Citrus slow decline: Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Citrus nematode, Citrus root nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode and the causal agent of slow decline of citrus
Plant parasitic nematodes economically important Genera.Francis Matu
This document provides information on several economically important plant parasitic nematode genera including root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), cyst nematode (Heterodera and Globodera spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis), and their distribution, host range, symptoms, economic importance, and diagnostics. It outlines the systematic classification of each genus and includes images to illustrate symptoms and morphology.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR INSECT PESTS OF PULSES RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management for insect pests that affect pulse crops. It discusses 12 major insect pests that cause significant damage to pulses, including the pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), pod-sucking bugs, and beanfly (Ophiomyia phaseoli). It also covers several minor pests such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, and jassids. The document emphasizes the importance of using integrated pest management strategies like host plant resistance, biological control, and targeted use of pesticides to control pests while minimizing environmental impacts.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
Insect pests of citrus and their controlDrThippaiahM
The document discusses insect pests that affect citrus crops in India. It identifies five major categories of citrus insect pests: 1) leaf feeders like citrus butterflies and the citrus leaf miner, 2) stem borers that bore into branches, 3) fruit sucking moths that puncture ripening fruits, 4) sap feeders like psyllids and mealybugs, and 5) non-insect pests like mites. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by some of the most damaging pests, including citrus butterflies, the citrus leaf miner, and fruit sucking moths. Management strategies focus on controlling the different lifestages, removing weed
B.Sc. Agri II IN U-3 Symptoms caused by NematodeRai University
1) Most plant-parasitic nematodes feed on root portions of plants and suck sap using a stylet, causing symptoms like leaf discoloration, stunted growth, and root lesions or galls.
2) Symptoms are classified into those caused by above-ground or below-ground feeding nematodes and include stunting, discoloration, wilting, root galls or knots, and reduced root systems.
3) Nematodes can also interact with fungi, bacteria, and viruses, assisting in disease transmission and worsening infections. Certain nematodes even act as vectors for plant viruses.
Nematodes can form disease complexes with other pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses. They increase the incidence and severity of diseases caused by these pathogens in several ways. Nematodes physically wound plants during feeding, allowing easier entry of pathogens. They also biochemically alter plant cells and tissues through formations like giant cells, increasing nutrients available to pathogens. Additionally, some nematodes vector specific fungi, bacteria, and viruses between infected and uninfected plants in a non-circulative manner during feeding and development. Through these interactions and relationships, nematodes enhance host susceptibility and increase rates of development and severity of diseases caused by other pathogens.
Citrus slow decline: Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Citrus nematode, Citrus root nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode and the causal agent of slow decline of citrus
Plant parasitic nematodes economically important Genera.Francis Matu
This document provides information on several economically important plant parasitic nematode genera including root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.), cyst nematode (Heterodera and Globodera spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis), and their distribution, host range, symptoms, economic importance, and diagnostics. It outlines the systematic classification of each genus and includes images to illustrate symptoms and morphology.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR INSECT PESTS OF PULSES RAKESH KUMAR MEENA
This document provides an overview of integrated pest management for insect pests that affect pulse crops. It discusses 12 major insect pests that cause significant damage to pulses, including the pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata), pod-sucking bugs, and beanfly (Ophiomyia phaseoli). It also covers several minor pests such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, and jassids. The document emphasizes the importance of using integrated pest management strategies like host plant resistance, biological control, and targeted use of pesticides to control pests while minimizing environmental impacts.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
Insect pests of citrus and their controlDrThippaiahM
The document discusses insect pests that affect citrus crops in India. It identifies five major categories of citrus insect pests: 1) leaf feeders like citrus butterflies and the citrus leaf miner, 2) stem borers that bore into branches, 3) fruit sucking moths that puncture ripening fruits, 4) sap feeders like psyllids and mealybugs, and 5) non-insect pests like mites. It provides details on the life cycle and damage caused by some of the most damaging pests, including citrus butterflies, the citrus leaf miner, and fruit sucking moths. Management strategies focus on controlling the different lifestages, removing weed
B.Sc. Agri II IN U-3 Symptoms caused by NematodeRai University
1) Most plant-parasitic nematodes feed on root portions of plants and suck sap using a stylet, causing symptoms like leaf discoloration, stunted growth, and root lesions or galls.
2) Symptoms are classified into those caused by above-ground or below-ground feeding nematodes and include stunting, discoloration, wilting, root galls or knots, and reduced root systems.
3) Nematodes can also interact with fungi, bacteria, and viruses, assisting in disease transmission and worsening infections. Certain nematodes even act as vectors for plant viruses.
Nematodes can form disease complexes with other pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and viruses. They increase the incidence and severity of diseases caused by these pathogens in several ways. Nematodes physically wound plants during feeding, allowing easier entry of pathogens. They also biochemically alter plant cells and tissues through formations like giant cells, increasing nutrients available to pathogens. Additionally, some nematodes vector specific fungi, bacteria, and viruses between infected and uninfected plants in a non-circulative manner during feeding and development. Through these interactions and relationships, nematodes enhance host susceptibility and increase rates of development and severity of diseases caused by other pathogens.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
plant virus transmission through the fungal vectorshema latha
This document discusses the transmission of plant viruses by fungal pathogens. It notes that five species of fungi can transmit over 30 plant viruses. The fungi transmit viruses both internally, carrying the viruses within their structures, and externally, with viruses attached to the outside. This causes virus symptoms in infected plants. Several major crops are economically impacted by these soil-borne viruses. The document reviews different classes of fungi that can transmit viruses, including plasmodiophoromycetes, chytridiomycetes, and oomycetes. It provides details on the fungal pathogen Polymyxa graminis and its transmission of the Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Management strategies to control these soil-borne viruses transmitted by fungi include developing resistant
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
The document discusses the banana stem borer pest, Odoiporus longicollis. It provides details about the banana plant and lists some major pests that affect bananas. It then focuses on the stem borer pest, describing its systematic position, identification marks, life cycle, nature of damage, and control measures. The stem borer's larvae bore into and tunnel through the pseudostem of banana plants, weakening the stem and reducing yields. Cultural, chemical, and biological control methods are recommended to manage the pest population and minimize damage.
The document summarizes several types of cyst nematodes including Heterodera, Globodera, and Meloidogyne. It describes their systematic position, morphology, life cycle, hosts, and management strategies. Key points include:
- Heterodera, Globodera, and Meloidogyne are economically important cyst nematodes.
- They have distinct morphologies and life cycles as sedentary endoparasites of various crops.
- Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, soil fumigation, and other cultural controls to reduce nematode populations in infested fields.
MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENTramya sri nagamandla
The document summarizes economically important plant parasitic nematodes found in India, including their distribution and impact. It discusses nematodes that affect crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibers, banana, citrus, grapes, spices and tubers. For each crop, it identifies key nematodes and estimates yield losses. Maps show the distribution of nematodes infecting different crops across India. The document is an overview of major nematode issues faced by Indian agriculture.
The document discusses the biology of nematodes. It describes their appearance and structure, including their stylets and life cycles. It notes that nematodes live virtually everywhere as parasites or free-living organisms. The document categorizes nematodes into types including migratory endoparasites, sedentary endoparasites, and ectoparasites. It provides examples of nematodes in each category and describes their feeding behaviors and effects on plants.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect sesame crops and their management. It discusses 7 key diseases: phyllody caused by phytoplasma and transmitted by leafhoppers, stem and root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina fungus, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora sesami fungus, powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae cichoracearum fungus, Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria sesami fungus, bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas compestris pv. sesami bacteria, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringe pv sesame bacteria. For each disease, it describes symptoms, etiology, disease
1) Downy mildew is a fungal disease that affects maize crops. Several fungi can cause downy mildew, including Peronosclerospora philippinensis, P. maydis, P. sorghi, P. sacchari, and Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae.
2) Symptoms include yellow or brown stripes on leaves, a white fungal growth on the underside of leaves, stunted growth, malformed tassels, and cob formation without grains. Yield losses of up to 63% are reported.
3) The pathogens survive in crop residues and seeds. Spread occurs through seed transmission. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development.
This document summarizes mango malformation, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans that affects mango production. It describes the two types of malformation - vegetative and floral. Vegetative malformation disrupts apical growth resulting in stunted seedlings. Floral malformation causes thickened panicles with numerous unopened male flowers. Susceptibility varies by cultivar and is influenced by temperature, plant age, and time of year. Low temperatures during flowering increase incidence. Management strategies discussed include use of plant growth regulators, deblossoming, pruning, and fungicides or biocontrol agents like Trichoderma.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Major diseases of Rice and their management in Nepal Hem Raj Pant
This document discusses diseases of rice and their management. It provides details on several major rice diseases caused by fungi, including rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea, brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae, sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, sheath rot caused by Sarocladium oryzae, and false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. For each disease, it describes the causal organism, symptoms, disease cycle, predisposing factors, and recommendations for management. The document emphasizes the importance of host plant resistance, cultural practices, and fungicide applications in integrated disease management.
The document summarizes nematode damage symptoms in several crops. In rice, the white tip nematode causes whitening and necrosis of leaf tips and twisted leaf tips. The rice root nematode causes arrested growth, poor tillering, and reddish brown discoloration of leaves. The rice root knot nematode causes swellings and galls on roots. In maize, the lesion nematode causes small lesions on roots and necrosis that can lead to secondary infections. Several nematodes are also described that cause symptoms in pulses, oilseeds, cotton, fruits, and vegetables.
Infection, Invasion, Growth and Reproduction of pathogenAmmad Ahmad
This document discusses the infection, invasion, growth, and reproduction of plant pathogens. It describes how pathogens infect plants through various means such as intracellularly or intercellularly. Successful infections result in symptoms. The incubation period is the time between inoculation and symptom appearance, which depends on factors like the pathogen-host combination and environment. Pathogens invade tissues and spread systematically or locally within the plant. They continue growing and branching out indefinitely. Pathogens reproduce through various means like spores, fission, or eggs. Reproduction rates vary greatly between pathogen types but large numbers can be produced rapidly, facilitating widespread infection.
The document summarizes key aspects of the lifecycle and ecology of plant parasitic nematodes. It describes the stages of development from egg to adult, including hatching, molting, and dormancy states like quiescence and diapause. The lifecycles and feeding behaviors of different nematode types - ectoparasitic, migratory endoparasitic, sedentary endoparasitic, and semi-endoparasitic - are compared. Environmental factors that influence nematode survival and activity are also outlined, such as soil properties like pore size, aeration, temperature, pH, moisture, and osmotic pressure. Host plant chemicals and decomposing material in soil are also noted to impact nematode
This document summarizes several diseases that affect jute and cotton crops. It describes the causal organisms, symptoms, and factors favoring disease development for stem rot, black band, anthracnose of jute, bacterial blight of cotton, fusarium wilt of cotton, verticillium wilt of cotton, and seedling diseases of cotton. Management strategies are provided for each disease, including using disease-free seeds, crop rotation, removing infected plant debris, and applying appropriate fungicides.
1. The document discusses three main diseases that affect coriander: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.corianderii, stem gall caused by Protomyces macrosporus, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni.
2. These diseases can cause significant yield reductions in coriander under favorable weather conditions for disease development like high soil moisture.
3. Management of these diseases involves practices like crop rotation, removal of plant debris, use of resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
Management of Pink Stem Borer Attack on Wheat (Part -1)Dr.Mohammad Sajjad
Introduction.
Biology & Life cycle .
Identification & Isolation of Caterpillars .
How to Identify Affected or Damaged Plants.
Field Rearing of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
Field Experimentation for Control of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
Control Options of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
(Dr. Mohammad Sajjad)
Nematode management in protected cultivation describes about existing practices of farmers and scientific integrated nematode management techniques along with IIHR package of practices.
This document discusses nematode problems and their management in polyhouses. It begins by defining nematodes and describing where they are found. It then discusses plant-parasitic nematodes in more detail, including how they damage plants through feeding and vectoring other pathogens. Symptoms of nematode infection above and below ground are provided. The document notes that nematode problems are severe in polyhouses due to favorable temperature and moisture conditions. It concludes by outlining phytosanitary, cultural, and chemical management strategies to control nematodes in polyhouses.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
plant virus transmission through the fungal vectorshema latha
This document discusses the transmission of plant viruses by fungal pathogens. It notes that five species of fungi can transmit over 30 plant viruses. The fungi transmit viruses both internally, carrying the viruses within their structures, and externally, with viruses attached to the outside. This causes virus symptoms in infected plants. Several major crops are economically impacted by these soil-borne viruses. The document reviews different classes of fungi that can transmit viruses, including plasmodiophoromycetes, chytridiomycetes, and oomycetes. It provides details on the fungal pathogen Polymyxa graminis and its transmission of the Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus. Management strategies to control these soil-borne viruses transmitted by fungi include developing resistant
A large group of bacteria cause disease in plants. they have specific characteristics and structure. There are different mechanism by which bacteria affect the plant and cause disease symptom. It is generally survive in soil and dead and decay organic matters and spread by water, agricultural implements, propagating materials, insects and humans. Hence, management practices are designed accordingly. Crop rotation, field sanitation, disinfestation of agricultural implements, use of disease free or resistant varieties and use of antibiotics are few of them.
The document discusses the banana stem borer pest, Odoiporus longicollis. It provides details about the banana plant and lists some major pests that affect bananas. It then focuses on the stem borer pest, describing its systematic position, identification marks, life cycle, nature of damage, and control measures. The stem borer's larvae bore into and tunnel through the pseudostem of banana plants, weakening the stem and reducing yields. Cultural, chemical, and biological control methods are recommended to manage the pest population and minimize damage.
The document summarizes several types of cyst nematodes including Heterodera, Globodera, and Meloidogyne. It describes their systematic position, morphology, life cycle, hosts, and management strategies. Key points include:
- Heterodera, Globodera, and Meloidogyne are economically important cyst nematodes.
- They have distinct morphologies and life cycles as sedentary endoparasites of various crops.
- Management involves crop rotation, resistant varieties, soil fumigation, and other cultural controls to reduce nematode populations in infested fields.
MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENTramya sri nagamandla
The document summarizes economically important plant parasitic nematodes found in India, including their distribution and impact. It discusses nematodes that affect crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibers, banana, citrus, grapes, spices and tubers. For each crop, it identifies key nematodes and estimates yield losses. Maps show the distribution of nematodes infecting different crops across India. The document is an overview of major nematode issues faced by Indian agriculture.
The document discusses the biology of nematodes. It describes their appearance and structure, including their stylets and life cycles. It notes that nematodes live virtually everywhere as parasites or free-living organisms. The document categorizes nematodes into types including migratory endoparasites, sedentary endoparasites, and ectoparasites. It provides examples of nematodes in each category and describes their feeding behaviors and effects on plants.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect sesame crops and their management. It discusses 7 key diseases: phyllody caused by phytoplasma and transmitted by leafhoppers, stem and root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina fungus, Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora sesami fungus, powdery mildew caused by Erysiphae cichoracearum fungus, Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria sesami fungus, bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas compestris pv. sesami bacteria, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringe pv sesame bacteria. For each disease, it describes symptoms, etiology, disease
1) Downy mildew is a fungal disease that affects maize crops. Several fungi can cause downy mildew, including Peronosclerospora philippinensis, P. maydis, P. sorghi, P. sacchari, and Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae.
2) Symptoms include yellow or brown stripes on leaves, a white fungal growth on the underside of leaves, stunted growth, malformed tassels, and cob formation without grains. Yield losses of up to 63% are reported.
3) The pathogens survive in crop residues and seeds. Spread occurs through seed transmission. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development.
This document summarizes mango malformation, a disease caused by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans that affects mango production. It describes the two types of malformation - vegetative and floral. Vegetative malformation disrupts apical growth resulting in stunted seedlings. Floral malformation causes thickened panicles with numerous unopened male flowers. Susceptibility varies by cultivar and is influenced by temperature, plant age, and time of year. Low temperatures during flowering increase incidence. Management strategies discussed include use of plant growth regulators, deblossoming, pruning, and fungicides or biocontrol agents like Trichoderma.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Major diseases of Rice and their management in Nepal Hem Raj Pant
This document discusses diseases of rice and their management. It provides details on several major rice diseases caused by fungi, including rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea, brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae, sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, sheath rot caused by Sarocladium oryzae, and false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. For each disease, it describes the causal organism, symptoms, disease cycle, predisposing factors, and recommendations for management. The document emphasizes the importance of host plant resistance, cultural practices, and fungicide applications in integrated disease management.
The document summarizes nematode damage symptoms in several crops. In rice, the white tip nematode causes whitening and necrosis of leaf tips and twisted leaf tips. The rice root nematode causes arrested growth, poor tillering, and reddish brown discoloration of leaves. The rice root knot nematode causes swellings and galls on roots. In maize, the lesion nematode causes small lesions on roots and necrosis that can lead to secondary infections. Several nematodes are also described that cause symptoms in pulses, oilseeds, cotton, fruits, and vegetables.
Infection, Invasion, Growth and Reproduction of pathogenAmmad Ahmad
This document discusses the infection, invasion, growth, and reproduction of plant pathogens. It describes how pathogens infect plants through various means such as intracellularly or intercellularly. Successful infections result in symptoms. The incubation period is the time between inoculation and symptom appearance, which depends on factors like the pathogen-host combination and environment. Pathogens invade tissues and spread systematically or locally within the plant. They continue growing and branching out indefinitely. Pathogens reproduce through various means like spores, fission, or eggs. Reproduction rates vary greatly between pathogen types but large numbers can be produced rapidly, facilitating widespread infection.
The document summarizes key aspects of the lifecycle and ecology of plant parasitic nematodes. It describes the stages of development from egg to adult, including hatching, molting, and dormancy states like quiescence and diapause. The lifecycles and feeding behaviors of different nematode types - ectoparasitic, migratory endoparasitic, sedentary endoparasitic, and semi-endoparasitic - are compared. Environmental factors that influence nematode survival and activity are also outlined, such as soil properties like pore size, aeration, temperature, pH, moisture, and osmotic pressure. Host plant chemicals and decomposing material in soil are also noted to impact nematode
This document summarizes several diseases that affect jute and cotton crops. It describes the causal organisms, symptoms, and factors favoring disease development for stem rot, black band, anthracnose of jute, bacterial blight of cotton, fusarium wilt of cotton, verticillium wilt of cotton, and seedling diseases of cotton. Management strategies are provided for each disease, including using disease-free seeds, crop rotation, removing infected plant debris, and applying appropriate fungicides.
1. The document discusses three main diseases that affect coriander: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.corianderii, stem gall caused by Protomyces macrosporus, and powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni.
2. These diseases can cause significant yield reductions in coriander under favorable weather conditions for disease development like high soil moisture.
3. Management of these diseases involves practices like crop rotation, removal of plant debris, use of resistant varieties, and fungicide applications.
Management of Pink Stem Borer Attack on Wheat (Part -1)Dr.Mohammad Sajjad
Introduction.
Biology & Life cycle .
Identification & Isolation of Caterpillars .
How to Identify Affected or Damaged Plants.
Field Rearing of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
Field Experimentation for Control of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
Control Options of Wheat - Pink Stem Borer
(Dr. Mohammad Sajjad)
Nematode management in protected cultivation describes about existing practices of farmers and scientific integrated nematode management techniques along with IIHR package of practices.
This document discusses nematode problems and their management in polyhouses. It begins by defining nematodes and describing where they are found. It then discusses plant-parasitic nematodes in more detail, including how they damage plants through feeding and vectoring other pathogens. Symptoms of nematode infection above and below ground are provided. The document notes that nematode problems are severe in polyhouses due to favorable temperature and moisture conditions. It concludes by outlining phytosanitary, cultural, and chemical management strategies to control nematodes in polyhouses.
Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic roundworms that feed on plant roots and cause significant crop damage and yield loss estimated at $80 billion. There are over 4,100 nematode species that exist in different life stages including eggs, juveniles, and cysts. Some of the most economically important nematodes are root-knot nematodes, cyst nematodes, lesion nematodes, and reniform nematodes. These nematodes can cause above-ground symptoms like leaf yellowing and wilting, stunted growth, and patchy areas in fields. They are difficult to eliminate completely and can spread between and within fields through various means such as infested soil, water, equipment, plants, and animals.
Weed seeds can persist in the soil for many years through dormancy and produce large numbers of seeds. Integrated weed management aims to reduce weed seed production and dispersal through techniques like crop rotation, mulching, stale seedbeds, and biological control. Knowledge of a weed's biology, including its seed dormancy mechanisms and longevity, reproduction methods, and dispersal pathways, is important for developing effective long-term management strategies.
In nature, insects use organic compounds called pheromones to communicate with each other, sending signals to help them attract a mate, send alarm signals or otherwise affect behaviour.
Insect Science's focus is on developing responsible pest-management solutions for the monitoring and control of insects that cause damage to commercial crops, stored food such as grains, and pests found in the home and garden.
We have spent over two decades researching insects and their behaviour in order to develop innovative products that imitate natural processes. As such, we are a leader in the development and manufacture of semiochemical* based products – an important building block of sustainable responsible pest management (RPM) strategies that form part of a broader integrated pest management (IPM) strategy.
With the help of our targeted pest-management solutions, farmers and homeowners can produce environmentally safe crops and plants with zero harmful residues.
Who is Insect Science?
Insect Science® is a semiochemical company in South Africa where a young innovative team pursues responsible solutions to pest management.
Root-knot nematodes begin their lives as eggs that rapidly develop into first-stage juvenile nematodes (J1). This stage is occupied inside a translucent egg case, where it transitions into a second-stage juvenile (J2) nematode. The J2 stage is the only stage that can initiate infections. J2s cause damage by attacking growing root tips and entering roots behind the root cap. After this, they move to the area of cell elongation, where they create a feeding site.
This document summarizes several major insect pests that affect mango and banana crops and their management. It describes in detail three key pests:
1. Banana pseudostem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis) which lays eggs and has grubs that bore into and damage pseudostems, reducing bunch development. Management includes traps, injections, and removing infested plants.
2. Rhizome weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) has grubs that bore into pseudostems and rhizomes, decaying tissue and killing plants. Management focuses on clean planting materials and soil treatments.
3. Banana aphid (Pentalonia n
This document lists and describes several pests that affect banana plants. It discusses the banana pseudostem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis), rhizome weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus), banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa), and leaf eating caterpillars including Pericallia ricini and Spodoptera litura. For each pest, it provides details on identification, life cycle, nature of damage, symptoms, and management strategies to control infestations. The management strategies include cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Austin Chemical Engineering is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Chemical Engineering. We are endowed with a faculty who are dedicated Editorial members and distinguished researchers that carry out cutting-edge research in all modern areas of chemical engineering, as well as in inter-disciplinary areas like nanosciences and technology, biosciences, soft matter physics, novel materials, high-performance computing and large multicentre studies of new therapies. It also provides state-of-the-art reviews on clinical and experimental therapies in chemical Engineering.
The journey through our website will provide you the information on our research efforts in science and engineering, the people, the place, the future plans and opportunities.
Austin Chemical Engineering is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Chemical Engineering.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
This document discusses ecological management of insect pests that affect cucurbit crops in Saudi Arabia. It provides background on major cucurbit crops grown in Saudi Arabia such as cucumber, squash, melon and watermelon. It then describes several major insect pests that damage these crops, including cucumber beetles, squash vine borer, squash bugs, pickleworm, and spider mites. The document concludes by outlining ecological management strategies for these pests, emphasizing cultural practices like crop rotation, sanitation, and use of resistant varieties to reduce pest damage in an environmentally-friendly way.
This document discusses various methods for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, including cultural, physical, biological, and chemical control methods. Cultural control methods involve practices like crop rotation, soil amendments, flooding fields, and using resistant varieties. Physical control methods include soil solarization, hot water treatment, and irradiation. Biological control utilizes predacious nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and parasitic fungi. The document outlines several important chemical nematicides used for control like ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane, methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and others. It provides details on application rates and trade names for some of the chemical options.
This document discusses several polyphagous chewing pests that damage crops:
1. The American bollworm is a widespread pest with over 150 host plants including cotton, pulses, and vegetables. It has multiple generations per year and causes damage by feeding within buds and bolls.
2. The tobacco leaf eating caterpillar feeds on many crops like castor, groundnut and tomato. Its larvae feed on leaves and can defoliate entire tobacco nurseries.
3. The Gujarat hairy caterpillar migrates between hedges and crops, causing damage during outbreaks. Control involves destroying hibernating pupae and using light traps or insecticides.
4. Locust species
Characteristics of pet/virus , plant disease , pest life cycle, regarding and repeating plant disease , selecting treatment methods, Control plant pest / virus .
This document discusses various methods of weed control, including cultural, physical, chemical, and biological methods. Cultural methods involve practices like tillage, fertilizer application, irrigation, crop rotation, and mulching. Physical/mechanical methods include hand weeding, hoeing, digging, sickling, and mowing. The document describes various mechanical weed control tools. Herbicides are also discussed, outlining their benefits and limitations. Biological control uses living organisms like insects and pathogens to control specific weed species. No single method is effective for all situations, so often an integrated approach using multiple methods provides the best weed control.
This document provides an overview of weed biology and ecology. It discusses weed seed production and dissemination, factors affecting weed seed germination such as moisture, temperature, light and dormancy. It also covers weed seed longevity, competition between weeds and crops, and thresholds for weed control. Specifically, it notes that a single weed can produce thousands of seeds, seeds have mechanisms to not all germinate at once, and dissemination occurs through various natural and artificial means. Factors like moisture, temperature and light influence germination, while dormancy prevents all seeds from germinating under potentially adverse conditions.
This document summarizes information about the migratory endoparasitic nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. It discusses the scientific classification of D. dipsaci, its discovery and initial classification by Julius Kuhn in 1857, its reclassification over time, its importance as a plant pathogen, its extensive host range infecting over 400 plant species, its typical symptoms including stunted growth and bulb splitting in Allium species, its life cycle occurring in five stages over 19-25 days, its ability to survive in the absence of hosts by entering cryptobiosis for 3-5 years, and management strategies involving proper sanitation, planting during seasons of low nematode activity, and soil fumigation with nematicides specific to D
This document provides information on non-insect pests of field crops. It discusses several pests including crabs, snails and slugs, rodents, nematodes, and mites. For each pest, it describes the taxonomic classification, symptoms of damage, identification, and management strategies. It notes that non-insect pests cause estimated losses of 510 crore rupees worldwide to crops, with 369 crore rupees from rodents alone. Control methods discussed for the pests include both chemical and non-chemical approaches.
Similar to IPM strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes_R.Akinrinlola.pptx (20)
This presentation takes you back through series of developmental stages from the discovery and application of entomopathogenic nematodes for use in agriculture.
Pierce disease of grape vine is caused by the bacterium Xyllela fastidiosa. This Slides show how the bacterium can be controlled using avirulent strain of the pathogen.
Rufus Akinrinlola is a PhD candidate researching plant-microbe interactions. His work has included identifying the black pod pathogen of cocoa in Nigeria (Phytophthora megakarya), surveying nematode populations across Tennessee fields (finding high levels of soybean cyst, lesion, and root knot nematodes), and identifying Bacillus strains that promote corn growth in greenhouse studies (with increases up to 215% in shoot weight). Understanding beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe relationships can help improve crop productivity to meet rising global food demand.
Plant pathogenic nematodes are major problems in crop production, causing different type of diseases. In these slides, I present my recent findings on plant nematodes in Tennessee and some Kentucky Counties.
Nigeria is a West African country with an estimated population of 200 million, making it the most populous country in Africa. It has over 250 ethnic groups and 500 languages, with the three largest ethnic groups being the Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960 and became a republic in 1963. Some of its major cities include Lagos, the largest city and commercial center, and Abuja, which serves as the capital. The document provides details on the Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba ethnic groups and their origins and lifestyles. It also lists several Nigerian agricultural crops, cities, and popular foods.
This study evaluated 12 Bacillus strains for their ability to promote plant growth in corn, wheat, and soybean. In greenhouse experiments, several Bacillus strains significantly increased root growth in all three crops by up to 154% compared to the control. In laboratory experiments, the Bacillus strains exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits like phosphate solubilization, indole acetic acid production, and siderophore activity. While the strains showed different in vitro physiological profiles, their growth promotion potentials in plants were not dependent on the specific traits exhibited. The results indicate that Bacillus has potential for improving crop productivity through various direct and indirect mechanisms of action.
This document describes a study evaluating bacillus strains for their ability to promote plant growth on corn, wheat, and soybean. Several bacillus strains were tested in greenhouse experiments and found to significantly increase growth of corn, wheat, and soybean compared to untreated controls. The best performing strains increased crop growth by over 200% in some cases. Further experiments aim to determine if physiological traits expressed by the strains in laboratory assays correlate with and can predict their ability to promote plant growth.
Rufus seminar 2017_mechanisms of biological control of plant diseases edite...Plant Disease Control Hub
The document summarizes mechanisms of action of nematode-killing bacteria. It discusses how parasitic bacteria directly infect and kill nematodes through parasitism. Non-parasitic bacteria produce toxins or enzymes that damage nematode cuticles and intestines. Examples include Pasteuria penetrans, an obligate parasite that forms spores inside nematodes, and Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces Cry toxins that form pores in the nematode gut. Another bacterium, Bacillus firmus, secretes a serine protein that degrades the nematode cuticle. The document outlines various experiments investigating these mechanisms.
This document discusses Phytophthora soybean root and stem rot (PSRSR), a major soilborne disease of soybeans caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. PSRSR can attack all parts of the soybean plant and causes symptoms like seed rot, damping off, root and stem rot, stunted growth, and yield losses up to 50%. The disease cycle of P. sojae is described. Resistance to PSRSR in soybeans can take the form of R-gene mediated resistance, partial resistance, or root resistance. Combining different resistance mechanisms, such as partial resistance and R-gene resistance, provides the best protection against this widespread and damaging disease.
This document discusses cultural control methods for Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat crops. FHB is caused by several Fusarium species and reduces wheat yields and quality worldwide. Key cultural control practices discussed are crop rotation, soil tillage, and sowing date management. Crop rotation with non-host crops like maize or soybean for 2-3 years can help reduce FHB severity. Limited soil tillage practices like deep plowing can bury crop residues to decrease the primary inoculum. Timely sowing to avoid flowering during warm, humid conditions can also limit disease development. Together, these cultural methods can help lower the incidence of FHB in wheat crops.
Rufus Akinrinlola provides integrated disease management strategies for three plant diseases:
1) Pierce's disease of grapevine caused by Xylella fastidiosa is managed through cultural practices like quarantine and heat treatment, chemical control of vectors, and use of resistant varieties. The disease cycle involves vector transmission from infected to healthy vines.
2) Phytophthora soybean root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae is managed through host resistance, cultural practices like crop rotation, and fungicide seed treatments. The disease cycle involves soilborne oospores that germinate under wet conditions and infect soybean roots.
3) Fusarium head blight of
This document discusses chemical control of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a disease of wheat, barley, and rice. FHB reduces grain yields and quality. Effective control requires an integrated approach considering inoculum density, host variety resistance, climatic factors, fungicide type, application timing, and method. Of the fungicides evaluated, tebuconazole and metconazole products provided the most effective control against the FHB pathogen when applied at flowering stages. However, chemical control remains inconsistent, and complete resistance in host crops has not been achieved.
Bacillus are rod-shaped, gram-positive bacteria that can form endospores allowing them to survive in extreme environments. They are found ubiquitously in soil, water and air. Some Bacillus species are pathogenic to humans and animals, causing diseases like anthrax and food poisoning, while others have uses like the insect pathogen B. thuringiensis. Bacillus exhibit a variety of metabolic capabilities including degrading plant and animal substrates, producing antibiotics, and fixing nitrogen. They reproduce through binary fission and form endospores during stressful conditions which has allowed the genus to thrive in diverse habitats.
This document provides a case study on Phytophthora pod rot, a fungal disease of the cocoa tree Theobroma cacao. It discusses the disease cycle and symptoms, including necrotic lesions and rotting of cocoa pods. The disease is caused by the oomycete Phytophthora and has several species that are major pathogens. It is responsible for approximately 70% of global cocoa crop losses. Management strategies discussed include fungicide application, phytosanitation like pruning diseased material, and breeding resistant varieties, but note that an integrated approach is needed to effectively control the disease.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
IPM strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes_R.Akinrinlola.pptx
1. Integrated management of plant-
parasitic nematodes
Rufus J. Akinrinlola
PhD Student and Graduate Research Assistant
Entomology and Plant Pathology Department
University of Tennessee-Knoxville
rakinrin@vols.utk.edu
Twitter: @roofusever
2. Course outline
1. Plant-parasitic nematodes
2. How plant-parasitic nematodes spread
3. Symptoms/indications of nematodes
4. Four important plant-parasitic nematodes
5. Management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes
6. Chemical nematicides
7. Biological nematicides
3. Plant-parasitic nematodes
• Microscopic roundworms living in soils.
Over 4100 species are known. They have
different stages or forms
• The J2 have mouthpart known as stylet for
penetration and feeding. They can feed on
all plant types.
• May live inside plants or freely in the soil.
• Cause high damage and yield loss to crops.
• Most damaging in sandy soils
• Above-ground symptoms may be absent
or similar to other diseases. Diagnosed by
below-ground signs and soil sampling
Click For More Information
Plant parasitic nematode (a) eggs, (b) juveniles, (c) juveniles
penetrating plant root, (d) cysts of cyst nematode, and (e) needle-
like mouth part. Photo courtesy of TheSCNCOALITION.COM (a, c,&
d), UM (b), and UNL (e)
4. • Once in a field they cannot be eliminated. Their
spread within a field is aided by nematode
movement in soil along water drainage and in
dust during wind erosion and on farm equipment
• Between fields, spread is aided by movement of
infested plants, farm equipment, soil, irrigation
water and animals
• Cross-border spread is aided by transport of
infested produce, nursery plants, seeds, tubers, or
bulbs
How plant-parasitic nematodes spread
5. General or above ground symptoms
• Stunted growth
• Leaf yellowing
• Plant may wilt or die in severe case
• Patchy areas with stunted and
reduced plant stands often seen in
field
Severe stunting of soybean caused by nematode infestation.
Courtesy: Steve Koenning
Yellowing and death of plants infected with
root-knot nematode. Courtesy: Edward Sikora,
AU.
A corn field with patchy area caused by
sting nematode. Courtesy: Tamra Jackson-
Ziems, UNL
7. Root-knot
nematodes
● Most important plant-pathogenic nematodes. Have
worldwide distribution, wide host range, and
comprises of over 100 species.
● Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica, and M.
arenaria are the most damaging species.
● Hatched juveniles of the root-knot nematode attack
root tips of host plants, invade the root tissue, and
cause galls or knots to form on the roots
● Economically important crop hosts include soybean,
cotton, corn, sorghum, vegetables, fruits, etc.
7
Galls on okra. Photo courtesy of
Rebecca Melanson, MSU
Gall on tomato root. Photo
courtesy of Penn State PPEM
8. Cyst nematodes
● These are Heterodera and Globodera nematode genera.
They are the second most damaging nematodes and
found worldwide. They form cyst on their host plants
● Soybean cyst (SCN), potato cyst (PCN), sugarbeet cyst,
and cereal cyst nematodes are the most important cyst
nematodes.
● SCN causes more than $1.5 billion in yield loss annually
in the U.S, and yield loss due to PCN may range from 50
to 80%
● Cyst nematodes will mature on their hosts in 3-4 weeks.
The cyst is the dead female body with eggs 8
Heterodera glycines cysts on
soybean
Globodera cysts on potato tuber.
Photo courtesy of Florida Division of
Plant Industry.
9. Lesion nematodes
● Migratory nematodes feed mainly on their
host root cortex, which will result in the
formation of necrotic lesion on the roots
● There are over 70 species of lesion
nematodes worldwide, and their host range
comprises of more than 400 plant species
● Lesion nematode damage on hosts can
result in ~85% crop yield loss
9
Lesion
nematode
Pratylenchus sp.
Photo by Sean Kelly, DAFWA
10. Reniform nematodes
● Among the most damaging nematodes. It is difficult
to detect because it does not form galls or cysts on
its host.
● Overwinter as egg masses on root surfaces or
immature adults free in soil. Females become
reniform or kidney-shaped after they invade a root
● Have wide host range including weeds and important
crops such as soybean, cotton, pineapple,
sweetpotato, and cassava.
● Cause root necrosis that may result in root pruning
and dwarfing 10
Reniform nematode
Rotylenchulus sp.
Photo courtesy of C. Clark,
APS: CABI Bioscience
12. 12
• Making sure that plant-parasitic nematodes
are not introduced to new fields
• Disinfest or treat planting materials
including seeds, seedlings, tubers and
bulbs before planting
• Disinfest or clean all farm tools and
equipments before use on a new farm
• Work from non-infested to infested fields to
reduce the chance of contamination
1. Preventive practices
13. 13
• Sampling is done prior planting to determine types
and densities of nematodes in a field to aid
nematodes management decisions.
• Use a 1-inch diameter probe (image 1) to pull soil
from 6 to 8 inches depth. Gather about 20-cores
samples across 20-acres area in a zig-zag pattern
(image 2).
• Mix all the soil cores together to form a single
sample (image 3). Send a subsample (image 4) to
an appropriate soil lab for analysis.
• Base management decision on the test results
2. Soil sampling
1 2
4
3
Click for More Information
14. 14
Nematodes population densities
and potential damage thresholds
for soybean
Nematode Nematode per 100 cc soil/damage threshold
Low Moderate High
Root-knot 0 - 8 10 - 32 34+
Soybean cyst- juveniles
(J2)
0-10 20-50 60+
Soybean cyst - eggs 200 - 2000 2000 - 5000 5000+
Lesion 0 - 18 20 - 58 60+
Stunt 0 - 58 58 - 198 200+
Spiral 0 - 198 200+ ---
Lance 0 - 58 58 - 98 100+
Ring 0 - 38 40 - 138 140+
Stubby root 0 - 16 18+ ---
Sting 0 2 4+
Dagger 0 - 18 20 - 58 60+
For More Information
--- = no threshold level for this category
15. 15
• Covering/mulching of wet soil with
transparent plastic film (50-200 µm thick) for
4 to 8 weeks to inactivate soil nematodes
• Requires high solar incidence to allow lethal
temperatures to be reached
• Also used to kill other soilborne pests
including insects and weeds, while increasing
populations of beneficial bacteria
• Can be applied to just nematode-infested
areas in a field to minimize cost of plastic
3. Soil solarization
Click for More Information
16. 16
• Incorporation of organic materials such as
Brassica species and manures to soil to
decompose and release toxic volatile gases that
can suppress or kill soilborne pathogens
including nematodes
• Field must be irrigated to field capacity before
incorporation to facilitate intense microbial
decomposition of the incorporated materials
• Vaporization of the volatile gases can be
prevented by covering the soil with transparent
plastic after incorporation
4. Soil biofumigation
YouTube Video on Biofumigation
17. 17
• Planting of non-host or poor host crops in
nematode-infested field to lower
nematode population density
• The knowledge of the density of other
nematodes that may be present in the
field is needed to make proper choice of
rotation crop
• A crop that is a nonhost or poor host for
one nematode may be a host for another
5. Crop rotation
Example of how crop rotation can be designed for a field
infested with soybean cyst nematode
18. 18
Host and suggested (poor or non-
host ) rotation crops for
nematodes
Nematod
e
Host crops/not
recommended
Rotation (poor or non-host)
crops
Root-
knot
Soybean, corn, cotton,
vegetable crops
(watermelon, tomato, sweet
potato, etc.)
Grain sorghum, peanut, rice
Soybean
Cyst
Soybean, Green beans Grain sorghum, corn, cotton,
peanut, rice
Lesion Soybean, corn, grain
sorghum, peanut
Rice, cotton
Reniform Soybean, cotton, vegetables grain sorghum, corn, peanut, rice
For More Information
19. 19
• Planting of nematode-resistant crop
varieties to reduce nematode population
density and avoid yield loss
• Select varieties with resistance to many
types of nematodes
• Continuous use of the same type of
resistant variety can cause resistance
and management to fail
• Always include a susceptible or tolerant
host in rotation
6. Resistant varieties
This Demo shows how nematode can overcome resistance.
Susceptible – stunted - (left), and resistant – healthy looking –
soybean plants grown in nematode infested plots.
Photo credit UMN
20. 20
• Are chemical or biological
products used to kill or inhibit
nematode activities.
• Are used when multiple
nematode infestations occur; or
• When no resistant variety or
non-host crop is available
7. Nematicides
Left image: showing the destructive effect of a chemical
nematicide on nematode cyst. Right image: showing
fungal hyphae arresting nematode activity
21. 21
Chemical nematicides
• Volatile organic compounds that
have broad-spectrum toxic activity
to nematodes and other soilborne
organisms
• They are mostly applied to soil
before the crop is planted
• They are very effective but can be
toxic to humans and environments
Fumigants
22. 22
Chemical nematicides
• Nonvolatile toxins. Have broad spectrum
activity. They are applied before, during,
or after planting
• Applied through soil drench, drip
irrigation, or spray onto foliage. They act
by contact or by systemic action
• Requires water to disperse within soil.
May be less effective compared to
fumigant chemical, and can also leach
Non-Fumigants
23. 23
Examples of chemical
nematicides
Fumigant
• Telone II
• Vapam HL
Non-fumigant
• Vydate
• Nimitz
• Velum Prime
Caution:
Most chemical products are toxic to humans, animals, and environments. They are to be
used only when other management options are not available or cannot help. Use of these
chemical may require special training or use certification to be used safely.
24. 24
Telone II
• A multi-purpose liquid soil fumigant for controlling
plant parasitic nematodes and other soilborne
organisms in soils to be planted to vegetable crops,
field crops, fruit and nut crops, and nursery crops.
• The active ingredient (1,3 dichloropropene (1,3-D)) is
very toxic, and is to be used only by Certified
Applicators. Telone II should only be used in open
fields, not in a greenhouse
• Used as a preplant liquid soil treatment applied by soil
injection. Effectiveness depends on temperature and
soil moisture
Click for More
Information
Fumigant
25. 25
Vapam HL
• A multi-purpose liquid soil fumigant. Active ingredient
is Sodium methyldithiocarbamate.
• It is a Restricted Use Pesticide, so can only be used by
a Certified Pesticide Applicator in the United States
• Kills plant parasitic nematodes, other soilborne
pathogens and weeds in soils to be planted with row
crop, vegetable, potato, berry, and orchard crops.
• Can be used alone or in combination with Telone® or
chloropicrin. Used as a preplant soil treatment by drip
or sprinkler chemigation, soil injection and soil
incorporation with bedding equipment.
Click for More Information
Fumigant
26. 26
Vydate
More information
HERE
• A non-fumigant nematicide. Active ingredient, oxamyl. It
kills both plant nematodes and insects. It’s a restricted-use
pesticide due to high toxicity towards nontarget organisms
• It’s a systemic nematicide. It can move through plant parts
on contact with the root or leaf. It can kill nematodes inside
the plant
• Available in liquid form, and can be applied before, during,
or after planting by soil drench, in-furrow, drip injection,
broadcast, or foliar spray
• It is effective on carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants,
squash, peppers, watermelon, and cantaloupes
Non-fumigant
27. 27
Click for More Information
Nimitz
• A non-fumigant nematicide, active ingredient is
fluensulfone, and is effective against several types of
plant nematodes. It’s a reduced-risk pesticides
• Has systemic activity - it can move through foliage
parts to root part to kill nematodes inside plant, but
foliage application not recommended to avoid
phytotoxicity
• Most effective when used preplant. Application is by
in-furrow or through chemigation at planting
• Effective on fruits and many vegetable crops including
cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers
Non-fumigant
28. 28
Velum Prime
• A non-fumigant nematicide. The active ingredient is
Fluopyram, which is effective against several types of
plant nematodes.
• Velum prime is a systemic fungicide that has nematicide
activity and is less toxic
• Application is by in-furrow, soil drench at planting or
through chemigation at planting
• It is labeled for use on cotton, potatoes, cucurbits,
watermelons, and cantaloupes; fruiting vegetables such
as tomatoes, eggplants, etc.
Click for More
Information
Non-fumigant
29. 29
Biological nematicides
• Naturally occurring living organisms
or their products or plant extracts
used to kill or suppress nematode or
(and other soilborne pathogens)
activity
• Pose low or no toxic risk to humans,
animals, and environments
• They may come in liquid, powder, or
granular form. Applied through seed
treatment, dipping, drench, spray, or
drip irrigation method
Seed treatment
Dipping Drench
Drips Spray
30. 30
Examples of bio-
nematicides
Bacterial-based
• Aveo
• Biost Nematicide 100
• Clariva pn
Fungal-based
• BIOSTAT®
• BIO-ACT®/ MELOCON WG
Mixture (bacteria and fungi)
• Nemaxxion Biol
Plant-based
• Dazitol
• Nemakill
Disclaimer:
These products are reported because they are labeled for use against
plant-parasitic nematodes. We have no information about their efficacy.
Growers are advised to use their judgment when buying products
31. • Broad-spectrum nematode control activity. Offer
protection against all nematode problems on
corn and soybean
• Active ingredient: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, an
endospore-forming bacteria species
• Application method: Seed treatments
Aveo
31
Click for More Information
Bacillus spp. Source Rufus
Akinrinlola, UTK
Bacterial-based
32. Biost Nematicide 100
32
Click for More
• Broad-spectrum protection, against soybean
cyst, root-knot, Reniform, sting and other
nematodes on soybean, corn and cotton
• Non-living active ingredient: Heat-killed
Burkholderia rinojenses and its fermentation
media
• Application method: It comes in liquid
formulation that is applied as seed treatments
Bacterial-based
33. 33
Clariva pn
Click for More
Information
• Narrow-spectrum nematode control activity. Offer protection against
sugarbeet cyst and soybean cyst nematode
• Active ingredient: Pasteuria nishizawae, an endospore-forming bacteria
species
• Application method: Seed treatments
Bacterial-based
34. 34
• Broad-spectrum protection.
• Controls root-knot, burrowing, cyst, root lesion,
stem, spiral, reniform, and dagger nematodes.
It’s label for use on fruits, vegetables, vine,
tubers, row and ornamental crops
• Active ingredient: A biotype of the fungus
Purpureocillium lilacinum
• Works best when applied as a pre-plant
treatment, and can be utilized in both powder
and liquid form
Click for More Information
BIOSTAT MOA
Parasitizes all reproductive stages of
plant pathogenic nematodes, eggs
and females.
Deforms, destroys ovaries, and
reduces egg fertility.
Under acidic pH, it produces toxins
that affect nematode’s nervous
system.
BIOSTAT®
Fungi-based
35. 35
• Broad-spectrum control against nematodes.
• Controls root-knot, cyst, root lesion, and sting
nematodes on fruits, vegetables, vine, tubers,
row and ornamental crops
• Active ingredient: The fungus Paecilomyces
lilacinus strain 251
• Used as a pre-plant, transplant or, when
needed, as a post-plant treatment, by
chemigation through drip or micro-sprinklers
Click for More Information
Bottom left photo – the fungus attacking a nematode egg.
Bottom right photo – the fungus killed adult Pratylenchus
nematode
Bio-Act/ Melocon WG
Fungi-based
36. 36
• Broad-spectrum control against
nematodes.
• Controls Root knot, Soybean cyst,
lesion, stem, dagger, and burrowing
nematodes
• Active ingredient: Consortium of
microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis,
Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces spp.)
and extracts (Tagetes) Click for More Information
Nemaxxion Biol
Bacteria and fungi-based
37. 37
• Broad-spectrum, plant-based fumigants,
active against nematodes, insects, other
soilborne pathogens, and pre-emergent
weed seeds. Not label for cyst nematodes.
• Active ingredients are natural chemicals
(capsaicin and isothiocyanate) from chili and
mustard, which are biodegradable
• Used as a preplant soil treatment through
drip irrigation or by hand spray (small area)
Click for More Information
Dazitol
Plant-based
38. 38
• Broad-spectrum, organic nematicide, active
against nematodes, insects, and other
soilborne pathogens
• Active ingredients are cinnamon oil, clove
oil, and thyme oil. Does not leave toxic
residue.
• Application is by direct spray or through
drip irrigation. Can be applied as preplant,
at plant, or after planting treatment
Click for More Information
Nemakill
Plant-based
Editor's Notes
While many bacteria are beneficial, bacteria can also cause a number of economically-important diseases in crops. These bacteria may be present in the soil, water, or be transmitted by insects. Bacteria can cause disease in a variety of ways, such as by producing toxins or enzymes that break down plant cells. As a result, the symptoms of bacterial diseases also vary widely and can range from galls to blights to wilts to scabs. Some examples of economically-important bacterial diseases include bacterial blight and bacterial wilt.
While many bacteria are beneficial, bacteria can also cause a number of economically-important diseases in crops. These bacteria may be present in the soil, water, or be transmitted by insects. Bacteria can cause disease in a variety of ways, such as by producing toxins or enzymes that break down plant cells. As a result, the symptoms of bacterial diseases also vary widely and can range from galls to blights to wilts to scabs. Some examples of economically-important bacterial diseases include bacterial blight and bacterial wilt.
Except cyst forming nematodes, plant parasitic nematodes can only be seen using a magnifying glass or microscopes
All plant parasitic nematodes have a needle-like mouthpart called stylet, and this makes them different from other nematodes
Crop loss due to nematodes is estimated to be over $200 billion annually
Sometimes nematode infected plants may not have symptoms and yet will still cause yield loss
Once in a field they cannot be eliminated this is because they can remain dormant in soil or plant residue for more than 10 years. Some can also form protective structure like cyst to protect their eggs
When present, above ground symptoms of nematode diseases may be confused for other plant diseases, but their pattern in the field may be different.
Stunted growth is the first obvious symptoms due to poor nutrient supply to the shoot part. Usually the infested plants are always shorter and smaller compared to healthy plants. In severe case, leaves may turn yellow and plants may wilt or die. In such case, areas with stunted or dead plants will have fewer stands and appear patchy in the field.
There are many types of plant parasitic nematodes causing damage to crops, but the most economic important nematodes are root knot, cyst, Reniform, and lesion nematodes. These will be discussed in details in the next slides
The root knot nematode is the most economical plant parasitic nematode worldwide. It has worldwide distribution, has wide host range and comprises of over 100 species, Among the species, M. incognita, M. hapla, M. javanica, and M. arenaria are the most virulent. Root knot nematode eggs will survive as egg mass on root surface or in soil in winter. During warm spring, the eggs hatch and releases the young nematode worms. The worms will invade root tips of host plant to enter the root. Once inside the nematode will cause cells of the plant to form large galls which will serve as source of food and nutrients for the nematode. This activity will cause wounds, loss of nutrients, and introduction of opportunistic pathogens to the infected root. Hence the infected plants will have poor root system that is full of galls. Usually, the size of galls varies with different species and host type
Cyst nematodes are the second most damaging plant parasitic nematodes. They are the second most damaging nematodes, following root-knot nematodes, and they are distributed worldwide. The most important members of the group are soybean cyst nematode, potato cyst nematode, and cereal cyst nematode. SCN and PCN are particularly known for causing high yield loss in the United states. One unique feature that is used to differential cyst nematode from other nematodes is their cyst. They form cysts on their hosts every 3 to 4 weeks.
The cyst is a dead female body containing the eggs. The cyst shell usually serves as protective that protective the eggs from harsh conditions
Lesion nematode is migratory nematode that feeds on root cortex using its stylet. It may enter the vascular tissues to obtain nutrients
They are found worldwide and over 70 species have been identified, which can feed on many host plants. Lesion nematodes damage on host plant can result to over 80%,
and characteristic sign of the nematode is necrotic lesion on host root or tuber
Soil sampling time will affect nematode test results. Some nematode i.e. cyst nematodes are best sampled for immediately after harvest,
while some others can be sampled immediately before planting
When sampling for nematode it is important to collect soil samples near the roots, going in a 45 degree angle to the roots
One core per acre is not nearly enough. The more soil cores collected the more accurate nematodes analysis will be
This table shows the level of damage or yield loss that can be caused by nematode on soybean by their density
Density under low thresholds will cause low damage or yield loss, and so on.
Nematode per 100 cc soil means the number of nematode egg or juveniles (worm) found in 100 cubic centimeter (cc) of soil sample
100 cc is the most common soil sample standard used to estimate nematode population in fields
But labs may use 200 or 500 cc soils
There are costs associated with getting rid of the plastic, which can become an environmental hazard or nuisance
C
It is a Restricted Use Pesticide and is for use by licensed applicators only
It is also used in cotton, not sure I would describe it as effective in cotton, at least in comparison to other nematode treatments