This document describes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracts obtained using different solvents. Leaf extracts from C. citratus were tested against various human pathogens using disc diffusion assays and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that chloroform, methanol, and water extracts of C. citratus exhibited maximum inhibition zones against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris. The extracts also demonstrated antioxidant effects by scavenging DPPH radicals and protecting DNA from oxidative damage. The study suggests that lemongrass plant extracts have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that could offer health benefits.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
This study investigated the effects of parietin, an anthraquinone compound isolated from Rheum ribes L, on an in vitro wound model using human dermal fibroblast cells. Parietin was isolated from Rheum ribes L and its antioxidant properties were determined using the DPPH method. An in vitro wound model was created using human dermal fibroblast cells, and different concentrations of parietin and zinc were added to test their effects on cell proliferation and viability. Parietin showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at concentrations of 5 to 10 μM, similar to the effects of 50 μM zinc. The results suggest that parietin may promote wound healing at low doses by inducing dermal fibro
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemical composition and biological activities of extracts from different parts of Rheum ribes L. Qualitative tests showed the presence of phenolics and tannins in all parts tested. Quantitatively, the macerated flowers extract had the highest total phenolic and tannin contents. In antioxidant assays, the macerated flowers extract showed the strongest ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity, while the macerated leaves and Soxhlet radix extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging and cupric reducing activity respectively. The Soxhlet young shoots extracts displayed the highest anticholinesterase activity. All extracts showed low anti-urease
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on human liver hepg2epithelial cell...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and its byproducts on human liver (HePG2) epithelial cells. The study found that the free phenolic extract of artichoke bracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. This extract also exhibited the highest antiproliferative effects against HePG2 cells, reducing viability by 78.3%, higher than the heart extract's effect of 36.7%. Therefore, artichoke byproducts contain compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties and may provide nutritional supplements.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
This study analyzed 31 Thai medicinal plant species commonly used in traditional medicine in northeast Thailand. The plants were grouped into digestive tonic, diarrheal relief, anti-tussive, and anti-inflammation categories based on their traditional uses. The study determined total antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, and levels of some phytochemicals for the plants. The results showed variation in these biochemical parameters among the different plant groups. Anti-tussive plants generally had higher total antioxidant activity and phenolic/ascorbic acid levels than diarrheal relief and anti-inflammation plants. Digestive tonic plants exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity.
This study investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil in mice after repeated oral intake over 21 days. The researchers found no evidence of toxicity based on measurements of body and organ weights, histological examination of tissues, urinalysis, and clinical biochemistry. Additionally, lemongrass essential oil reduced blood cholesterol levels at the highest dose tested. The comet assay also showed no genotoxic effects. The study concluded that lemongrass intake at the doses used in traditional medicine is safe, and may have beneficial effects in reducing blood cholesterol.
This study investigated the effects of parietin, an anthraquinone compound isolated from Rheum ribes L, on an in vitro wound model using human dermal fibroblast cells. Parietin was isolated from Rheum ribes L and its antioxidant properties were determined using the DPPH method. An in vitro wound model was created using human dermal fibroblast cells, and different concentrations of parietin and zinc were added to test their effects on cell proliferation and viability. Parietin showed antioxidant activity and significantly increased cell viability and proliferation at concentrations of 5 to 10 μM, similar to the effects of 50 μM zinc. The results suggest that parietin may promote wound healing at low doses by inducing dermal fibro
This document presents the results of a study analyzing the phytochemical composition and biological activities of extracts from different parts of Rheum ribes L. Qualitative tests showed the presence of phenolics and tannins in all parts tested. Quantitatively, the macerated flowers extract had the highest total phenolic and tannin contents. In antioxidant assays, the macerated flowers extract showed the strongest ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing activity, while the macerated leaves and Soxhlet radix extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging and cupric reducing activity respectively. The Soxhlet young shoots extracts displayed the highest anticholinesterase activity. All extracts showed low anti-urease
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antioxidant and antiproliferative effects on human liver hepg2epithelial cell...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and its byproducts on human liver (HePG2) epithelial cells. The study found that the free phenolic extract of artichoke bracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging and iron chelating assays. This extract also exhibited the highest antiproliferative effects against HePG2 cells, reducing viability by 78.3%, higher than the heart extract's effect of 36.7%. Therefore, artichoke byproducts contain compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties and may provide nutritional supplements.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
ABSTRACT- The genus Jurinea (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance including traditional uses. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antilipid peroxidation, anti-toxic, antileishmanial activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenes. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts may be uses for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.
Key Words: Jurinea, Incence, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of four types of banana peels. Extracts were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using several assays. Results showed the peels had high antioxidant capacity and contained phenolic compounds like dopamine and L-dopa. The Rasthali peel extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging ability and phenol content, while Pachainadan had the highest total antioxidant activity. The study demonstrates banana peels can be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Experimental studies on antioxidant properties of calotropis giganteaIAEME Publication
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Calotropis gigantea leaves, buds, and flowers. Various solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous) were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Many extracts showed radical scavenging activity comparable to standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid and quercetin. However, the reducing power of the extracts was lower than standards. The radical scavenging could be due to metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, and polyphenols detected in the plant. While supporting C. gigantea's traditional use, further studies are needed to better utilize its antioxidant properties.
Experimental studies on antioxidant properties of calotropis giganteaIAEME Publication
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Calotropis gigantea leaves, buds, and flowers. Various solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous) were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Many extracts showed radical scavenging activity comparable to standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid and quercetin. However, the reducing power of the extracts was lower than standards. The radical scavenging could be due to metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, and polyphenols detected in the plant. While supporting C. gigantea's traditional use, further studies are needed to better utilize its antioxidant properties.
This study examined the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Pulicaria crispa, an annual herb used in traditional medicine. Four solvents were used to extract secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of P. crispa. Phytochemical screening found high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. Antibacterial testing of the extracts showed methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts had high activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100. Water extracts had the lowest antibacterial activity. The results support the traditional use of P. crispa
ABSTRACT- The genus Jurinea (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance including traditional uses. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antilipid peroxidation, anti-toxic, antileishmanial activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenes. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts may be uses for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.
Key Words: Jurinea, Incence, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
GC-MS Analysis and Evaluation of In-vitro Antioxidant Potential and Total Phe...Innspub Net
Wild hops (Flemingia strobilifera Linn.) is a shrub belonging to Fabaceae family. The leaves of F. strobilifera are commonly used by the Subanen, the indigenous group in Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines to treat inflammation. In this study, the hydromethanolic (80%) and aqueous leaf extracts of F. strobilifera were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and total phenolics content. The active semi-volatile components of 80% methanol leaf extract were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). DPPH radical scavenging activity was used to determine the potential of this plant as anti-oxidant. Total phenolics content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and calculated as gallic acid equivalence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight compounds. Both the 80% methanol and aqueous extracts of F. strobilifera showed significant scavenging activity with low IC50 values of 0.299 mg/mL and <0.25 mg/mL, respectively. There was positive correlation between the scavenging activity percentage and the total phenolics content only in the aqueous extract of F. strobilifera while 80% methanol extract showed negative correlation between inhibition percentage and total phenolics content which can be attributed to the solvent used and method used in quantification of phenolics. Nevertheless, the results suggest that these leaf extracts are potent source of antioxidant compounds and may serve as natural anti-inflammatory agents.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
Recovery of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition by Methanolic Bark Extract of Ac...Innspub Net
Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.
Toxicity Studies of Aqueous-Methanol Extract of Dennettia tripetala (Pepper f...Scientific Review SR
1) The study evaluated the toxicity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Dennettia tripetala fresh ripe fruits in rats over 14 days.
2) The extract showed no significant effects on liver and kidney function at 100 mg/kg body weight but caused toxicity at higher doses based on changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidant levels.
3) The extract significantly decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, GSH, GPx and GST at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, indicating potential oxidative stress, while MDA and CAT were not significantly affected.
Influence of drying process on the functional properties of some plantsAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the effect of different drying methods (air, convective oven, and microwave oven) on the functional properties of four green leafy vegetables (celery, coriander, dill, and parsley).
2) Fresh plants had the highest contents of antioxidants (total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll) and antioxidant capacity, followed by air drying, then oven drying, and microwave drying resulted in the greatest losses.
3) Drying, especially at higher temperatures, significantly reduced the moisture content as well as the bioactive compounds in the plants. Microwave drying led to the greatest decreases in total phenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and antioxidant capacity compared to
Studies of in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isol...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Parinari curatellifolia. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate antioxidant activity in the DPPH radical scavenging assay, with IC50 values of 13.47 μg/mL and 5.667 μg/mL, respectively. In cytotoxicity testing against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cell line), the extracts and pure compounds displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The ethyl acetate extract and compounds C7 and C8 showed the most potent cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values below 100 μg/mL. The results provide support for the traditional use of P. curatellifolia in cancer treatment and indicate that further investigation
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of four types of banana peels. Extracts were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using several assays. Results showed the peels had high antioxidant capacity and contained phenolic compounds like dopamine and L-dopa. The Rasthali peel extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging ability and phenol content, while Pachainadan had the highest total antioxidant activity. The study demonstrates banana peels can be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Antioxidant activity against methanol extraction of eucheuma cotonii and e. s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that tested the antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cotonii and E. spinosum collected from North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Fresh and dry samples of both algae were extracted using 60%, 70%, and 80% methanol solvent. Tests measured total phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP antioxidant power, and total carotene. The highest values were found in fresh E. spinosum extracted with 60% methanol, indicating it had the strongest antioxidant activity among the samples tested.
Preliminary Studies on Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities...IJARIIT
Pharmaceutical industries are still in the hunt of effective scavengers for free radicals from the unexplored
medicinal plants. About 80,000 species of plants are utilized for treating various diseases in different systems of Indian
medicine. Many pharmaceutical companies giving importance in plant-derived drugs mainly due to the current widespread
belief that 'Green Medicine' is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, which have adverse side effects.
The objective of the study is isolation of Phytochemical active constituents, Antidiabetic, antimicrobial and
antioxidant activities of the rare Antidiabetic medicinal plant Epaltes divaricata (Linn.) since the selected plant has varied
medicinal properties used in Ayurveda. This valuable plant is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to alleviate jaundice,
diabetes mellitus, urethral discharges and acute dyspepsia. It is also regarded as a diaphoretic, diuretic and a stimulating
expectorant.
The methanol extract of Epaltes divaricata L. showed excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the same extract by two different standard methods and which confirmed the
presence of steroids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. Decreasing of postprandial hyperglycemia is a therapeutic
approach for treating diabetes mellitus. This can be achieved in current trends through the inhibition of carbohydrate
hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase. Agents with α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity are very useful as oral anti hypoglycemic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in patients who have diabetes
mellitus. In this study the methanol extract exhibited above 50% of inhibition in all standard concentration.
The document summarizes a study on the phytochemical analysis, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of Erythrina variegate bark extracts. Key findings include:
- Preliminary analysis found the extracts contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides and flavonoids.
- The extracts showed some toxicity to brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 1.41 to 3.66 μg/ml.
- n-Hexane extract contained the highest amount of flavonoids.
- Ethanol extract had the highest total antioxidant capacity.
The study concludes the plant extracts possess several antioxidant activities supporting traditional medicinal uses.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
COMPARSION OF ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF DIMOCARPUS LONGAN LOUR. EXTRACTS AND ...IJSIT Editor
The present study was carried out to evaluate antioxidant activity of Dimocarpus longan stems
extracts and also to investigate the main phytoconstituents in the bio-active extract. N-hexane,
dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol 80% extract were tested for free radical scavenging activity on
model reaction with stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The results showed that ethyl
acetate was the most active one as antioxidant agent and phytochemical analysis of that extract revealed the
presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and carbohydrates. The results may help to discover new
chemical classes of natural antioxidant substances that could serve as selective agents for infectious diseases.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
Experimental studies on antioxidant properties of calotropis giganteaIAEME Publication
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Calotropis gigantea leaves, buds, and flowers. Various solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous) were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Many extracts showed radical scavenging activity comparable to standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid and quercetin. However, the reducing power of the extracts was lower than standards. The radical scavenging could be due to metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, and polyphenols detected in the plant. While supporting C. gigantea's traditional use, further studies are needed to better utilize its antioxidant properties.
Experimental studies on antioxidant properties of calotropis giganteaIAEME Publication
This study investigated the antioxidant properties of solvent extracts from Calotropis gigantea leaves, buds, and flowers. Various solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, chloroform, aqueous) were tested for their ability to scavenge DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radicals. Many extracts showed radical scavenging activity comparable to standard antioxidants like ascorbic acid and quercetin. However, the reducing power of the extracts was lower than standards. The radical scavenging could be due to metabolites like alkaloids, tannins, and polyphenols detected in the plant. While supporting C. gigantea's traditional use, further studies are needed to better utilize its antioxidant properties.
This study examined the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Pulicaria crispa, an annual herb used in traditional medicine. Four solvents were used to extract secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of P. crispa. Phytochemical screening found high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols in ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. Antibacterial testing of the extracts showed methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts had high activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100. Water extracts had the lowest antibacterial activity. The results support the traditional use of P. crispa
B428 study on pharmacog. standardizationMustafa Khan
This document summarizes research on the pharmacognostic standardization and antioxidant activity of Vitis vinifera L. seeds. Microscopic analysis of the seeds showed structures like testa, tegmen, endospermic cells, embryonal axis and endospermic cells. Physicochemical evaluation found the total ash to be 4.15% w/w and moisture content to be 15.76% w/w. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, resins, lipids, phenolics and flavonoids. The seeds were found to have significant antioxidant activity, with total phenolic content of 780毺g/mg and an IC50 value of 5.
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
1) The document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential of Wrightia tinctoria leaf extracts.
2) Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like flavonoids, carbohydrates, and proteins in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method.
3) Anticancer activity was evaluated using MTT assay on liver cancer cells (HepG-2), with the methanol extract showing 76.54% toxicity at 1000μg, similar to the anticancer drug Cyclo-90.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document analyzes the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. dactylon were tested against bacterial and fungal strains. The ethanol extract showed larger inhibition zones against bacterial strains like Salmonella paratyphi compared to the aqueous extract. Both extracts inhibited the growth of pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanol extract was more effective against Candida albicans while the aqueous extract worked better against Aspergillus niger. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like terpenoids, tannins and flavonoids in C. dactylon, which could
Bio-active phytoconstituents from non-polar extracts of Diospyros lotus stems...Jing Zang
The objective of this study is to isolate phytoconstituents from Diospyros lotus stems extracts and to evaluate antifungal, lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities of the extracts. The stems were extracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform, respectively, three compounds were isolated and identified as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and protocatechic acid from both petroleum ether and ether extracts. Chloroform extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using CHCl3 as eluent and an increasing amount of EtOAc and MeOH gradually resulted in the isolation and identification of kaempferol 8-O-methylether, apigenin, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnoside and luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside. The petroleum ether, diethyl ether and chloroform extracts of Diospyros lotus were tested at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml for their effect against the fungus Mycosphaerella arachidicola and for their lectin and trypsin inhibitory activities. The results showed that the extracts exhibited significant antifungal activity but had no hemagglutinating and trypsin inhibitory activities.
screening of selected marine algae from the coastal tamil nadu, southArual Rangel
This document summarizes a study that screened three species of marine algae (Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha linum, and Padina gymnospora) collected from Tamil Nadu, India for antibacterial activity. Various solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) of the algae were tested against 10 human pathogenic bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts of all three algae showed the highest inhibitory activity against the bacterial species. In particular, the acetone extract of S. wightii exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity of the algae tested. The results suggest that marine algae, especially S. wightii, show potential as
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum, a mangrove plant. The study found that ethanol extracts of S. portulacastrum leaves contained phytochemicals like steroids and showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified compounds in the ethanol extract including 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, Epicatechin, and Capsaicin that were responsible for the antimicrobial properties. The presence of these phytochemicals supports the potential of S. portulacastrum as a source of antimicrobial agents.
Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus A Reviewijtsrd
Citrallus lanatus watermelon is a popularly studied fruit crop for its various medicinal application because of the presence of many bioactive compounds. The different parts of the plant especially the fruit pulp and seeds are reported to have many applications based on its antioxidant, anti plasmodial, anti inflammatory, antisecretory, antidiabetic properties. The antimicrobial aspects of different parts of Citrallus lanatus including the seeds, fruit pulp, rind and leaves are discussed in this study. The effectiveness of rind extract as antibacterial and anti fungal agent is of great potential since it is considered as a waste material after watermelon processing in industries. The present review aims to compile the antimicrobial action and the targeted microorganism so that the data can be used to stimulate further scientific research. Sruthi Menon "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30818.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/30818/antimicrobial-properties-of-different-parts-of-citrallus-lanatus--a-review/sruthi-menon
This document summarizes research on 15 medicinal plants that have anti-ulcer properties. It discusses the botanical name, common name, family, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of each plant based on literature. Some of the plants described are Aloe vera, Butea frondosa, Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Cissus quadrangularis, Curcuma longa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Leucas lavandulifolia, Mangifera indica, Morus alba and Ocimum sanctum. The study aims to review commonly used anti-ulcer plants and their reported activities to identify potential sources for natural anti-ulcer drugs with fewer
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
This study investigated the phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, and alpha-glucosidase inhibition properties of Rubus ellipticus leaf extracts. Methanol extracts showed the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids. In antimicrobial testing, the methanol extract demonstrated significant inhibitory effects against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged from 15-62.5 μg/ml depending on the microorganism. In alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays, the methanol extract and positive control both achieved over 80% inhibition, suggesting compounds in the leaves may help manage diabetes. Overall, the results correlated antimicrobial and anti-diabetic activities with the high phenolic and
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum, an endangered medicinal plant, against four bacterial strains. The aqueous extracts of the stem bark were tested using the well diffusion method. Results found that extracts showed inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains tested, with the highest activity observed against Bacillus subtilis at a 1:1 extract concentration. This provides evidence that O. indicum may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents and suggests further investigation is needed to identify active compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects.
Estimation of flavonoid lantana camara linn verbenaceaepharmaindexing
This document summarizes a study that estimated the flavonoid, phenolic content, and free radical scavenging activity of fresh unripe fruits of Lantana camara using different extraction methods. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were highest in extracts produced using microwave extraction. Microwave extraction also produced the highest yield of extract. All extracts showed free radical scavenging activity, with microwave extracts again showing the most potent activity. The study concluded the fresh unripe fruits contain antioxidant compounds that may be beneficial for treating diseases related to oxidative stress.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of aged black garlic extract (ABG) on obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a high-fat diet. The study found that ABG extract significantly lowered body weight and fat pad weight in rats compared to controls. It also improved lipid profiles by decreasing serum triglycerides and hepatic total cholesterol. ABG extract increased the glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio in serum and the liver, and decreased serum lipid peroxidation levels. The results suggest that ABG extract may help reduce obesity and dyslipidemia by decreasing body fat accumulation and regulating lipid profiles and antioxidant defenses.
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1. S134
Document heading doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60428-X 襃 2014 by the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon citratus) extracted in
different solvents for antioxidant and antibacterial activity against human
pathogens
Balachandar Balakrishnan*
, Sadayan Paramasivam, Abimanan Arulkumar
Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus-623 409, Tamil Nadu, India
Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apjtd
*Corresponding author: Balachandar Balakrishnan, Department of Oceanography
and Coastal Area Studies, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Thondi
Campus-623 409, Tamilnadu, India.
Tel: +91 9965890896
E-mail: b.balachandar1988@gmail.com
Foundation Project: This work was financially supported by the Alagappa University
Research Fund (AURF) (Grant No. Rc. A13/AURF/2009Dt:30.09.2009).
1. Introduction
Medicinal plants constitute the base of health care
systems in many societies. The recovery of the knowledge
and practices associated with these plant resources are
part of an important strategy linked to the conservation
of biodiversity, discovery of new medicines, and the
bettering of the quality of life of poor rural communities[1].
The increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance in
pathogenic microorganisms and undesirable side effects
of certain antibiotics have triggered immense interest in
the search for new antimicrobial drugs of plant origin.
Many species have been recognized to have medicinal
properties and beneficial impact on health, e.g. antioxidant
activity, digestive stimulation action, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, anti-mutagenic effects and
PEER REVIEW ABSTRACT
KEYWORDS
Lemongrass plant, Cymbopogon citratus, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Human pathogens
Objective: To test antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the lemongrass plant Cymbopogon
citratus (C. citratus) leaves extracted serially by the solvents (chloroform, methanol and water).
Methods: The plant leaves extracts were used for antibacterial activity on Bacillus subtilis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Nocardia sp., Serratia sp.,
and Enterobacter aeruginosa microorganisms by the Kirby Bauer agar disc diffusion method. This
study was carried out on lemongrass plant leaf extracts in different concentration of all solvents.
The leaf extracts from different solvents were tested for their scavenging activity against the
stable free radical DPPH in quantization using a spectrophotometric assay. Oxidative damage was
induced in vitro by treating blood DNA and analyzing the effects of the leaf extracts.
Results: The results showed that C. citratus extracts exhibited maximum zones of inhibition in
chloroform, methanol and water extracts. It was Observed that the C. citratus extracts exhibited
maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus
vulgaris. Analyzed data in the present work suggested that antibacterial activity of C. citratus
plant leaf extracts showed good results for Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. DPPH
scavenging activity was highly elicited by the extract of C. citratus. Chloroform, methanol and
water extracts of C. citratus leaves effectively decreased the extent of DNA damage.
Conclusions: The present study suggested that the lemongrass plant extracts could offer various
health benefits.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Peer reviewer
Ms. Ede Tyrell, Lecturer, Department
of Medical Technology, University of
Guyana, Guyana.
Tel: (592) 6197300
E-mail: edetyrell1@live.com
Comments
This was a good study that the
a u t h o r s h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h e
antibacterial activity, analyzed the
chemical antioxidant property, and
DNA protective activity against
free radicals by lemongrass plant
extracts. The results are interesting,
and the research suggested that the
lemongrass plant (C. citratus) extract
has antimicrobial activity, antioxidant
activity and DNA damage protectively,
which might be helpful in preventing
various human pathogenic organisms
and oxidative stress induced disease.
Details on Page S138
Article history:
Received 20 Nov 2013
Received in revised form 26 Nov, 2nd revised form 28 Nov, 3rd revised form 3 Dec 2013
Accepted 20 Dec 2013
Available online 28 Jun 2014
2. Balachandar Balakrishnan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139
S135
anti-carcinogenic potentials[2]. Essential oils are extracted
from a variety of plants, including trees, shrubs, flowers,
grasses, herbs and fruits. The oils extracted are concentrated
in different parts of the plant. Many essential oils are known
to exert antimicrobial activity, but the mechanism of action
is often not entirely understood. Membrane disruption
by the lipophilic constituents may be involved in this
mechanism. An important characteristic of essential oils
and their constituents is the hydrophobicity, which enables
them to partition in the lipids of bacterial cell membrane
and mitochondria thus disturbing the structures and
rendering them more permeable. The chemical components
of essential oils are analyzed by gas chromatography mass
spectrometry[3].
Lemongrass is a tropical perennial plant which yields
the Cochin oil of commerce. It is known as Bhustarah in
Sanskrit, Gandhatran in Hindi, Injippullu in Malayalam,
Vasanapullu in Tamil, Majjigehallu in Kannada and
Nimmagaddi in Telugu (Figure 1). The name of lemongrass
is derived from the typical lemon-like odour of the essential
oil present in the shoot. Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus)
flourishes in sunny, warm, humid conditions of the tropics.
In Kerala short periods above 30 °C have little general effect
on plants, but severely reduce oil content. Lemongrass
flourishes in a wide variety of soil ranging from rich loam
to poor laterite. Calcareous and water-logged soils are
unsuitable for its cultivation[4]. Plants growing in sandy soils
have higher leaf oil yield and citral content. Lemongrass will
grow and produce average herbage and oil yields on highly
saline soils.
Figure 1. Lemongrass plant (C. citratus).
In Nepal and India, lemongrass is traditionally used
as a sedative, in addition to a treatment for fever, and an
indigenous cure for infectious diseases. The herb has also
been used as an external treatment for skin complaints like
ringworm, athlete’s foot and scabies. Because lemongrass
has been known to control overactive oil glands, it can
also be used as a toning astringent to cleanse oily skin and
tighten pores. In some countries, it is used to reduce acne,
pimples and blackheads. Lemongrass is also used as a
treatment for lice and dandruff[5]. One of the most important
applications of lemongrass is in the field of cancer research.
Studies conducted on animals show that lemongrass oil
may prevent colon cancer, as well as other types of cancer.
Lemongrass (C. citratus) caused apoptosis (programmed
cell death) in cancer cells. Through in vitro studies, the
researchers examined the effect of citral, a molecule found
in lemongrass, on both normal and cancerous cells. Citral,
which is also found in lemon peels, is the substance that
gives lemongrass its distinctive aroma and flavor. Compared
to all other plants, lemongrass contains the highest amount
of citral[6].
The composition of plant oils and extracts is known to vary
according to local climatic and environmental conditions.
Furthermore, some oils with the same common name may
be derived from different plant species. Secondly, the
method used to assess antimicrobial activity, and the choice
of test organism(s) varies between publications. A method
frequently used to screen plant extracts for antimicrobial
activity is the agar disc diffusion technique[7]. An antioxidant
is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation
of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that
transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start
chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate
these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates,
and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized
themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing
agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols[8].
All living organisms have endogenous defense systems
against oxidative damage, such lipid peroxidation, DNA
damage and inhibition of cell communication due to
reactive oxygen species. There are two main antioxidant
defense mechanisms. The first one is antioxidant defense
with enzymes such as superoxide dismutase which
catalyses dismutation of superoxide anions to hydrogen
peroxide, and catalase which converts hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) into molecular oxygen and water. The second one is
antioxidant defense with non-enzymatic components, such
as polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids[9]. Ayurvedic
medicine preaches that using natural plants can promote
self-healing attain good health and longevity, and provide
the nutrients and therapeutic ingredients to prevent, mitigate
or treat many diseases or conditions. Leaves of lemongrass
plant are known to have various biological achrities,
including hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-
oxidant[10], immune boosting agent, hypotensive and tumor
suppressive effect[11,12]. Lemongrass leaves are extensively
used for treating tissues inflammation, cardiovascular and
liver diseases and regulate blood sugar and cholesterol[13].
The main target of this paper is to determine the antibacterial
3. Balachandar Balakrishnan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139S136
activity, analyze the chemical antioxidant property and DNA
protective activity against free radicals by lemongrass plant
extracts with various solvents like chloroform, methanol and
water.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sample collection
The C. citratus plant leaves were used for this study. The
lemongrass plant leaves were collected from Sourashtra
College Park in Sourashtra College campus, Madurai, Tamil
Nadu.
2.2. Bacterial strains
In the present study, four Gram-negative bacteria were
used, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa),
Proteus vulgaris (P. vulgaris), Serratia sp. and Enterobacter
aerogenes (E. aerogenes) and three Gram-positive bacterial
such as Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus
(S. aureus) and Nocardia sp. were tested. The microorganisms
were obtained from the Biotechnology department in
Sourashtra College, Madurai Kamaraj University, Maduri,
Tamilnadu, India.
2.3. Sample preparation
The collected plant leaves were shade dried, cut into small
pieces and grounded into coarse powder using a mixer. The
coarse powder was then extracted in hot and cold conditions.
A Soxhlet extractor apparatus was used for extraction with
chloroform, methanol and water solvents[14].
2.4. Solvent extraction
A total of 50 g lemongrass leaves powder was stirred with
500 mL of water at room temperature for 8 h. The extract
was filtered and supernatant was collected. The extraction
apparatus was mounted on a heating mantle using a clamp
with water connection going in and out of condensers.
The sample was kept in the thimble and dropped into the
Soxhlet tube. The solvent was placed in the round bottom
flask and the solvent evaporated and passed through the
tube into Soxhlet extractor. The vapor was then condensed
by flow under gravity and percolated through the beds of
sample to extract the oil. At the end of extraction, the solvent
was distilled off and the dried residues were weighed and
dissolved in the appropriate solvent and stored in refrigerator
at 4 °C until use. This process was repeated for 3 solvents
chloroform, methanol, and water[15].
2.5. Antibacterial activity
The residues of different solvents extraction were dissolved
in dimethyl sulfoxide at different concentrations (25, 50, 100,
250, 500 mg/mL). Muller Hinton agar (Himedia, Mumbai) was
prepared by dissolving 15.2 g in 400 mL of distilled water.
Then the medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C and
at 15 lb for 15 min. After sterilization, the medium and sterile
Petri plates were transferred into laminar air flow chamber.
Approximately 15-20 mL of the sterile medium was poured
in each sterile Petri plates. The medium was allowed to
solidify in laminar flow and inoculated with the overnight
bacterial cultures. The sterile Whatman fitter paper No.
1 disc was prepared and discs were soaked in the plant
extracts and then placed over the inoculated plates. After
24 h of incubation at 37 °C, the zone of inhibition around the
disc was measured[7].
2.6. Radical scavenging activity-DPPH assay
Six different ethanol dilutions of lemongrass plant leaves
extracts (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100 µg/mL) were mixed with 1 mL of
0.2 mmol/L ethanolic solutions of DPPH. Ethanol (1 mL) plus
plant extract solution was used as blank. The absorbance
was measured at 518 nm after 1 h of reaction at 37 °C. DPPH
was prepared daily and protected from light. Scavenging
capacity in percent (IC%) was calculated using the equation:
IC%=[(Ablank-Asample)]/Ablank伊100%
Where Asample is the absorbance obtained in the presence
of different extract concentrations and Ablank is that obtained
in the absence of extracts. Tests were carried out in
triplicate[15].
2.7. Oxidative DNA damage protective activity
DNA was isolated from human blood serum. A total of 10
µL of DNA sample was taken in separate microfuge tubes
covered with black paper. Then about 10 µL of plant extract
samples was added into the DNA sample, and this was
mixed gently and then incubated for 10 min. After 10 min,
10 µL of Fenton’s reagent (ascorbic acid, FeCl3, H2O2) were
added to the above and mixed well and incubated at room
temperature for 1 h in dark condition. Then 15 µL from each
of the above was taken and added with 3 µL of the 6伊 loading
dye. This was mixed well and loaded in 10 g/L agarose gel
containing ethidium bromide. DNA with H2O2 was used for the
negative control. The gel was electrophoresed at 50 V untill
the tracking dye has reached 1 cm from the bottom of the gel.
The DNA was visualized and photographed using an Alpha
DigiDoc digital gel documentation system (USA)[16].
3. Results
The plant material was subjected to an extraction process
with solvents like chloroform, methanol and water. The
results showed that all solvent extracts of C. citratus
exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against B. subtilis,
P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris. All solvent extracts of
lemongrass plant exhibited minimum inhibition activity
against Nocardia sp., E. aerogenes, Serratia sp., and S.
4. Balachandar Balakrishnan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139
S137
aureus. Zone of inhibitions are shown in Tables 1 to 3. It was
observed that antibacterial activity of C. citratus plant leaf
extracts showed good results for Gram-positive and Gram-
negative organisms.
Table 1
Antimicrobial activity of chloroform extract.
Bacteria
Inhibition zone (mm)
500 mg/mL 250 mg/mL 100 mg/mL 50 mg/mL 25 mg/mL
B. subtillis 21 19 18 17 16
P. aeruginosa 20 19 17 15 14
P. vulgaris 19 18 17 16 15
S. aureus 13 11 10 9 8
Nocardia sp. 9 8 7 6 5
Serratia sp. 7 6 5 4 3
E. aerogenes 8 7 6 5 4
Table 2
Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract.
Bacteria
Inhibition zone (mm)
500 mg/mL 250 mg/mL 100 mg/mL 50 mg/mL 25 mg/mL
B. subtillis 18 17 16 15 13
P. aeruginosa 20 18 17 16 15
P. vulgaris 20 18 17 16 15
S. aureus 11 10 9 8 6
Nocardia sp. 7 6 5 4 3
Serratia sp. 5 4 3 2 2
E. aerogenes 7 6 5 4 3
Table 3
Antimicrobial activity of water extract.
Bacteria Inhibition zone (mm)
500 mg/mL 250 mg/mL 100 mg/mL 50 mg/mL 25 mg/mL
B. subtillis 20 17 16 15 14
P. aeruginosa 19 18 17 16 15
P. vulgaris 22 20 19 18 17
S. aureus 15 14 12 10 9
Nocardia sp. 10 9 8 7 6
Serratia sp. 9 8 7 5 4
E. aerogenes 7 6 5 4 3
The photometric quantification of the extent of DPPH
scavenging in C. citrtus plant leaf extracts was followed. The
results, expressed as percent scavenging, are represented in
Figure 2. The results revealed that the maximum extent of
DPPH scavenging activity was in high concentration of plant
extract in high level inhibition.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
InhibitionDPPH(%)
1 2 3 4 5
Concentration (µg/mL)
Figure 2. DPPH scavenging activity on extracts of C. citratus plant
extract.
DNA protective activity by C. citratus was showed for
isolated blood DNA against free radicals generated by H2O2.
This research was carried out with the chloroform, methanol
and water extract. The results indicated that plant leaf
extract had maximum DNA protective activity against free
radicals at the all solvent extracts as shown in Figure 3. It
was observed that the C. citratus plant leaves extract had
maximum DNA protective effect.
Figure 3. DNA protective activity in C. citratus plant extract in Gel
Doc.
1: Human blood DNA (control), 2: Human blood DNA+H2O2 (Damaged
DNA), 3: Human blood DNA+H2O2
+C. citratus leaves extract on
chloroform, 4: Human blood DNA+H2O2
+C. citratus leaves extract on
methanol, 5: Human blood DNA+H2O2
+C. citratus leaves extract on
water.
1 2 3 4 5
4. Discussion
Lemongrass plant oils and extracts have been used for a
wide variety of purposes for many thousands of years, and
the lemongrass oil is used for preservation of food crops.
In particular, the antimicrobial activity of plant oils and
extracts has formed the basis of many applications, including
raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceuticals,
alternative medicine and natural therapies[17]. Differences
in sensitivity between Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria to the extract can probably be attributed to the
structural and compositional differences in membranes
between the two groups[18]. The Gram-negative bacteria
have an outer membrane that serves as an impermeable
barrier for many small molecules. Our research is consistent
with findings of other researchers so that most plant extracts
have inhibition effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria[19-25]. Several investigators studied the antimicrobial
activity of essential oil of lemongrass plant against
pathogenic bacterial strains and found that Enterococcus
5. Balachandar Balakrishnan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139S138
fecalis was the most sensitive microorganism, while P.
aeruginosa was the most resistant[25-27]. The present study
showed that an methanol extract of lemongrass leaf had
an antibacterial action against all the four Gram-positive
bacteria. The leaf extract has a strong antibacterial activity.
All solvent (chloroform, methanol and water) extracts
showed good activities against human pathogens.
DPPH radical has been widely used to test the free radical
scavenging ability of various natural products and has
been accepted as a model compound for free radicals
originating in lipids. This test aims at measuring the
capacity of the extracts to scavenge the stable radical DPPH
formed in the solution by donation of hydrogen atom or an
electron[28]. If the extracts have the capacity to scavenge
the DPPH free radical, the initial blue/purple solution will
change into yellow color due to the formation of diphenyl
picryl hydrazine. The reaction is used as a measure of
the ability of the extracts to scavenge any free radical.
Since IC50 represents the concentration of the extract that
is able to scavenge half of the DPPH free radical presents
in the test solution, the lower this value is, the higher the
antioxidant activity of the extract has[29]. The antioxidant
activity supports the medicinal use of lemongrass plant by
local population. The flavonoid compounds of lemongrass
plant leaves aqueous extract are responsible for its
antioxidant activity. Flavonoid compounds in several
aqueous extracts have strong antioxidant and free radical
scavenging activities and are more effective in protecting
cells from free radical damage. The phenolic compounds
of lemongrass plant leaves extract contribute directly to
antioxidant activity. These metabolites also act as radical
scavengers, reducing agents, hydrogen donors and singlet
oxygen quenchers[30].
Hydrogen peroxide is believed to cause DNA strand
breakage by generation of hydroxyl radicals close to
the DNA molecule. It is an extremely reactive species
formed in biological systems and is capable of damaging
almost every molecule found in living cells. This radical
has the capacity to join nucleotides in DNA and cause
strand breakage, which contributes to carcinogenesis,
mutagenesis and cytotoxicity. The presence of flavanoid
compounds in lemongrass leaves extracts showed DNA
protective activity against free radicals generated by
H2O2
[16].
This research suggested that the lemongrass plant (C.
citratus) extract has antimicrobial activity, antioxidant
activity and DNA damage protectively, which could be
helpful in preventing various human pathogenic organisms
and oxidative stress induced disease. The results of the
present study also indicate that the plant leaves possess
many phytochemical which could be beneficial for human
health.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Alagappa University authorities for
facilities and encouragement and also thank the Alagappa
University Research Fund (AURF) Rc. A13/AURF/2009Dt:
30.09.2009 sponsored research project, Alagappa University,
Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India, for the financial support.
Comments
Background
Different parts of the lemongrass plants have been shown
to have various uses, however, its antimicrobial properties
and protective effects have not been widely studied.
Research frontiers
The investigation is conducted for the antibacterial
activity, analysis of the chemical antioxidant properties,
and the DNA protective activity against free radicals by
lemongrass plant extracts with chloroform, methanol, and
water solvents.
Related reports
Similar results were found in other studies with respect
to the antibacterial properties of lemongrass.
Innovations & breakthroughs
The testing of antioxidant properties and activity against
free radicals is a very good idea.
Applications
The lemongrass plant shows good antioxidant activity
and its use as a medicinal plant together with the findings
from this study shows that it would be very useful.
Peer review
This was a good study that the authors has determined
the antibacterial activity, analyzed the chemical
antioxidant property, and DNA protective activity against
free radicals by lemongrass plant extracts. The results are
interesting, and the research suggested that the lemongrass
plant (C. citratus) extract has antimicrobial activity,
antioxidant activity and DNA damage protectively, which
might be helpful in preventing various human pathogenic
organisms and oxidative stress induced disease.
6. Balachandar Balakrishnan et al./Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(Suppl 1): S134-S139
S139
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