This document discusses various screening techniques for different insect pests in crop plants. It describes procedures for developing and standardizing screening methods, including selecting seeds and screening sites. Several techniques are outlined for screening based on plant damage observed in the field, greenhouse, or laboratory. These include field, cage, and greenhouse screening. It also discusses techniques for screening based on insect responses like orientation, feeding, development, and fecundity. Examples of screening scales used for specific pests in different crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rapeseed, and pulses are provided. Development and standardization of screening techniques is important for effective resistance breeding programs against insect pests.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Grading of resistance for screening of major pest of Cash crop P BHAVANA
Selection of an efficient, simple and accurate screening method is extremely important in identifying a resistant or tolerant variety.
The screening method selected should give distinctly different reactions for plants of susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant cultivars.
Therefore, to establish an efficient screening method, proper understanding of insect biology, its potential plant damage, number of insects necessary to infest each plant, number of insect releases required, site of insect release, growth stage of the plant at which release should be made and the most appropriate time interval between infestation and evaluation is needed.
Mechanism of insect resistance in plants (non preference, antibiosis, tolerance and avoidance) – nature of insect resistance – genetics of insect resistance – horizontal and vertical – genetics of resistance – sources of insect resistance – breeding methods for insect resistance – problems in breeding for insect resistance – achievements.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Grading of resistance for screening of major pest of Cash crop P BHAVANA
Selection of an efficient, simple and accurate screening method is extremely important in identifying a resistant or tolerant variety.
The screening method selected should give distinctly different reactions for plants of susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant cultivars.
Therefore, to establish an efficient screening method, proper understanding of insect biology, its potential plant damage, number of insects necessary to infest each plant, number of insect releases required, site of insect release, growth stage of the plant at which release should be made and the most appropriate time interval between infestation and evaluation is needed.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
1 A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)
2. it includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality
3. An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops
4. To humans, it is anyone who others or annoys other people
5. in its broadcast sense, it is a competitor of humanity
cotton crop needs highest pesticide application for pest management, So we came with ipm practices for reducing insecticide spray, to manage the resistance development and secondary outbreak of sucking pest
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
This presentation was given on October 10, 2013, in Hartselle, AL. Has some news slides about factors that influence insect pests in high tunnels and some slides on how to improve quality of organic produce with correct use of organic insecticides. Refer to the other long version of the high tunnel IPM presentation I have for details about the three-tiered IPM recommendations for Alabama producers.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Entomology, University of Minnesota.
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Growers Conference, Beginning Grower Workshop
Similar to Screening Techniques for Different Insect Pests in Crop Plants (20)
Bio-pesticides are naturally occurring substances from living organisms (natural enemies) or their products (microbial products, phytochemicals) or their by products (semio-chemicals that can control pests by nontoxic mechanisms.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
forecasting is the first step for IPM. forecasting reduce the protection cost.various models and software are now known to present days ,Which are useful in control the pest.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Procedures in screening program
• Development of screening methods
• Sources of seeds for screening,
• Selection of seeds to begin the screening program,
• Multiplication of seeds for screening,
• Selecting a screening site,
• Sources of insects for screening,
• Sowing seed and maintaining plants,
• Management of field plots,
• Screening techniques.
3. Screening techniques for insects
(Based on plant damage)
1. Field screening :
• Using field populations- used in early stage of a plant
resistance program.
Problems-
• Populations may be either too low or too high or unevenly
distributed in space or time
• Year-to-year variation in population levels
• field population may be contaminated with non target pest
insect
4. Solutions –
• Trap crop
• Selective insecticides to eliminate the insect pest’s predators
and parasites
• Higher dose of nitrogenous fertilizer, closer spacing
• Placing light traps, pheromone traps, or kairomone traps
• Mass collection and release of indigenous insect population
• “Spreader rows”
using artificial infestation
• Mass rearing of test insects on natural host plants or artificial
diets.
5. 2. Field cage screening
• Limits emigration of the test insect
• Protection from predation and parasitism
Disadvantages-
• May cause abnormal environmental conditions
• Can alter plant growth, insect behavior
• Can cause foliar disease outbreak
6. 3. Greenhouse screening
Standard seedbox screening test-
• test cultivars are sown in wooden or metal flats filled with soil
• Test insects are uniformly distributed onto the seedlings
Modified seedbox screening test-
• plants are older at the time of infestation and the infestation rate is
lowered.
No-choice screening test
• extremely useful in the preliminary evaluation of resistance
7. 4. Laboratory screening
• A reliable and rapid method for confirming insect
resistance
• Only excised leaves and leaf disks are utilized
• It can be forced or free choice
8. 5. Bioassay techniques
• Used for Heliothis spp and pink boll worm in cotton
• Lyophilized square powder is incorporated in an
artificial diet
• By periodic observations, larval survival, larval
growth and percent pupation are recorded
9. Screening techniques for insects
(Based on insect responses to plants)
• Orientation
• Contact
• Settling
• Feeding
• Metabolism of ingested food, growth, adult longevity
• Fecundity and oviposition
10. 2. Feeding
Piercing and sucking insects- Damage by loss of sap from vascular
tissue, particularly phloem.
Screening techniques-
• Parafilm sachet technique- it is used for collection and
quantitative determination of honeydew
• Filter paper technique- the relative amount of feeding can be
assessed by measuring the area of honeydew excreted by them on
a filter paper disk.
11. Direct Measurement of Resistance
• Direct-feeding injury- tissue necrosis, fruit abscission, and stem
damage, quality of produce and defoliation
• Indirect feeding injury- plant growth, photosynthetic rates,
transpiration rates, ethylene production and respiratory rates
• Simulated feeding injury- feeding injury simulated by
mechanical defoliation
• Correlation of plant factors with insect resistance- e.g.,
concentrations of allelochemicals or density and size of
morphological structures
12. Indirect Measurements of Resistance
• Sampling insect populations- Shaking the plants, use of
sampling nets, use of traps, or actual counts
• Measurements of insect feeding and development- it is
measured in terms of amount of food consumed per unit body
weight day-1 or leaf area consumed, duration of larval/pupal
development, fecundity and insect survival.
• Measurements of insect behavior. by olfactrometers
13. Rice
Yellow stem borer: freshly hatched first instar larvae are
released @ one larva/tiller forty and Eighty days after
seedling to screen at vegetative and reproductive phase, resp.
Scale % dead hearts (D)
0 No damage (HR)
1 1-10% (R)
3 11-20% (MR)
5 21-30% (MS)
7 31-60% (MS)
9 ≥61% (HS)
Scale % White heads (D)
0 No damage (HR)
1 1-5% (R)
3 6-10% (MR)
5 11-15% (MS)
7 (16-25% (S)
9 ≥25% (HS)
14. Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) :
Standard evaluation system has been developed for
screening for resistance to leaf folders are
Scale % leaf damage category
0 No damage Highly resistant
1 1-10 Resistant
3 11-30 Moderately resistant
5 31-50 Moderately susceptible
7 51-75 Susceptible
9 > 75 Highly susceptible
[IRRI,1998]
15. Gall midge(Orseolia oryzae )
Scale Plants with galls
0 More
1 < %
3 1-5 %
5 6-15 %
7 16-50 %
9 51-100 %
% of infested plants converted to 0-9 scale using SES
16. Sorghum
Shoot fly(Atherigona soccata):
Screening is done under natural field
condition and in cage
Seedling resistance is evaluated by counting
number of dead hearts.
Formation of deadhearts in
sorghum due to shootfly
damage.
17. Cotton :
Pink bollworm(Pectinophora gossypiella) : the resistance is determined based on
carryover population in leftover green bolls (Agarwal et al., 1973 and Sukhija et al.
,1983)
Jassid( Amrasca biguttula biguttula): The screening is being done on the basis of
injury grades. Under natural conditions, the population level is increased by
growing an infested row of an okra between the two cotton rows (Batra and Gupta,
1970)
Whitefly: screening is done under greenhouse conditions as free choice test. The
sampling of adults and eggs is done from three leaves of the upper and middle
canopy (Butter and Vir, 1990)
18. Sugarcane
Top borer(Scirpophaga excerptalis) : Evaluation is done by randomly
selected stalks of each of healthy and damaged canes and examined for
length, number of internodes, girth, weight and sugar concentration.
Shoot borer (Chilo infuscatellus) : based on the economic threshold
level of 15% incidence, the varieties may be graded as being less
susceptible (0-15%), moderately susceptible (15.1-30%) and highly
susceptible (above 30%).
Incidence (%) Category
00.0-10 Highly resistant
10.1-15 resistant
15.1-20 moderately resistant
20.1-25 moderately susceptible
25.1-50 susceptible
50.1 and above highly susceptible
Yadav (1985)
19. Sunflower
Leaf hopper : 5 random plants/row were selected and the
nymphal population on two leaves each from top, middle and
bottom of each plant were recorded.
Screening of leaf hopper injury (visual estimation scale)
0 Free from leaf hopper injury
1 Slight yellowing on edges of leaves upto 30%
2 Yellowing and curling upto 40% of leaves
3 Yellowing and curling upto 60% of leaves
4 Yellowing and curling upto 80% of leaves
5 Maximum yellowing, ‘cupping and curling of leaves
upto 100%
20. Head borer: Randomly 5 plants were selected, % seed damage head and the larval
number flower bud and flower head were recorded.
Damage by defoliators: Defoliation by ash weevil were recorded by 5 randomly
selected plants, counting the total and affected leaves.
Mean scale index
0 Highly resistant
0.1-1 resistant
1.1-2.5 Moderately resistant/tolerant
2.6-3.5 Susceptible
3.6-5.0 Highly susceptible
21. Rapeseed and mustard
Mustard aphid screening: Screening is done at the
flowering stage on the basis of the number of aphids
Number of aphids on
Grade Designation Stem Leaf Inflorescence
0 No aphid 0 0 0
I Very low >10 >10 >10
II Medium 10-20 10-50 10-20 flowering
normal
III High 20-100 50-200 20-100, sickly
inflorescence
IV Very high >100 >200 >100,
inflorescence
drying or dried
up
22. Pest
Susceptibility
(%)
Susceptibilit
y
rating
Category (1-9 scale)
100 1 Highly Resistant (HR)
75 to 99.9 2 Highly Resistant (HR)
50 to 74.9 3 Least Susceptible (LS)
25 to 49.9 4 Least Susceptible (LS)
10 to 24.9 5 Least Susceptible (LS)
–10 to 9.9 6 Moderately Susceptible (MS)
–25 to –9.9 7 Moderately Susceptible (MS)
–50 to –24.9 8 Highly Susceptible (HS)
–50 or less 9 Highly Susceptible (HS)
23. Pulses
Pigeon pea
Pod borer and pod fly: It will be desirable to conduct separate trails with a narrow
range of maturity for screening the lines against the pod borer and pod fly because
the time of flowering and maturity of cultivars may influence the levels of damage
caused by the insect pests.
(Lateef and Reed, 1980)
24. Scale (1-9) Description Category
1 No visible leaf feeding damage Highly resistant
2 Few pin holes on older leaves Resistant
3 Several shot-holes injury on a few leaves Resistant
4 Several shot-hole injuries common on several
leaves or small lesions
Moderately
resistant
5 Elongated lesions (> 2 cm long) on a few
leaves
Moderately
resistant
6 Elongated lesions on several leaves Susceptible
7 Several leaves with elongated lesions or
tattering
Susceptible
8 Most leaves with elongated lesions or
severe tattering
Highly
susceptible
Maize
Stem borer (Chilo partellus) : The most commonly used stem borer leaf
damage assessment is the 1−9 visual rating scale.
25. .
Development and standardization of screening
techniques is pre-requisite for effective resistance
breeding programme
Among several techniques, majority of screening is
carried out in field condition
Under field condition, resistance is measured
based on both plant damage and insect responses.
