Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
cellcycle,cell cycle regulation,phases of cell cycle,cell injury,etiology of cell injury,mechanism of cell injury,apoptosisand necrosis,autophagy,cell death
General principles of signal transduction
G Protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure and Mechanism.
GPCRs that Regulate Adenylyl Cyclase.
GPCRs that Activate Phospholipase C.
GPCRs that Regulate Ion Channels.
GPCRs that Regulate Gene Transcription.
Signal transducing machinery as targets for potential drugs.
Drugs:-
a). Diclofenac- for treating cholera toxin
b). Fasentin- for treating insulin signalling
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
This presentation is about the functioning of G-Protein coupled receptors. It also gives necessary information about the G-protein and it functions. It ends by explaining some of the faults associated with GPCR (G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS).
Different mutations are created in the commercial host strains of E.coli which provide them with advantages as compared to the wild type strain. This presentation deals with few strains like Dh5alpha, DH10B, Bl21, JM109 E.coli strains and their associated mutations.
A presentation detailing the symptoms, pathogenicity, factors affecting, diagnosis and treatment of the autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2.
Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received at
receptors on the cell surface — such as the arrival of protein
hormones, growth factors, etc. — to target molecules in the
cytosol and/or nucleus.
Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, Inositol
Triphosphate, Diacylglycerol, Calcium
ions, Nitric Oxide.
3. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 was awarded to Earl W.
Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of
hormones".
4. • cGMP is synthesised from GTP by two isoforms of guanylyl cyclase, one which functions
when nitric oxide (soluble GC) is present and the other which acts as a receptor for
natriuretic peptides (membrane bound GC).
• cGMP exerts its actions through cGMP-gated cation channels, cGMP-dependent protein
kinases (PKGs), and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases (PDEs).
• cGMP is a common regulator of ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis, and cellular
apoptosis. It also relaxes smooth muscle tissues. In blood vessels, relaxation of vascular
smooth muscles lead to vasodilation and increased blood flow. cGMP is also a secondary
messenger in phototransduction in the eye.
cGMP
5. cGMP mediated Photo-transduction
in Rod cells
Direct support for the role of cGMP in rod-cell activity has been obtained in patch-
clamping studies using isolated patches of rod outer-segment plasma membrane, which
contains abundant cGMP-gated cation channels.
When cGMP is added to the cytosolic surface of these patches, there is a rapid increase in
the number of open ion channels.
cGMP acts directly on the ion channels to keep them open.
Three or four cGMP molecules must bind per channel in order to open it; this allosteric
interaction makes channel opening very sensitive to small changes in cGMP levels.
6. Human eye contains 2
types of photoreceptors:
Rods and Cones.
Rods contain a G- protein
coupled receptor called
Rhodopsin, made of
opsin and 11-cis retinal
7. Rhodopsin is activated as a result
of the absorption of light by the
associated small molecule 11-cis-
retinal, which then isomerizes to
all-trans-retinal, inducing a
conformational change in the
rhodopsin protein.
9.
Retinal diseases due to
mutations in RetGC1 and
PDE6
• Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA)
A form of congenital or early-infantile blindness due to mutations in retinal GC
leading to lack of cGMP.
• Cone- red dystrophy 6 (CORD6)
Cone rod dystrophy is evidenced by deterioration of photoreceptor cone and
rod cells and is caused due to the elevated levels of cGMP due to mutations in
GC.
• Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the retina’s
ability to respond to light. This inherited disease causes a slow loss of vision,
beginning with decreased night vision and loss of peripheral (side) vision. It is
due to mutations in cGMP phosphodiesterase enzymes in the retinal cells.