ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveenAnimatedWorld
Anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animal by vivek and naveen
Anesthesia
It is a state of controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness that or awareness that is induced for medical purpose.
Anesthetic agents
The anesthetic agents are great and choosing the correct one for particular suggestion.
In laboratory animal field , the anesthetic surgeon and post operative are often one and the same person.
This will help to chose correct drug for anaesthesia.
Sometime the wise anesthetic agents also cause undesirable responses. so, its responsibility of experimenters to document this advance in exprimental protocol
Euthanasia
The term euthanasia is derived from the Greek terms eu mean good and thanatos mean death.
Euthanasia is the act of including humane death in an animal. sacrificing the experimental animal after use by gentle procedure causing minimum of physical and mental suffering is called euthanasia.
Drugs in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
Drugs in endodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ac...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
Bioavailability Studies of Ketorolac Tromethamine Fast Dissolving Tablets Pre...IOSR Journals
This study was concerned with the investigation of acute pharmacological responses (pharmacodynamics) including analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression method using 3% croscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant by applying tail flick test and carragenan induced rat paw edema test respectively. Also, the work aimed to develop a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ketorolac tromethamine in human plasma samples released from fast dissolving tablets. Also, to estimate whether the prepared tablet dosage form increases the bioavailability of ketorolac tromethamine in the body compared to marketed conventional tablet. From this study, it could be inferred that ketorolac tromethamine fast dissolving tablets (G5) containing (3% corscarmellose sodium as a superdisintegrant, 30% Avicel pH102, 5% aspartame, 1% talc, 1% magnesium stearate, and mannitol Q.S.) and prepared by direct compression method could be considered as a promising formula to enhance bioavilability of the drug.
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY.pdfgynomark
Amaranthus roxburghianus is one of the traditionally well-known plants with outstanding therapeutic properties, and
is used mostly in treating different diseases in India. Thus, based on these medicinal properties, various investigations
have been undertaken in order to appraise the pharmacological activities and the chemical composition of these
species. Here, we elucidate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Amaranthus roxburghianus ethanolic
leaves extract. phytochemical screening of Amaranthus roxburghianus extract showed the presence of alkaloids,
Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Proteins, Amino Acids. the ethanolic leaves extract of Amaranthus
roxburghianus, possess peripheral and central analgesic activity in animal model. The Amaranthus roxburghianus
leaves extract shows anti-inflammatory activity in different animal model. Flavonoids and tannins are the major
constituents of Amaranthus roxburghianus leaves, which may be responsible for its Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory
activity.
KEYWORDS: Amaranthus roxburghianus, Phytochemical screening, Analgesic activity, Anti-inflammatory activity
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
ABSTRACT- Valeriana jatamansii Linn (Valerianaceae) is a medicinal herb used in the traditional health care system of
Uttarakhand (India). The present study reports the anticonvulsant activities in the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the
roots of Valeriana jatamansii on the rats, induced both chemically and electrically. The models chosen for the activity
were Maximal Electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsions in rats. The test dose studied were
400 and 600 mg/kg body weight orally of the extracts. Acute toxicity studies show that the extracts were non toxic up to
the recommended dose 2000mg/kg body weight orally as per OECD guideline no 423. In PTZ induced seizures, onset of
clonic convulsions were studied while in MES model, reduction in the mean duration of extensor phase was noted. Both
the extracts showed anticonvulsant activities against MES and PTZ animal models.
Key Words: Anticonvulsant activity, MES, PTZ, Herbal drug
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Expt. 6 Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motilityVISHALJADHAV100
Objective
Principle
Requirements
Preparation of Tyrode solution
Procedure
Kymograph recording of contractions
Observation table
Result and Interpretation
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation Of Analgesic And Anti Inflammatory Activity Of Siddha Drug Karuvil...IOSR Journals
The present study was carried out to validate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Karuvilanchi ver chooranam (KVC) (Root powder of Smilax zeylanica) in rodents. Analgesic study was carried out by using Eddy’s Hotplate method and acetic acid-induced writhing test and Anti inflammatory study was evaluated by Cotton pellet granuloma method and by plethysmometer method. The result of the analgesic activity evaluated using hot plate method revealed that the reaction time for mice was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner after one hour of oral administration. It was found that both KVC and Aspirin caused an inhibition on the writhing response induced by acetic acid. Doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of the KVC and aspirin respectively, could completely block the writhing response exhibited about 61.51 and 72.51% inhibition. In acute inflammation model, the formalin induced paw oedema was significantly reduced by all the doses of KVC used when compared to control (P<0.05). The results of cotton pellet granuloma method indicated that KVC in both doses significantly reduced the weight of the cotton pellet granuloma with a dose dependent effect. From the result it can be concluded that the trial drug Karuvilanchi Ver Chooranam has potent analgesic and anti inflammatory properties which confirmed the traditional use
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
1. www.wjpls.org 113
Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
EVALUATION OF ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS
EXTRACTS OF ABUTILON INDICUM IN ALBINO MICE
Dhanapal Venkatachalam*1
, Sampath Kumar K. P.2
and Anil Middha3
1
Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Velappara, Palakkad, Kerala – 678 702.
2
Department of Pharmaceutics, Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu.
3
Department of pharmacy OPJS University, Rajasthan.
Article Received on 16/11/2017 Article Revised on 07/12/2017 Article Accepted on 28/12/2017
INTRODUCTION
Pain has been officially defined as an unpleasant sensory
and emotional experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage. It is always a warning signal and
primarily protective in nature but often causes a lot of
discomfort and lead to many adverse effects.[1]
Pain is a
disabling accompaniment of many medical conditions
and pain control is one of the most important therapeutic
priorities[2]
Analgesics are drugs used to treat or reduce
pain and the classical analgesic drugs notably opiates and
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have their origin
in natural products but many synthetic compounds that
act by the same mechanism have been developed and are
associated with serious adverse effects such as
ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding, additive potential,
respiratory distress, drowsiness, nausea etc.[3,4]
Peripheral
nerves transmit pain stimulus to the spinal cord which
then links to the brain. Two types of nerve fibers are
involved in this process; slow pain fibers and Fast pain
fibers. Transmission of fast pain is through the Aδ fibers
to the spinal cord while slow pain fibers is through the C-
fibers. Fast pain nerve endings secrete neurotransmitter
called glutamate, which transmits fast pain impulses to
the brain in the cortex. Therefore localization of pain in
certain part of the body becomes relatively precise.[5]
Although pain is beneficial to the immune system
however it causes a lot of suffering and discomfort to the
victims, lowering the quality of life and therefore need to
be managed. To suppress pain, NSAIDs are prescribed
all over the world.[6,7]
For severe or chronic malignant
pain opioids analgesics are drugs of choice[8]
However,
prolonged use of these NSAIDs only provides
asymptomatic relief and the greatest drawback lies in
their toxicity to liver, kidney and gastrointestinal
linings.[9]
In this regard, herbal medicines from medicinal
plants have been employed in complementary and
alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of pain as well
as diseases related to these conditions.[10]
Traditional
medicinal herbs for over centuries have served as
potential source for alternative medicine and the
knowledge of herbal medicine has been passed on from
generation to generation.[11]
Considering that most of
analgesic, anti-malarial and anti-pyretic synthetic drugs
such as aspirin, morphine, artemisinin, atrophine and
Research Article ISSN 2454-2229wjpls, 2018, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 113-118
World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
WJPLS
www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 4.223
*Corresponding Author: Dhanapal Venkatachalam
Department of Pharmacognosy, Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical Studies, Velappara, Palakkad, Kerala – 678 702.
ABSTRACT
Pain as a sensory modality; represent a symptom for diagnosing various diseases and its associated conditions.
Conventional synthetic drugs that are used to manage pain are not readily available and are associated with adverse
effects. Thus, the use of herbal medicine from medicinal plants is an age old practice used by many communities to
cure diseases. These medicinal plants are known to contain phytochemical compounds capable of relieving pain
and healing diseases. The present study aims to investigate the analgesic activity of the Ethanolic and Aqueous
extracts of Abutilon indicum in albino mice using, Acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate analgesic
models in albino Wistar mice were used for the study. The extracts were administered intraperitoneally at a dose of
50 mg/kg and 100mg/kg while Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg and pentazocine 5mg/ served as standard in Acetate
induced abdominal writhing and hot plate, method respectively.. The results are analysed by one way ANOVA
followed by Dunnet’s test The Ethanolic extract of 100mg /kg having significant analgesic activity in Acetic acid
induced abdominal writhing response and percentage of inhibition (PI) (p<0.01 )when compared to control.. The
Ethanolic extract of 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic activity in the hot plate method
(p<0.001) by increasing the pain reaction time(PAT) of the rats to sec 7.25±0.38 at 45 min after treatment in
comparison to control (4.08±13)
KEYWORDS: Abutilon indicum, Diclofenac sodium, Acetic acid induced, Hot plate, PAT, PI.
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
chloroquine were derived from the plant products.[12]
Many of these medicinal plants with analgesic activity
had been used without any adverse effects. One of such
medicinal plants is Abutilon indicum. The present study
to investigate the Analgesic activity of Ethanolic and
Aqueous extracts of stem of Abutilon indicum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material
Abutilon indicum stem were collected from palakkad,
Kerala, India and authenticated by Dr. P. Jayraman,
Director of plant Anatomy Research Centre Chennai the
Abutilon indicum was identified and deposited at the
plant research centre, Chennai with the voucher number
PRC/AI/2017. The fresh stem were separated and kept
for shade drying. Dried stem material was powdered
using mechanical grinder and passed through 60 mesh
sieve to get the powder of desired coarseness. Powdered
material was preserved in an air tight container.
Extraction of Plant material
For preliminary phytochemical analysis, extract was
prepared by weighing 600grams of the dried powdered
stem were subjected to hot successive continuous
extraction with different solvents as per the polarity,
petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, ethanol and
finally with aqueous. The extracts were filtered in each
step using Whatman filters paper. The filtrate was
concentrated using a rotary evaporator at low
temperature (40-45
o
C) and pressure. The presence or
absence of the primary and secondary phytoconstituents
was detected by usual prescribed method.[13]
Chemicals and Drugs
Diclofenac sodium and Pentazocine, Tween 80 were
purchased from Sigma Co. (Sigma St. Louis, MO).
Absolute ethanol was of analytical grade and was
purchased from Merck (German).The other reagents
were of analytical grade.
Animals
Swiss albino mice 90-170gms maintained in the Animal
house Facility of the Department of Pharmacology,
Sanjo College of pharmaceutical studies, were used in
these experiments. The animals were maintained on
standard small animal feeds (Excel feed, Ilorin) and
water ad libitum. This research was carried out in
accordance with the rules governing the use of laboratory
animals as accepted internationally. The experiment was
conducted between the hours of 900 h and 1600 h. The
experimental groups consisted of six animals. They were
maintained at constant room temperature (22° ± 1 °C)
and submitted to12 h light/dark cycle with free access to
food and water.
Experimental procedure
Acute oral toxicity study
Acute oral toxicity was conducted as per OECD
guidelines (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and
Development) 423 (Acute toxic class method). The acute
toxic class method is a step wise procedure of three
animal of a single sex per step. Depending on the
mortality and / or moribund status of animals, on the
average 2-4 steps may be necessary to allow judgment on
the acute toxicity of the test substance. This procedure
results in the use of a minimal number of animals while
allowing for acceptable data based scientific conclusion.
The method uses defined doses, (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg/kg
body weight) and the results allow a substance to be
ranked and classified according to the globally
harmonized system (GHS) for the classification of
chemicals which causes acute toxicity. The method
previously described by Lorke was adopted.[14]
Evaluation of analgesic effect[15-18]
Pain is not easily or satisfactorily defined and therefore
is often interpreted as a suffering that results from the
perception of painful stimuli. It’s a common symptom
and it indicates that something is wrong in the body and
may give a clue to the nature of disease. Hence, “pain is
a specific sensation with its own peripheral and central
mechanisms independent of other five senses.” Pain
itself is not a disease; it is by far the most common
medical complaint. It is usually perceived as an
indication of ill health and most diseases have a
component of pain. The control of pain is one of the
most important uses to which drugs are put. Pain can be
defined as the effect produced in consciousness by the
arrival of nerve impulses generated by noxious stimuli in
the brain. Drugs, which alter the pain sensitivity or
remove pain, are called as painkiller or analgesics.
Acetic acid induced writhing response Method[19-20]
Acetic acid induced writhing method was adopted for
evaluation of analgesic activity. Writhing is defined as a
stretch, tension to one side, extension of hind legs,
contraction of the abdomen so that the abdomen of mice
touches the floor, turning of trunk (twist). Any writhing
is considered as a positive response. Analgesic activity of
Ethanolic and Aqueous extract extracts of Abutilon
indicum was determined through acetic acid-induced
pain in experimental animals.A total of thirty six Swiss
albino mice were grouped into 6 groups of five animals
each. Prior to pain induction and administration of the
experimental doses, all the experimental animals were
fasted for 12 hours but were allowed access to water ad
libitium. Pain was induced by injecting 0.6% acetic acid
solution at a dose of 10 mL/kg body weight into the left
side of the abdomen intraperitoneally. Immediately, after
injection with acetic acid abdominal muscle constriction
in the abdomen and turning of body trunk of the
laboratory animal was seen as an indication of pain. The
different groups were treated as follows;
Group I (normal control) was administered with Co
solvent (Propylene glycol: Tween 80: Water-
12:3:12).
Group II (positive control) were induced with pain
and administered with the standard drug.
(Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg body eight).
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
Group III were induced with pain and administered
with the 5omg/kg of AEAI.
Group IV were induced with pain and administered
with 100mg/kg of AEAI.
Group V were induced with pain and administered
with 50mg/kg of EEAI.
Group VI were induced with pain and administered
with 100mg/kg of EEAI.
Each mouse was then placed in a transparent observation
box and the number of abdominal constrictions (writhes)
for each mouse was counted for 15 minutes commencing
5 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid.
The percentage writhing inhibition was then calculated
and tabulated. (Table 1)
Percentage of writhing response = C-T × 100
C
Where, C- The vehicle-treated control group; T - Treated
group value
Hot Plate Test[22]
The paws of mice and rats are very sensitive to heat at
temperatures which are not damaging the skin. The
responses are jumping, withdrawal of the paws and
licking of the paws.The hot plate, which is commercially
available, consists of a electrically heated surface. The
temperature is controlled for 55° to 56 °C. This can be a
copper plate or a heated glass surface. The animals are
placed on the hot plate and the time until either licking or
jumping occurs is recorded by a stop-watch. Evaluation
of analgesic activity of the Ethanolic and aqueous extract
of Abutilon indicum was also carried out using hot plate
method. A total of thirty six Swiss albino mice were
grouped into 6 groups of five animals each.
Group I (normal control) was administered with Co
solvent (Propylene glycol: Tween 80: Water-
12:3:12)
Group II (positive control) were induced with pain
and administered with the standard drug
(Pentazocine 5mg/kg body eight)
Group III were induced with pain and administered
with the 5omg/kg of AEAI.
Group IV were induced with pain and administered
with 100mg/kg of AEAI
Group V were induced with pain and administered
with 50mg/kg of EEAI
Group VI were induced with pain and administered
with 100mg/kg of EEAI
The rats were placed on a hot plate maintained at 55°C
within the restrainer. The reaction time (in seconds) or
latency period was determined as the time taken for the
rats to react to the thermal pain by licking their paws or
jumping. The reaction time was recorded before (0 min)
and at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min after the administration
of the treatments. The maximum reaction time was fixed
at 60 sec to prevent any injury to the tissues of the paws.
If the reading exceeds 15 sec, it would be considered as
maximum analgesia Mean reaction time in seconds are
recorded in (Table: 2).
Statistical analysis
The results are analysed by one way ANOVA followed
by Dunnet’s test and p value <0.01 was considered
significant.
RESULTS
Acute toxicity
The results showed no clinical signs and mortality of the
animal therefore an LD50 > 2000 mg/kg body weight
may be assume
Acetic acid-induced writhing response
The effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of Abutilon
indicum on the acetic acid- induced abdominal
constrictions in mice is presented in the Table 1. The
result shows that Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts (100
mg/kg), and the reference drug Diclofenac sodium (10
mg/kg) more significantly (P < 0.01) reduced abdominal
writhing in mice when compared to the control group
reducing the mean number of writhing from 12.5±2.7 in
the control group to 5±0.37** at a dose of 100mg/kg of
Ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum. The reduction was
in a dose dependent manner. Also the extract caused a
dose dependent increase in inhibition of abdominal
writhing, increasing it from 0% in control group to 60%
at the dose 100 mg/kg of Ethanolic extract. Both the
extracts at a dose of 50mg/kg are also significant
(p<0.05) when compared to control group.100mg/kg of
Ethanolic extracts was found more potent than all other
extracts. The reference drug diclofenac sodium was
found more potent than both the plant extracts at all of
the dose level.
Table 1: Acetic acid induced writhing response of Abutilon indicum extracts.
Group no Drug treatment Dose mg/kg Mean writhing response Percentage inhibition
1 Control 27ml/kg 12.5±2.7 0
2 Diclofenac sodium 10 4±0.58** 68
3 AEAI 50 6.5±0.51* 48
4 AEAI 100 5.5±0.77** 56
5 EEAI 50 5.8±0.6* 53.60
6 EEAI 100 5±0.37** 60
One way ANOVA followed by dunnet’s test. Values are
mean ± SEM. n=6, in each group *p<0.05, **p<0.01
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
when compared to control. AEAI –Aqueous extract of
Abutilon indicum, EEAI-Ethanolic extracts of Abutilon
indicum.
Figure 1: Mean Writhing response in Acetic Acid
Induced Writhing in Mice, Standard – Diclofenac
(10mg/kg), AEAI-Aqueous extract of Abutilon
indicum, EEAI- Ethanolic extract of Abutilon
indicum.
Figure 2: % of Inhibition in Acetic Acid Induced
Writhing in Mice Standard – Diclofenac (10mg/kg),
AEAI-Aqueous extract of Abutilon indicum, EEAI-
Ethanolic extract of Abutilon indicum.
Hot Plate Method
The result of the effect of Ethanolic and Aqueous
extracts of Abutilon indicum on the hot plate method is
presented in Table 2. The result shows that Ethanolic
extract 100mg/kg having more significant in mean
reaction time when compared to control ( p<0.001)
.50mg/kg,100mg/kg of Aqueous extract of Abutilon
indicum and 50 mg/kg of Ethanolic extracts shows
significant in mean reaction time when compared to
control .(p<0.01).
Table 2: Analgesic activity of Abutilon indicum in hot plate method.
Group
No,
Treatment Dose
(mg/kg)
Mean reaction time in seconds
0 Min 15 min 30 min 45 min 60 min 75 min
1 Control Co-solvent 1.95±0.16 2.50±0.15 2.9±0.13 3.46±0.11 4.08±13*** 4.60±0.1%
2 Pentazocine 5mg/kg 3.63±0.30 4.18±0.31 6.70±0.29** 7.5±0.29*** 8.4±0.19*** 9.3±0.12***
3 AEAI 50mg/kg 2.85±0.30 3.48±0.6 4.2±0.13** 4.18±0.18** 5.45±0.16** 5.98±0.22**
4 AEAI 100mg/kg 2.25±0.15 2.83±0.22 3.11±0.12** 4.18±0.06* 5.25±0.07** 6.25±0.11**
5 EEAI 50mg/kg 3.48±2.68 3.42±0.33 4.95±0.17** 5.43±0.11** 5.27±0.48** 7.36±0.11***
6 EEAI 100mg/kg 2.68±0.21 3.35±0.29 3.9±0.29* 5.28±0.19** 7.25±0.38*** 8.28±0.3***
One way ANOVA followed by dunnet’s test. Values are mean ± SEM. n=6, in each group *p<0.05, **p<0.01,***p
<0.001 when compared to control.
DISCUSSION
The present study was designed to evaluate the analgesic
potential of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of stem of
Abutilon indicum in Swiss albino mice. To evaluate the
analgesic activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of
stem of Abutilon indicum the, acetic acid-induced pain
test was used to induce abdominal writhing’s in Swiss
albino mice. Acetic acid-induced pain test has widely
been used for screening new analgesic agents and it
majorly involves cholinergic, histaminic peritoneal
receptors, acetylcholine and histamine mediators. It is
also used to asses peripherally acting analgesics.[23-24]
According to[25]
several chemicals can be used to induce
writhing’s in a laboratory animal for example acetic acid
and phenylquinone When acetic acid is intraperitoneally
injected into the experimental animal the following
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Dhanapal et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
characteristics are observed as indicators of pain;
contraction of abdominal muscle, elongation of body part
and extension of the hind limbs Therefore, such
presentation is thought to be mediated by peritoneal
receptors.[26]
It has been proposed that acetic acid acts
indirectly by releasing endogenous substances
responsible for exciting the nerve endings and causing
pain, but also excites neurons that are sensitive
to drugs.[27]
To suppress pain conventionally,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.[28]
These drugs are used for treating various diseases such as
arthritis, headache, pain and orthopaedic conditions.
Analgesic drugs such as diclofenac relieve pain
peripherally/centrally by inhibiting cyclooxygenase
enzyme (COX-1 and COX-2). Inhibition of
cyclooxygenase enzyme reduces the production of pain
mediators such as prostaglandins, substance P, histamine,
serotonin, and Bradykinin. Pain sensation is eventually
reduced in the nociceptors.[29]
These findings strongly
suggest that Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of stem of
Abutilon indicum possess peripherally or centrally
analgesic property Perhaps acting in a similar manner as
conventionally used therapeutic drugs that reduce the
pain perception in nociceptors by inhibiting production
of prostaglandins. These results concur with other
research studies on the evaluation analgesic activity of
herbal plants extract using laboratory animals. Reduction
in the number of abdominal writhing’s in this study is in
agreement with a study carried out by[30]
on analgesic
properties of acetone leaf extracts of Carissa spinarum in
mice. The findings are also in line with studies by[31]
on
antinociceptive activity of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam in
models of central and peripheral pain.Studies conducted
on herbal plants by many researchers have linked
presence of secondary active metabolites such as
flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids to analgesic activities
among other properties.[32-33]
Flavonoids have the ability
to disrupt synthesis of eicosanoids.[34]
Flavonoids also
have the ability to reduce production of arachidonic acid
through inhibition of neutrophils degranulation.[35]
Besides flavonoids, alkaloids also have been associated
with the ability to inhibit pain perception.[36]
CONCLUSION
The Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of stem of Abutilon
indicum in Swiss albino mice clearly demonstrated
analgesic activities on acetic acid-induced pain in Swiss
albino mice. The extract reduced the number of
abdominal writhing’s significantly when compared to the
reference drug (diclofenac). This study therefore
concludes that the medicinal plant posses analgesic
properties. Suppression of pain in this study could be
attributed to phytochemical constituents present in the
extract. Therefore, it is possible to obtain analgesic agent
from the plant and serve as an alternative bio-resource in
managing pain. However, further research on the
mechanism action of the extract should be carried out.
The study thus, scientifically confirms the traditional use
of the medicinal plant in management of pain.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are very thankful to the Director and
Principal of Sanjo College of Pharmaceutical studies,
Vellapara, Palakkad for providing facilities to carry out
the present research work.
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