively while k=2 i.e., top 2 most similar retrieved cases are considered. The initial user evaluation resultdemonstrates the feasibility and performance of the implemented system through the proposed framework.
Some common Fixed Point Theorems for compatible - contractions in G-metric ...IJERA Editor
We prove some common fixed point theorems for compatible self mappings satisfying some kind of contractive type conditions on complete G-metric spaces and obtain results of Kumara Swamy and Phaneendra[6] and Sushanta Kumar Mohanta[16] as corollaries. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification.47H10, 54H25
A Proposed Method for Safe Disposal of Consumed Photovoltaic ModulesIJERA Editor
The growth of domestic and large-scale applications of solar energy, especially photovoltaic (PV) cells which reaches annually up to 40 % worldwide since 2000, means that the technology has stepped out from demonstration phase to large-scale deployment. Several countries have started to exploit this huge potential as part of their future energy supply. Photovoltaic cells are manufactured from various semiconductors; materials that are moderately good conductors for electricity but harmful to the environment. End-of-life disposal of PV modules can be an environmental issue. However, due to the long lifespan of PV modules (25 to 30 years), currently most PV modules have not reached the disposal stage. As a result, there is very little experience and knowledge with the disposal and/or recycling techniques of PV modules. This paper proposes a method for safe disposal of solar panels after the end of their life by burying the PV cells into concrete blocks that may be used in different civil applications. Two types of PV cells (mono-crystalline & multi-crystalline) are selected to be mixed with concrete components to investigate their effect on properties of concrete. The experimental results showed that the PV cells have an effect on the concrete properties. Reduction of concrete compressive strength and density, while an increase in the concrete porosity were observed. In General, this study showed the validity of the proposed method to be further investigated for safe disposal of consumed photovoltaic modules
POWER CONSUMING SYSTEM USING WSN IN HEMSIJERA Editor
Today’s buildings account for a large fraction of our energy consumption. In an effort to economize scarce fossil fuels on earth, sensor networks are a valuable tool to increase the energy efficiency of buildings without severely reducing our quality of life. Within a smart building many sensors and actuators are interconnected to form a control system. Nowadays, the deployment of a building control system is complicated because of different communication standards. Here we present a web services-based approach to integrate resource constrained sensor and actuator nodes into IP-based networks. A key feature of our approach is its capability for automatic service discovery. The design and development of an intelligent monitoring and controlling system for home appliances in a real time system is reported in this paper. This system principally monitors the electrical parameters such as voltage and current and subsequently calculates the power consumption of the home appliances that are need to be monitored. The innovation of this system is controlling mechanism implementation in so many ways. Also the proposed system is an economical and easily operable. Due to these intelligent characteristics it become an electricity expense reducer and people friendly.
Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap-Tire RubberIJERA Editor
Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns all over the world and in Kuwait. Over 5 billion tons of non-hazardous solid waste materials are generated in Kuwait each year. Of these, more than 2 million scrap-tires (approximately 2 million tons) are generated each year. In addition to this, about seven million scrap-tires have been stockpiled. Due to the increasingly serious environmental problems presented by waste tires, the feasibility of using elastic and flexible tire–rubber particles as aggregate in concrete is investigated in this study. Tire–rubber particles composed of tire chips, crumb rubber, and a combination of tire chips and crumb rubber, were used to replace mineral aggregates in concrete. These particles were used to replace 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of the total mineral aggregate’s volume in concrete. Cylindrical shape concrete specimens 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height were fabricated and cured. The fresh rubberized concrete exhibited lower unit weight and acceptable workability compared to plain concrete. The results of a uniaxial compressive strain control test conducted on hardened concrete specimens indicate large reductions in the strength and tangential modulus of elasticity. A significant decrease in the brittle behavior of concrete with increasing rubber content is also demonstrated using nonlinearity indices. The maximum toughness index, indicating the post failure strength of concrete, occurs in concretes with 25% rubber content. Unlike plain concrete, the failure state in rubberized concrete occurs gently and uniformly, and does not cause any separation in the specimen. Crack width and its propagation velocity in rubberized concrete are lower than those of plain concrete. Ultrasonic analysis reveals large reductions in the ultrasonic modulus and high sound absorption for tire–rubber concrete.
Reducing the Negative Effects of Seasonal Demand Fluctuations: A Proposal Bas...IJERA Editor
Demand fluctuations and irregular production evolved as a result of these fluctuations are an important problem for manufacturers. In this study, problems such as high production costs caused by seasonal demand fluctuations and inability of delivering orders on time to the customer are analyzed in the case of a manufacturing firm. The proposal of utilizing production full capacity every month and storing produced goods without brand labels printed on to reduce the production costs was discussed
Moringa Seed, Residual Coffee Powder, and Banana Peel as Biosorbents for Uran...IJERA Editor
The uranium mining deserves attention with regard to environmental impacts and water pollution in Brazil. The research objective was to enable the use of biomass as cheap and available adsorbents for uranium removal from acid mine drainage. Three types of biomass were tested: banana peel, residual coffee powder, and moringa seed. Synthetic uranium solution (SS) and acid mine drainage (AMD) were used in the equilibrium adsorption experiments. Remarkable total uranium removal efficiencies were observed for moringa (96.8 ± 2.2 [SS] and 86.5 ± 0.8% [AMD]), coffee (89.4 ± 11.2 [SS] and 73.7 ± 2.2% [AMD]), and banana (48.2 ± 14.0 [SS] and 55.9 ± 4.8% [AMD]). The highest experimental adsorption densities were 18.7, 19.1, and 6.3 mg∙g-1 , respectively. Quantitative curves were described for each adsorbent and can be used for practical applications. Design and operating parameters for uranium removal from AMD as a post-treatment, polishing method can be determined beforehand.
Defects, Root Causes in Casting Process and Their Remedies: ReviewIJERA Editor
Many industry aims to improve quality as well as productivity of manufacturing product. So need to number of process parameter to must controlled while casting process, so there are no of uncertainty and defects are face by organizations. In casting process industries are need to technical solution to minimize the uncertainty and defects. In this review paper to represent various casting defects and root causes for engine parts while casting process. Also provide preventive action to improve quality as well as productivity an industrial level.
Performance Evaluation of Two-Level Photovoltaic Voltage Source Inverter Cons...IJERA Editor
The switching control schemesincluding sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation (SPWM) and space vector modulation (SVM) are very important for the efficiency and accuracyof the voltage source inverter (VSI). Therefore, this paper presents a performance evaluation of a two-level VSI for the photovoltaic (PV) system based on adopted switching controllers namely, SPWM and SVM switching methods. The evaluation procedure and accuracy are demonstrated and investigated using simulations conducted for a 1.5 kW inverter in a MATLAB/Simulink environment. Two types of loads are utilized to assess the performance of the VSI which are resistive (R) load and resistive and inductive (RL) load. Total harmonic distortion (THD) is used for the comparison of the SPWM and the SVM. Results show that the SVM performs better compared with the SPWM in terms of THD rate. The THDs for SVM based system are found to be 0.02% and 0.08% for the R and RL, respectively; whereas the THDsfor SPWM controller are found to be 0.43% and 0.51% for the R and RL, respectively. Furthermore, mean square error (MSE) is also consideredas a statistical indicator. The MSE indicates that the SVM switching controller technique have superior outcomes compared with the SPWM switching controller technique and thus increases the efficiency of the whole system
Analysis of Emission from Petrol Vehicles in the Koforidua Municipality, GhanaIJERA Editor
Koforidua has seen its fair share in the increase in the number of cars on its roads over the past decade. This has resulted in progressive increase in traffic congestion on the roads and could lead to deterioration in the air quality. Exhaust gas emissions from a total of 104 vehicles were tested with an exhaust gas analyzer. Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Carbon monoxide (CO) were measured and compared with EU standards for gasoline vehicles and Auto Data Technical information. A series of algorithms developed using Microsoft Excel Spread Sheet were used to analyze the data collected. Out of the total number of cars tested, 74 and 80 cars passed the HC and CO tests respectively. 10 cars out of the total were rated as good under CO2 test. In total, 69.5% of the cars tested passed the various tests conducted and about 73 cars representing 70.2% of the cars tested were over 10 years and the emission standards for those years were flexible.
The Equation Based on the Rotational and Orbital Motion of the PlanetsIJERA Editor
Equations of dependence of rotational and orbital motions of planets are given, their rotation angles are calculated. Wave principles of direct and reverse rotation of planets are established. The established dependencies are demonstrated at different scale levels of structural interactions, in biosystems as well. The accuracy of calculations corresponds to the accuracy of experimental data
Empirical Study of a Key Authentication Scheme in Public Key CryptographyIJERA Editor
Public key cryptosystem plays major role in many online business applications. In public key cryptosystem, public key need not be protected for confidentiality, but the authenticity of public key is needed. Earlier, many key authentication schemes are developed based on discrete logarithms. Each scheme has its own drawbacks. We developed a secure key authentication scheme based on discrete logarithms to avoid the drawbacks of earlier schemes. In this paper, we illustrate the empirical study to show the experimental proof of our scheme.
“Design and Analysis of a Windmill Blade in Windmill Electric Generation System”IJERA Editor
Wind turbine is a standout amongst the most imperative wellsprings of renewable vitality. Wind turbine extricate active vitality from the wind. A little wind turbine cutting edge was composed and examined in this work. The power execution of little flat hub wind turbines was mimicked in detail utilizing altered blade element momentum methods (BEM). Another sharp edge was planned utilizing diverse assault points (i.e.0o , 5o , 10o ), distinctive speed (4m/s, 5m/s and 12m/s) and rotor span (0.5m and 1m). From this we discover harmony length and power yield hypothetically. Likewise, we chose material for proposed sharp edge.
FE Simulation Modelling and Exergy Analysis of Conventional Forging Deformati...IJERA Editor
The present paper examines the deformation behaviour of geometrical specimens of an aluminium alloy undergoing axial compression in a Universal Testing Machine under dry condition. It is observed that researchers have made attempts to investigate alternate specimens for friction calibration. It is found that ring compression test is recommended as the standard test for determination of coefficient of friction, because it gives reliable results. The effect of weight percentage of silicon carbide on microstructure, hardness and upsetting load is studied. The friction factor at die metal interface is evaluated by ring compression tests and its effect on non-uniform deformation is investigated. The experimental results are finally compared with those obtained by FEA simulation and modelling. In order to validate the predictability of these specimens, real experiments on them are carried out. Rings of standard dimensional ratio 6:3:1 in the same machine. Friction predictions from both specimen are found to be in close match, proposed alternate specimen offers a powerful tool for friction prediction in the absence of ring specimen. Some aspects of Exergy calculations have been in the past repeatedly used to quantify the quality and quantity of energy used in thermal energy processes. This attempt to drive a exergy utilization and compare for the first time two entirely different manufacturing processes, material processing by a mechanical method of straining of the material and thermal processing during cold forging of the same mass of the material using exergy formulation as metric. The exergy analysis of material processing is determined by performed work and utilized heat transfer using mechanical and thermal processes
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts of jasm...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
The aims of this research were to carry out the preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity
of different extracts of J. sessiliflorum. The different anti-oxidant methods carried out were DPPH
scavenging method, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide scavenging method
Methods
Extracts were prepared by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evap orated
using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities using DPPH, NBT dye reduction method and nitric oxide
scavenging methods and the correlation of their IC50 values with standards were carried out.
Results
The ethanolic herbs extract of J. sessiliflorum had the lowest IC50 values in all the anti-oxidant methods.
Moreover, the ethanolic extracts showed the presence greatest amount of phytochemical constituents. The
IC50 values were correlated with the IC50 values of standards in all the anti- oxidant activity determination
methods.
Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that the extracts of J.sessiliflorum exhibited strong antioxidant
activity and thus it is a good source of antioxidant.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of clove mistletoe leaf extr...iosrphr_editor
Clove mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq) is one of the semi-parasitic plants belonging to the Loranthaceae family. Clove mistletoe leaf extracts have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of secondary metabolites in clove mistletoe leaf extracts through phytochemical screening and determine its antioxidant activity through DPPH free radical scavenging. Samples were tested include water and ethanol 70 % extracts, as well as n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol fractions. Phytochemical screening showed that all samples containing tannins and flavonoids but no alkaloids. The highest total phenol contents was ethyl acetate fraction namely 358.4 mg GAE/ g. The best antioxidant activity was water extract, ethanol 70 % extract and ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, clove mistletoe leaf extracts are potential source for antioxidant.
Profiling and Characterization Antioxidant Activities in Anoectochilus formos...Cây thuốc Việt
Phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of the crude and fractionated plant extracts of Anoectochilus formosanus were evaluated using five different assay systems. An acid-treatment (2 N HCl in 95% ethanol) was employed to treat a butanol fraction (BuOH), creating an acid-hydrolyzed
BuOH fraction. The IC50 values for DPPH radicals in the BuOH and acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fractions were 0.521 and 0.021 mg/mL, respectively. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH exhibited approximately 5-fold higher activity in scavenging superoxide anion than catechin. The acid-hydrolyzed BuOH fraction
also effectively protected φ x174 supercoiled DNA against strand cleavage induced by H2O2 and reduced oxidative stress in HL-60 cells. Metabolite profiling showed that the aglycones of flavonoid glycosides in BuOH were produced after acid hydrolytic treatment, and this resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activities of acid-hydrolyzed BuOH. One new diarylpentanoid, kinsenone, and three known flavonoid glycosides and their derivatives were identified for the first time from A. formosanus, with strong antioxidant properties
Ijb vol-16-no-1-Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Ba...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur Fruit Part Harvested from the Algerian Sahara by Imad Abdelhamid El Haci in Advances in Complementary & Alternative medicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria).
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activities of Organic Extracts from Ammodaucus ...CrimsonAlternativemedicine
Aromatic and medicinal plants are a good source of natural preparations containing effective bioactive compounds which can be used for different applications. This work aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some organic extracts of Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss & Dur fruit part. The whole plant was collected from the region of Beni Abbas (Bechar-Algeria). Five organic extracts were obtained and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity was performed by six conventional methods. Polar organic extracts exhibited more antioxidant power then non polar extracts. The level of phenolic compounds was moderate in all extracts. The investigation of the antioxidant activity of organic extracts from fruit part of Ammodaucus leucotrichusrevealed a moderate activity tested by six conventional methods.
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in open access Complementary Medicine journals please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/acam/
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijb/gc-ms-analysis-and-evaluation-of-in-vitro-antioxidant-potential-and-total-phenolics-content-of-wild-hops-flemingia-strobilifera-l-w-t-aiton/
Similar to Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial Extracts (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial Extracts
1. Suresh Babu Bastipati. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -3) March 2017, pp.55-59
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Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Elytraria acaulis Aerial
Extracts
Suresh Babu Bastipati1*
and M. Lakshmi Narasu1
1
Centre for Biotechnology, IST, JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500 085, T.S, India
ABSTRACT
Elytraria acaulis, a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has many medicinal and therapeutic
properties. Anti oxidative activity of the aerial parts of this Elytraria acaulis were assessed in the present study.
The aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were extracted in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane,
Ethanol, Methanol, Ethyl Acetate and Chloroform. Initially, Total Phenolic & Total Flavonoids content in
different solvent plant extracts were estimated. The free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of the
Elytraria acaulis aerial extracts in different organic solvents were also assayed by DPPH assay, FRAP assay.
The aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis have shown significant anti oxidant activity. Hence, further studies on
this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Keywords: Aerial parts, phytochemical analysis, Antioxidant assays, Elytraria acaulis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Antioxidants are substances that protect
cells from the damage caused by free radicals.
Antioxidants interact with and stabilize free
radicals and prevent the damage, which may lead to
cancer. Examples of antioxidants include beta-
carotene, glutathione, lycopene, vitamins C, E, A
well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide
dismutase and various peroxidases and other
substances (Blot et al., 1993). Low levels of
antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant
enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage
or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an
important part of many human diseases, the use of
antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively
studied, particularly for treatments of stroke and
neurodegenerative diseases (Xianquanet al., 2005).
Antioxidants are also widely present as ingredients
in dietary supplements maintaining health and
preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary
heart disease. Although, initial studies suggested
that antioxidant supplements might promote health,
later, large clinical trials did not detect any benefit
and suggested instead that excess supplementation
may be harmful (Steinmetz et al., 1996). Free
radicals are very unstable and react quickly with
other compound by abstracting its electron to attain
stability. When the attacked molecule loses its
electron, it becomes a free radical itself, resulting in
the disruption of the substance especially in fatty
foods. Environmental factors such as pollution,
radiation, cigarette smoking and herbicides can also
spawn free radicals in the body (Borek, 1991).
Elytraria acaulis is a stem less perennial
herb belonging to acantheceae family of plant
kingdom, which is a small shrub that grows in
shady dry places. This plant is often found on often
on rocky or sandy soils. It is a traditional herb, is
the whole plant is used for medicinal purposes.
Practitioners of traditional medicine have described
therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous plants for
several disorders. The World Health Organization
estimates that plant extracts or their active
constituents are used as folk medicine in traditional
therapies of 80% of the world's population. The
pharmacological industries have produced a
number of new antibiotics; however, resistance to
these drugs by microorganisms has increased due
to their genetic ability to transmit and acquire
resistance to synthetic drugs. The present study
was designed to analyze the phytochemicals
present in the plant extract as well its free radical
scavenging property (invitro anti-oxidant assay).
II. MATERIALS & METHODS
Collection and preparation of Plant Material:
Fresh leaves and stem of Elytraria acaulis were
procured from Seshachalam forest, Tirupathi, India.
The dried samples were cut into small pieces and
ground into fine powder using a dry grinder. The
ground samples were sieved to get uniform particle
size, then kept in an airtight container and stored in
a freezer (-20°C)until further analysis.
Extraction of sample: Each ground sample was
weighed and transferred into a beaker. Solvents like
n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol, Methanol and
Chloroform in the increasing order of polarity were
added in the ratio of 1:10 and stirred with the aid of
a magnetic stirrer. The extraction mixture was left
to sediment for at least 72 h before the extract was
separated from the residue by filtration through
Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The solvent plant
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Suresh Babu Bastipati. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -3) March 2017, pp.55-59
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622- 0703035559 56 | P a g e
extracts were lyophilized using a freeze dryer and
the residual solvent of each extract was removed
under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.
Extracts were produced in duplicates and used to
assay the antioxidant activity.
2.1 Total Phenolic content of Elytraria acaulis
extracts
The total phenolic contents of Elytraria
acaulis leaves & stem extracts were determined
according to the method described by Malik and
Singh. Aliquots of the extracts were taken in a 10
ml glass tube and made up to a volume of 3 ml with
distilled water. Then 0.5 ml folinciocalteau reagent
(1:1 with water) and 2 ml Na2CO3 (20%) were
added sequentially in each tube. A blue color was
developed in each tube because the phenols
undergo a complex redox reaction with
phosphomolibdic acid in FolinCiocalteau reagent in
alkaline medium which resulted in a blue colored
complex, molybdenum blue. The test solutions
were warmed for 1 minute, cooled and absorbance
was measured at 650 nm against the reagent used as
a blank. A standard calibration plot was generated
at 650 nm using known concentrations of catechol.
The concentrations of phenols in the test samples
were calculated from the calibration plot and
expressed as mg catechol equivalent of phenol/g of
sample (Malik et.al. 1980).
2.2 Total Flavonoid content of Elytraria acaulis
extracts
The aluminum chloride method was used
for the determination of the total flavonoid content
of the sample extracts
5
. Aliquots of extract
solutions were taken and made up the volume 3ml
with methanol. Then 0.1ml AlCl3 (10%), 0.1ml
Na-K tartarate and 2.8 ml distilled water were
added sequentially. The test solution was
vigorously shaken. Absorbance at 415 nm was
recorded after 30 minutes of incubation. A standard
calibration plot was generated at 415 nm using
known concentrations of quercetin. The
concentrations of flavonoid in the test samples were
calculated from the calibration plot and expressed
as mg quercetin equivalent /g of sample (Mervat et.
Al., 2009).
2.3. DPPH Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
Effect of Elytraria acaulis solvent extracts
on DPPH radical was measured based on the
method modified by (Patel Rajesh et al., 2011;
ArunaPrakash, 2000). An aliquot of 200 μl of
extract of various concentrations andascorbic acid
as standard were mixed with 800 μl of 100 mMTris
- HCl buffer (pH 7.4). The mixture was then added
to 1 ml of 500 μM DPPH. This was made up to a
DPPH final concentration of 250 μM. The mixture
was shaken vigorously and left to stand at room
temperature for 20 min in a dark room. Absorbance
at 517 nm was measured using a UV-Vis
spectrophotometer until the reading reached a
plateau. The capability of seaweeds extracts to
scavenge the DPPH radical was calculated by using
the following equation:
% scavenging = [Absorbance of control-
Absorbance of test sample/Absorbance of control]
X 100.
IC50 value was determined from the plotted graph
of scavenging activity versus the concentration of
seaweed extracts, which is defined as the amount of
antioxidant necessary to decrease the initial DPPH
radical concentration by 50%. Triplicate
measurements were carried out and their activity
was calculated by the percentage of DPPH
scavenged.
2.4. FRAP Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
Ferric ions reducing power was measured
according to the method of Oyaizu with a slightest
modification (Oyaizu 1986). Hydroalcoholic
extract of Kalanchoepinnatain different
concentrations ranging from 100 μl to 500 μl were
mixed with 2.5 ml of 20 mM phosphate buffer and
2.5 ml 1%, w/v potassium ferricyanide, and then
the mixture was incubated at 50 °C for 30 min.
Afterwards, 2.5 ml of 10%, w/v trichloroacetic acid
and 0.5 ml 0.1%, w/v ferric chloride were added to
the mixture, which was kept aside for 10 min.
Finally, the absorbance was measured at 700 nm.
Ascorbic acid was used as positive reference
standard. All assays were run in triplicate way and
averaged.
Statistical analysis
Experimental results are expressed as
means ± standard deviation (SD). All
measurements were replicated three times. IC50
values were also calculated by linear regression
analysis. Experiments results were further analyzed
for Pearson correlation coefficient(r) between total
phenolic, flavonoid and DPPH radical scavenging
assay using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software and
two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
applied to investigate the differences among means
by using the Microsoft Excel 2007. The values
were considered to be significantly different at P <
0.05.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Natural antioxidants that are present in
herbs and spices are responsible for inhibiting or
preventing the deleterious consequences of
oxidative stress. Spices and herbs containfree
radical scavengers like polyphenols, flavonoids and
3. Suresh Babu Bastipati. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 3, ( Part -3) March 2017, pp.55-59
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phenolic compounds. Several reports have
conclusively shown close relationship between
total phenolic contents and antioxidative activity of
the different plants. Since the chemical composition
and structures of active extract components are
important factors governing the efficacy of natural
antioxidants, the antioxidant activity of an extract
could not be explained on the basis of their
phenolic content, which also needs their
characterization. These results from various free
radical-scavenging systems revealed that the
Elytraria acualis had significant antioxidant
activity and free radical-scavenging activity.
3.1 Total Phenolic content of Elytraria acaulis
Phenolic compounds are a class of
antioxidant agents, which act as free radical
terminators. Total phenols were measured by
FolinCiocalteu reagent in terms of Gallic acid
equivalent. According to our study, the high
contents of this Phytochemical in aqueous extract
of Elytraria acaulis can explain its high radical
scavenging activity (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the
activity for Elytraria acaulis plant extract in all
solvents was found to be lower than the standard
(0.078) at 200 µg/ml concentration. It was found
that the activity of Elytraria acaulis plant extract in
ethanol was found to be higher (0.075) followed by
methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane
solvents respectively at 1000 µg/ml concentration.
3.2 Total Flavonoid content of Elytraria acaulis
According to our study, the high contents
of this Phytochemical in aqueous extract of
Elytraria acaulis can explain its high radical
scavenging activity (Table 2). Figure 2 shows the
activity for Elytraria acaulis plant extract in all
solvents was found to be lower than the standard
(0.866) at 200 µg/ml concentration. It was found
that the TFC of Elytraria acaulis plant extract in
methanol was found to be higher (0.506) followed
by ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform
solvents respectively at 1000 µg/ml concentration
but less when compares to that of standard
Quercetin.
3.3 DPPH Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
DPPH is a stable free radical at normal
temperature. It shows specific absorbance at 517nm
due to color of methanolic solution of DPPH. Body
also contains man free radicals, which assumed
same as DPPH. Decrease in absorbance of mixture
indicates the radical scavenging activity (Table no:
3). Inhibition activity for Elytraria acaulis plant
extract in Methanol solvent was found to be higher
(82.0) when compared with the other solvents at
1000 µg/ml concentration and it is lower than
standard Ascorbic acid (86.0). Inhibitory activity
was found to be higher for Methanol followed by
Hexane, Ethanol and Chloroform extracts (Fig. 3).
3.4 FRAP Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
FRAP assay is based on a redox-linked
reaction, whereby antioxidants present in plant
extracts act as reductants while ferric ions in
reagents serve as oxidants. Reduction of ferric-
tripyridyltriazine to ferrous complex forms an
intense blue color with maximum absorption at 593
nm. The ferric reducing ability of extracts of
Elytraria acaulisis shown in Table 6. Figure 6
showed that Methanol, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate,
Chloroform and Hexane extract reduced ferric ions
efficiently and had reducing activity in the range of
0.127+0.02– 0.153+0.01. Hexane and Chloroform
extracts showed least reducing activity with
0.119+0.01 and 0.127+0.02 respectively. Methanol
extract of Elytraria acaulis displayed significant
reducing ability (0.153+0.01). Reducing activity of
all the extracts was lesser than the standard
quercetin (0.236+0.02).
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the present study was
undertaken to analyze Antioxidant activity of the
aerial extracts of Elytraria acaulis and the findings
clearly indicated that Elytraria acaulis has
profound antioxidant activity. These results are
supportive to the traditional use of Elytraria
acaulis as antioxidative agent. The selected plant
has varieties of phytochemicals such as phenolics,
flavonoids and tannins and possesses various
activities such as radical scavenging, antioxidant
and reducing activities. Therefore, this plant
species may be attempted to derive the drugs of
antioxidant properties proving the efficacy of this
research work whichis highly valuable for
identification of newer antioxidant principles. The
scientific community has begun to interest in the
identification, recovery and enhanced performance
of natural antioxidant principles from plant sources.
The purpose of this present study is also guide to
the invention of new antioxidant sources
from Elytraria acaulis.
Conflict of Interest
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge CBT,
JNTUH for providing me the laboratory facilities.
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S.No. Concentration
(μg/ml)
Methanol Ethanol Ethyl
Acetate
Hexane Chloroform
1. 200 271+0.35 227+0.32 258+0.48 174.0+0.24 194.0+0.24
2. 400 421+0.35 376+0.43 351+0.25 242+0.35 242+0.35
3. 600 532+0.24 489+0.35 482+0.56 324+0.25 314+0.25
4. 800 642+0.45 557+0.21 576+0.48 452+0.57 478+0.57
5. 1000 752+0.63 632+1.32 672+0.56 526+0.26 575+0.26
*Each Value represents mean value+ standard deviation of three replicates
Table 1: Total Phenolic Content (Expressed as mg Gallic Acid/g dry weight) of Elytraria acaulis
Fig 1: Total Phenolic Content of Elytraria acaulis extracts
Concentration
(μg/ml)
Methanol Ethanol Ethyl
Acetate
Hexane Chloroform
200 32.02+1.25 54.5+0.32 83.17+1.35 74.0+0.24 94.0+0.24
400 74.45+1.35 108.3+1.23 173.4+1.56 142.2+0.35 162.3+0.35
600 103.67+1.3 284.4+1.35 216.82+1.3 224.3+0.25 214.4+0.25
800 142.34+0.45 357.1+1.21 376.32+1.48 352.2+0.57 378.5+0.57
1000 178.34+0.63 432.2+1.32 421.23+1.56 426.4+0.26 475.6+0.26
Table 2: Total Flavanoid content (Expressed as mg quercetine/g dry weight) of Elytraria acaulis
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Fig 2: Total Flavonoid Content of Elytraria acaulis extracts
S.No. Concentration Ascorbic Acid Methanol Ethanol Chloroform Hexane
1. 50 50.42+0.50 34+0.60 32+0.59 33+0.58 30+0.62
2. 100 56.64+0.52 46+0.58 45+0.50 43+0.53 42+0.54
3. 150 63.52+0.43 62+0.40 59+0.43 60+0.48 58+0.42
4. 200 70.42+0.35 68+0.48 65+0.39 66+0.42 67+0.39
5. 250 78.62+0.28 73+0.34 70+0.30 72+0.35 69+0.30
6. 300 86.0+0.22 82.0+0.20 79+0.24 76+0.23 81+0.22
IC50 52.3 118.58 129.27 127.67 135.38
*All data were average (+SD) of three replicates
Table 3: DPPH Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
Fig 3: DPPH Assay of Elytraria acaulis extracts
S.No. Elytraria Acaulis
1. Quercetin 0.236+0.02
2. Methanol 0.153+0.01
3. Ethanol 0.142+0.02
4. Ethyl Acetate 0.139+ 0.01
5. Hexane 0.119+0.01
6. Chloroform 0.127+0.02
*Each value represents mean values+standard deviation of three replicates.
Table 6: Ferric Reducing Ability – FRAP (Expressed as mM FeSO4/g dry weight) of Elytraria Acaulis