Selection of an efficient, simple and accurate screening method is extremely important in identifying a resistant or tolerant variety.
The screening method selected should give distinctly different reactions for plants of susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant cultivars.
Therefore, to establish an efficient screening method, proper understanding of insect biology, its potential plant damage, number of insects necessary to infest each plant, number of insect releases required, site of insect release, growth stage of the plant at which release should be made and the most appropriate time interval between infestation and evaluation is needed.
Screening Techniques for Different Insect Pests in Crop Plants Shweta Patel
This document discusses various screening techniques for different insect pests in crop plants. It describes procedures for developing and standardizing screening methods, including selecting seeds and screening sites. Several techniques are outlined for screening based on plant damage observed in the field, greenhouse, or laboratory. These include field, cage, and greenhouse screening. It also discusses techniques for screening based on insect responses like orientation, feeding, development, and fecundity. Examples of screening scales used for specific pests in different crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rapeseed, and pulses are provided. Development and standardization of screening techniques is important for effective resistance breeding programs against insect pests.
Pest surveillance involves regularly monitoring pest populations over time in a given area to assess changes. It is important for determining which pest control measures to implement. Common methods of pest surveillance include qualitative and quantitative surveys using various traps, counts, and indices to estimate pest numbers and damage. The key objectives are to identify pests, study population dynamics, estimate crop losses, and monitor how weather and other factors influence pest levels to forecast problems and schedule management actions.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
Screening Techniques for Different Insect Pests in Crop Plants Shweta Patel
This document discusses various screening techniques for different insect pests in crop plants. It describes procedures for developing and standardizing screening methods, including selecting seeds and screening sites. Several techniques are outlined for screening based on plant damage observed in the field, greenhouse, or laboratory. These include field, cage, and greenhouse screening. It also discusses techniques for screening based on insect responses like orientation, feeding, development, and fecundity. Examples of screening scales used for specific pests in different crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rapeseed, and pulses are provided. Development and standardization of screening techniques is important for effective resistance breeding programs against insect pests.
Pest surveillance involves regularly monitoring pest populations over time in a given area to assess changes. It is important for determining which pest control measures to implement. Common methods of pest surveillance include qualitative and quantitative surveys using various traps, counts, and indices to estimate pest numbers and damage. The key objectives are to identify pests, study population dynamics, estimate crop losses, and monitor how weather and other factors influence pest levels to forecast problems and schedule management actions.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Introduction, Techniques of release of natural enemies, Recovery evaluation of released natural enemies for colonization, Survivorship analysis/ Prediction of Success of released natural enemies for colonization, Conservation of Natural Enemies, Augmentation of Natural Enemies, Ecological manipulations for colonization of natural enemies and colonized natural enemies, Large scale production of bio-control agents.,
The study assessed variation in resistance spectra of Ethiopian wheat cultivars to stem rust. It found that bread wheat varieties KBG-01, Bobitcho, and Megal showed resistance to all 18 rust races tested, indicating wide resistance spectra. However, varieties with previously wide spectra like Bobitcho and Megal were becoming susceptible in fields, possibly due to selection pressure on the pathogen. Variation in resistance spectra was also found among durum and emmer wheat varieties. Understanding resistance spectra provides insights into pathogen evolution and has implications for breeding and disease management strategies.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Pest management involves using integrated approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. Cultural controls prevent pest issues through practices like crop rotation, sanitation and resistant varieties. Monitoring involves regular inspections to identify pests and determine if thresholds are met. Once thresholds are reached, actions like targeted pesticide use or harvesting are implemented to control pests. The goal is to use a balanced combination of methods to reduce pest populations in an environmentally sound and cost effective manner.
The document discusses several methods for producing virus-free plants, including meristem culture, heat treatment, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy. It provides details on experiments conducted on potato, black raspberry, sugarcane, and gladiolus plants infected with various viruses. For potato, meristem culture was used to produce virus-free plantlets of three varieties infected with potato virus Y. Heat treatment eliminated the black raspberry necrosis virus from black raspberry explants. In sugarcane, combining meristem culture and chemotherapy with ribavirin helped eliminate mosaic viruses. Experiments on gladiolus used thermo, electro, and chemotherapy methods to eliminate bean yellow mosaic virus from three cultivars. RT-PCR testing confirmed
1 A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)
2. it includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality
3. An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops
4. To humans, it is anyone who others or annoys other people
5. in its broadcast sense, it is a competitor of humanity
quality control and registration standards of biocontrol agentskarthik cmk
The document discusses quality control standards for biocontrol agents. It outlines the importance of quality control for ensuring biological control agents function properly after release. Key points covered include defining quality as an organism's ability to perform its intended pest control function, establishing laboratory testing methods to evaluate characteristics like emergence rates and parasitism/predation capacity, and developing general quality control criteria for mass-reared natural enemies. Examples are given for quality control guidelines for specific biocontrol agents like Amblyseius degenerans and Aphidius colemani.
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
Colonization of Natural Enemies, Techniques of Release of Natural Enemies, Re...Aaliya Afroz
This document discusses techniques for colonizing and evaluating natural enemies for biological pest control. It describes four types of release techniques: inoculative, inundative, accretive, and supplementary. Evaluation methods include field observations, host dissections, and sampling to detect natural enemies. Quantitative methods to measure natural enemy effectiveness include correlating pest and enemy levels, experimental exclusion of enemies, and mathematical modeling of population processes.
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
Pureline and Mass selection methods of plant breedingNeha Kakade
Plant breeding is the process of manipulating plant species in order to create desired traits, such as increased yield, disease resistance, or improved nutritional content. It involves careful selection and crossing of plants with desirable characteristics over several generations to achieve the desired outcome. Introduction to pureline selection, characteristics of pureline, history, applications of pureline selection, general procedure of pureline selection, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection, achievements.
Introduction to mass selection, applications of mass selection, Procedure of mass selection, merits of mass selection, demerits of mass selection, achievements of mass selection, difference between mass and pureline selection.
In pureline a large number of plants are selected from a self pollinated crop and are harvested individually, individual plant progenies from them are then evaluated, and the best progeny is released as a pureline variety. Therefore pureline selection is also known as individual plant selection.
In mass selection, a large number of plantsof similar phenotype are selected and their seeds are mixed together to constitute the new variety.
Mass selection is used for improvement of local varieties. Also used for purification of existing purelines.
Mass selection is a plant breeding method where plants with desirable traits are selected and allowed to interbreed to produce the next generation. It's a relatively simple approach, often used in the early stages of breeding programs to improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, or adaptation to specific environments. However, it may not be as precise or efficient as other breeding methods, such as pedigree selection or molecular breeding techniques.
Pureline selection is a breeding method focused on selecting and propagating individual plants that consistently exhibit desirable traits from generation to generation. It involves isolating plants with specific characteristics and allowing them to self-pollinate, ensuring genetic uniformity within the resulting offspring. This method is particularly effective for traits controlled by single genes and is commonly used to develop pure, uniform varieties in crops.
The document discusses guidelines for conducting pest surveillance surveys. It outlines 14 steps for conducting surveys including: 1) identifying the pest, 2) determining pest population, 3) estimating natural enemies, 4) choosing survey areas, 5) collecting data in the field, and 6) collecting pest specimens. It also provides protocols for collecting insect, pathogen, nematode, virus, and weed specimens. The goal of the document is to provide a standardized process for conducting effective pest surveillance surveys.
Management of insect pest management through different methods such as biological, chemical, mechanical, and most importantly integrated pest management.
This document discusses various methods for organic weed management, including preventive, cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical (organically approved) controls. Preventive measures aim to limit the introduction and spread of weed seeds. Cultural controls involve maintaining competitive crop conditions through methods like crop rotation, cover cropping, and mulching. Mechanical controls use hand/mechanical cultivation and mowing. Biological controls utilize allelopathy, beneficial organisms, and mycoherbicides. Organically approved chemicals like corn gluten meal and vinegar/essential oil mixtures are also options. The goal of an organic weed management system is to implement a whole farm approach that minimizes weed invasion and gives crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
This document discusses the development of herbicide resistance in crops through biotechnological approaches and genetic engineering. It provides information on the following key points:
- Herbicide resistant crops have increased dramatically worldwide due to their adoption of biotech traits. Traits providing herbicide tolerance have remained dominant.
- Techniques used to develop herbicide resistant crops include traditional plant breeding, mutagenesis, somatic hybridization, and plant transformation using vectors like Agrobacterium. Genes conferring resistance have been isolated from microorganisms, weeds, and crop plants.
- Multiple herbicide resistant crops are being developed that are resistant to glyphosate as well as other herbicides like glufosinate
This presentation was given on October 10, 2013, in Hartselle, AL. Has some news slides about factors that influence insect pests in high tunnels and some slides on how to improve quality of organic produce with correct use of organic insecticides. Refer to the other long version of the high tunnel IPM presentation I have for details about the three-tiered IPM recommendations for Alabama producers.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
Grow-out tests are used to determine the genetic purity of a seed lot by comparing plant growth to a standard sample. Samples of at least 400 plants are grown out and any off-types are identified by differences in distinguishing characters compared to the control. Results are reported as the percentage of off-types found, and lots containing over the maximum permissible percentage outlined in standards are considered impure. Proper procedures must be followed in conducting the tests, including using a control sample, standard agronomic practices, and examining plants throughout growth to identify any off-types.
How Does Farming Weeds Answer Questions About Pesticide Risk? Crop Protection...Covance
Covance was approached by a European company producing a standard herbicide for maize who had been asked by the regulator to conduct a study to provide data to refine the small mammal risk assessment. The concern was not only the residue on the maize, but also on the weeds that the herbicide targeted at the time of application.
This document discusses nematode resistance in crop varieties, including types of resistance, modes of inheritance, breeding methods, and sources of resistance identified in various crops. It describes immunity, resistance, tolerance, susceptibility and escape as types of resistance to nematodes. Resistance can be controlled by single genes (monogenic), a few genes (oligogenic), or many genes (polygenic). Breeding methods discussed include mass selection, line breeding, hybridization, and backcrossing. Sources of resistance identified for various nematodes include varieties of potato, tomato, brinjal, rice, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, chilli, pulses, and oilseeds.
The study assessed variation in resistance spectra of Ethiopian wheat cultivars to stem rust. It found that bread wheat varieties KBG-01, Bobitcho, and Megal showed resistance to all 18 rust races tested, indicating wide resistance spectra. However, varieties with previously wide spectra like Bobitcho and Megal were becoming susceptible in fields, possibly due to selection pressure on the pathogen. Variation in resistance spectra was also found among durum and emmer wheat varieties. Understanding resistance spectra provides insights into pathogen evolution and has implications for breeding and disease management strategies.
Presentation on preventive measures of weed control.pptxSudha Neupane
Weeds have been known since the ancient times. Weed are unwanted plant that grow along with the main crop in the field. Weed are considered as cumbersome for successful agriculture production. Due to crop-weed competition the crop yield losses are generally high in agriculture production. So, in order to minimize such losses farmers are practicing several weed management strategies which includes prevention, eradication, control (mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical method). The cultural methods are expensive and time consuming so, farmer have to move towards other alternative methods of weed control Varga et.al (2000). Furthermore, due to rising labor cost and non-availability of labor for manual weeding during the critical period of weed control has contributed to use of herbicides. Herbicides not only timely and effectively controls the weed but also offer a great scope for minimizing the cost of production Varga et.al (2000). Control methods are applied after the emergence of weed on the field while prevention methods of weed control are adopted before sowing the crops. Generally, there are two objectives: 1. To prevent the entry and establishment of weed species in an area.2. To prevent the spread of weed or to limit the weed build up in a field.
These objectives are referred as prevention. And any method that are applied before sowing the crop to prevent there entry , establishment and spreads comes under the prevention category. Focusing on second objective of preventive measures of weed control we can say that some cultural methods such as crop rotation or crop diversification, stale seed bed, tillage system, cover crops ( used as green manures or dead mulches),soil solarization, irrigation and drainage systems and crop residues managements can be included under preventive methods of weed control. In practice, weed management strategies should integrate indirect (preventive) methods with direct (cultural and curative) methods. The first category includes any method used before a crop is sown, while the second includes any methods applied during a crop growing cycle. Methods in both categories can influence either weed density (i.e., the number of individuals per unit area) and/or weed development (biomass production and soil cover). However, while indirect methods aim mainly to reduce the numbers of plants emerging in a crop, direct methods also aim to increase crop competitive ability against weeds.The success of prevention depends on awareness of the problem, species, effort, Co-operation, area.
•Most effective where adopted against a single species on a large area on a cooperative basis.
In conclusion we can say that farmers have several preventive methods in their arsenal that they can put together to build up a good weed management strategy. Preventive weed control is permanent weed control and usually require community action. it. For this process, a collective or joint effort and commitment is required.
Pest management involves using integrated approaches including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. Cultural controls prevent pest issues through practices like crop rotation, sanitation and resistant varieties. Monitoring involves regular inspections to identify pests and determine if thresholds are met. Once thresholds are reached, actions like targeted pesticide use or harvesting are implemented to control pests. The goal is to use a balanced combination of methods to reduce pest populations in an environmentally sound and cost effective manner.
The document discusses several methods for producing virus-free plants, including meristem culture, heat treatment, chemotherapy, and electrotherapy. It provides details on experiments conducted on potato, black raspberry, sugarcane, and gladiolus plants infected with various viruses. For potato, meristem culture was used to produce virus-free plantlets of three varieties infected with potato virus Y. Heat treatment eliminated the black raspberry necrosis virus from black raspberry explants. In sugarcane, combining meristem culture and chemotherapy with ribavirin helped eliminate mosaic viruses. Experiments on gladiolus used thermo, electro, and chemotherapy methods to eliminate bean yellow mosaic virus from three cultivars. RT-PCR testing confirmed
1 A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)
2. it includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality
3. An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops
4. To humans, it is anyone who others or annoys other people
5. in its broadcast sense, it is a competitor of humanity
quality control and registration standards of biocontrol agentskarthik cmk
The document discusses quality control standards for biocontrol agents. It outlines the importance of quality control for ensuring biological control agents function properly after release. Key points covered include defining quality as an organism's ability to perform its intended pest control function, establishing laboratory testing methods to evaluate characteristics like emergence rates and parasitism/predation capacity, and developing general quality control criteria for mass-reared natural enemies. Examples are given for quality control guidelines for specific biocontrol agents like Amblyseius degenerans and Aphidius colemani.
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
Colonization of Natural Enemies, Techniques of Release of Natural Enemies, Re...Aaliya Afroz
This document discusses techniques for colonizing and evaluating natural enemies for biological pest control. It describes four types of release techniques: inoculative, inundative, accretive, and supplementary. Evaluation methods include field observations, host dissections, and sampling to detect natural enemies. Quantitative methods to measure natural enemy effectiveness include correlating pest and enemy levels, experimental exclusion of enemies, and mathematical modeling of population processes.
Ecological manipulation and integrated pest management are important approaches. Cultural control methods manipulate the environment to make it less suitable for pests through practices like proper cultivation, crop rotation, trap cropping and resistant varieties. Ecological engineering enhances natural pest control by providing food and shelter for natural enemies. Biological control uses natural enemies like parasitoids and predators that are encouraged and disseminated. The AESA method involves observing crop fields and analyzing the interactions between pests, natural enemies and the environment to inform sustainable management practices.
Pureline and Mass selection methods of plant breedingNeha Kakade
Plant breeding is the process of manipulating plant species in order to create desired traits, such as increased yield, disease resistance, or improved nutritional content. It involves careful selection and crossing of plants with desirable characteristics over several generations to achieve the desired outcome. Introduction to pureline selection, characteristics of pureline, history, applications of pureline selection, general procedure of pureline selection, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection, achievements.
Introduction to mass selection, applications of mass selection, Procedure of mass selection, merits of mass selection, demerits of mass selection, achievements of mass selection, difference between mass and pureline selection.
In pureline a large number of plants are selected from a self pollinated crop and are harvested individually, individual plant progenies from them are then evaluated, and the best progeny is released as a pureline variety. Therefore pureline selection is also known as individual plant selection.
In mass selection, a large number of plantsof similar phenotype are selected and their seeds are mixed together to constitute the new variety.
Mass selection is used for improvement of local varieties. Also used for purification of existing purelines.
Mass selection is a plant breeding method where plants with desirable traits are selected and allowed to interbreed to produce the next generation. It's a relatively simple approach, often used in the early stages of breeding programs to improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, or adaptation to specific environments. However, it may not be as precise or efficient as other breeding methods, such as pedigree selection or molecular breeding techniques.
Pureline selection is a breeding method focused on selecting and propagating individual plants that consistently exhibit desirable traits from generation to generation. It involves isolating plants with specific characteristics and allowing them to self-pollinate, ensuring genetic uniformity within the resulting offspring. This method is particularly effective for traits controlled by single genes and is commonly used to develop pure, uniform varieties in crops.
The document discusses guidelines for conducting pest surveillance surveys. It outlines 14 steps for conducting surveys including: 1) identifying the pest, 2) determining pest population, 3) estimating natural enemies, 4) choosing survey areas, 5) collecting data in the field, and 6) collecting pest specimens. It also provides protocols for collecting insect, pathogen, nematode, virus, and weed specimens. The goal of the document is to provide a standardized process for conducting effective pest surveillance surveys.
Management of insect pest management through different methods such as biological, chemical, mechanical, and most importantly integrated pest management.
This document discusses various methods for organic weed management, including preventive, cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical (organically approved) controls. Preventive measures aim to limit the introduction and spread of weed seeds. Cultural controls involve maintaining competitive crop conditions through methods like crop rotation, cover cropping, and mulching. Mechanical controls use hand/mechanical cultivation and mowing. Biological controls utilize allelopathy, beneficial organisms, and mycoherbicides. Organically approved chemicals like corn gluten meal and vinegar/essential oil mixtures are also options. The goal of an organic weed management system is to implement a whole farm approach that minimizes weed invasion and gives crops a competitive advantage over weeds.
This document discusses the development of herbicide resistance in crops through biotechnological approaches and genetic engineering. It provides information on the following key points:
- Herbicide resistant crops have increased dramatically worldwide due to their adoption of biotech traits. Traits providing herbicide tolerance have remained dominant.
- Techniques used to develop herbicide resistant crops include traditional plant breeding, mutagenesis, somatic hybridization, and plant transformation using vectors like Agrobacterium. Genes conferring resistance have been isolated from microorganisms, weeds, and crop plants.
- Multiple herbicide resistant crops are being developed that are resistant to glyphosate as well as other herbicides like glufosinate
This presentation was given on October 10, 2013, in Hartselle, AL. Has some news slides about factors that influence insect pests in high tunnels and some slides on how to improve quality of organic produce with correct use of organic insecticides. Refer to the other long version of the high tunnel IPM presentation I have for details about the three-tiered IPM recommendations for Alabama producers.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
Grow-out tests are used to determine the genetic purity of a seed lot by comparing plant growth to a standard sample. Samples of at least 400 plants are grown out and any off-types are identified by differences in distinguishing characters compared to the control. Results are reported as the percentage of off-types found, and lots containing over the maximum permissible percentage outlined in standards are considered impure. Proper procedures must be followed in conducting the tests, including using a control sample, standard agronomic practices, and examining plants throughout growth to identify any off-types.
How Does Farming Weeds Answer Questions About Pesticide Risk? Crop Protection...Covance
Covance was approached by a European company producing a standard herbicide for maize who had been asked by the regulator to conduct a study to provide data to refine the small mammal risk assessment. The concern was not only the residue on the maize, but also on the weeds that the herbicide targeted at the time of application.
This document discusses nematode resistance in crop varieties, including types of resistance, modes of inheritance, breeding methods, and sources of resistance identified in various crops. It describes immunity, resistance, tolerance, susceptibility and escape as types of resistance to nematodes. Resistance can be controlled by single genes (monogenic), a few genes (oligogenic), or many genes (polygenic). Breeding methods discussed include mass selection, line breeding, hybridization, and backcrossing. Sources of resistance identified for various nematodes include varieties of potato, tomato, brinjal, rice, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, chilli, pulses, and oilseeds.
Similar to Grading of resistance for screening of major pest of Cash crop (20)
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. Introduction:
• Selection of an efficient, simple and accurate screening method is extremely
important in identifying a resistant or tolerant variety.
• The screening method selected should give distinctly different reactions for
plants of susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant cultivars.
• Therefore, to establish an efficient screening method, proper understanding of
insect biology, its potential plant damage, number of insects necessary to infest
each plant, number of insect releases required, site of insect release, growth
stage of the plant at which release should be made and the most appropriate
time interval between infestation and evaluation is needed.
3. Different screening techniques:
1) Field Cage Screening:
• In this screening type, insects are caged on test plants.
• Cages limit the emigration of the test insect and also protects these
insects from predation and parasitism.
• Whole plants can be placed in cages constructed of wood, plexiglass
or metal frames supporting screened aluminum panels of nylon. Cage
size and shape are determined by the type, age and number of test
plants under evaluation.
• Dimensions vary from small field cages to large field cages placed over
galvanized metal frames to cover entire experimental plot. Plant parts
can be enclosed in sleeve cages made of dialysis tubing, polyester
organdy or nylon cloth.
4. • 2) Green House Screening:
• Green house screening permits greater control in selecting
resistant plants but restricts the amount of material that can be
screened over a given period of time.
• Green house screening is a time saving tool for the crops having a
long growing cycle.
5. • Standard seed box screening test:
• Test cultivars are sown in wooden or metal flats filled with soil.
• A susceptible check and a resistant variety are also sown in random rows in
each seed box.
• Test insects, in numbers sufficient to kill the susceptible check cultivars are
uniformly distributed onto the seedlings.
• The damage is graded upon the death of the susceptible check cultivar. This
procedure is replicated four or five times.
• This screening test can be applied to rice leaf and plant hoppers.
6. • Modified seed box screening test:
• Because the seed box screening test is mostly qualitative, cultivars with
moderate levels of resistance are usually rated as susceptible.
• So the seed box test has been modified to detect cultivars with moderate
resistance to rice brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens.
• In the modified test, plants are older at the time of infestation and the
infestation rate is lowered. In addition, the progeny rather than the initial
source of infestation are the insects that cause the plant damage. With
these exceptions, all the other aspects are similar to that of conventional
type. This method can be used to all hoppers with slight modifications.
7. • No-choice screening test:
• This method is relatively simple, inexpensive and is extremely useful in the preliminary
evaluation of resistance.
• Uneven distribution of insects causes an unbalanced infestation resulting in the escape
of some cultivars from insect damage.
• In order to avoid this shortcoming, no-choice screening test is conducted where each row
of test cultivar seedlings was excluded from the other by an intervening vertical Mylar
plastic partition and exposed to equal insect infestation.
• This method ensures an even distribution of test insects on all test cultivars from the
beginning to the termination of the experiment.
• No choice technique has been widely used to complement free choice procedures to
identify and confirm the presence or absence of insect resistance in wide variety of
plants. To maximize the identification and measurement of insect resistance, use of both
free choice and no choice screening methods is suggested to provide reliable results.
8. • Laboratory Screening:
• Techniques for evaluating resistance under more controlled laboratory
conditions are often necessary, since field and greenhouse tests are affected
by a number of environmental factors that cannot always be controlled.
• Laboratory screening methods should only be viewed as a reliable and rapid
method for confirming insect resistance before or after field or greenhouse
testing. Leaf discs or plant tissues are commonly used in insect feeding
bioassays of chewing insects.
• Choice tests and no choice forced feeding tests are generally used to
evaluate insect resistance. Plant damage by insects is measured based on
the basis of area fed, dry weight of control and damaged tissue etc reduced
leaf area, loss in dry weight index, and poor chlorophyll concentration.
• Damage is estimated by visually scoring the amount of uneaten material on
a damage scale.
9. • Damage Rating:
• Host reaction scales are generally developed to accurately describe
insect damage levels.
• These scales are capable of differentiating among small differences in
plant damage and of clearly defining resistant, intermediate and
susceptible plants.
• Rating techniques associated with the scales should be fast and easy to
execute because thousands of plants must normally be evaluated during
the screening process. Basically, insect damage rating scales are used for
the measurement of damage caused.
• This is usually based on a 0 to 5, 1 to 5 or 1 to 6 scale. A rating of 0 to 2
or 1 to 2 suggests some resistance and need for further testing and a
rating of 4 to 5 or 5 to 6 represents highly susceptible cultivars.
10. Screening for insect resistance in cash
crops :
• 1) Cotton :
• A special procedure for determining the resistance to pink bollworm in cotton cultivars based on
carryover population in leftover green bolls has been given by Agarwal et al. (1973) and Sukhija
et al. (1983).
• The screening of cotton varieties against jassid is being done on the basis of injury grades. Four
leaf injury grades have been recognized. Under natural conditions, the screening of cotton
varieties against jassid is also being done by growing an infestor row of an okra between the
two cotton rows (Batra and Gupta, 1970).
• Free choice test for screening the germplasm against cotton whitefly under greenhouse
conditions has been suggested by Butter and Vir (1989) and several genotypes were screened
using this method. The sampling of whitefly adults and eggs from the lower surface of the three
fully opened leaves of the upper canopy and 4th instar red eye nymphs of the middle canopy
leaves has been advocated for correct population estimates by Butter and Vir (1990).
• Another criterion of leaf injury index based on plant damage which can be used for screening
the germplasm has been suggested by Sukhija et al. (1986) and Butter and Kular (1986).
Further studies are needed to refine these techniques of resistance for quick identification of
whitefly resistant cultivars.
11. 2. Sugarcane:
• i. Top borer:
• Evaluation of varieties for top borer infestation is generally done by
randomly selected stalks of each of healthy and damaged canes which
are examined for length, number of internodes, girth, weight and sugar
concentration. Yadav (1985) categorized sugarcane varieties against top
borer on the basis of percent incidence which are detailed below :
• ii. Shoot borer:
• Categorizing varieties for reaction to shoot borer infestation based on the
attacked plants ha-1 is claimed to be the most appropriate method.
However, based on the economic threshold level of 15% incidence, the
varieties may be graded as being less susceptible (0-15%), moderately
susceptible (15.1-30%) and highly susceptible (above 30%)
13. • iii. Scale insect:
• Evaluation of sugarcane varieties against scale insect has been done
on the basis of its infestation, namely, heavy, moderate and light,
depending upon the percent incidence or percent intensity of the pest
under field conditions (Agarwal, 1960).
• A quick technique for screening of sugarcane cultivars against
infestation of scale insect has been reported by Singh and Nigam
(1985) in which mature cane stalks of test varieties of sugarcane were
cut from a nursery plot and one end was sealed with molted wax.
• One hundred freshly emerged nymphs of M. glomerata were released
on stalks and kept in a dark place for 48 h. The number of nymphs
found settled 25 days after release was recorded and cultivars were
graded
14. Sl No. Particular Susceptibility
1
When only a few insects are seen
on any of the internode without a
well established colony (very
light) or when the incrustation of
the pest covers only about ¼ of
an internode (light)
Less susceptible
2
When the pest incrustation covers
nearly ½ of an internode
(moderate)
Moderately susceptible
3
When the incrustation covers ¾ of
an internode (severe) or more
than ¾ of an internode (very
severe) or when the canes show
drying due to the pest attack
Highly susceptible
15. 3.Groundnut :
Finally the infestation index is calculated as :
Infestation index = (Ixa+IIxb+ IIIxc+IVxd+Vxe)/( a+b+c+d+e)
Where I, II, III, IV and V are the injury graded
a, b, c, d and e are the number of plants falling in each grade.
i. Leaf miner screening method:
The resistance in groundnut leaf miner was evaluated on the basis of
the leaf miner injury. In the 12th All India Workshop of AICORPO (1978),
the following procedure was suggested by restricting observations on 10
leaflets plant-1 on 5 randomly selected plants suing 1-5 scale injury
grade .
16. • Conclusion:
• The majority of screening that is carried out in pant breeding is
not in the laboratory but in the field, where conditions are more
variable and where screening and selection techniques need
to be simple and economical of time and effort.
• Hence visual assessment of plant using scales or indices are
the commonest form of resistance evaluation.
• The need for screening plants under natural conditions of
infestation is a cause supported by few breeders but, on its
own, the use of insecticides in this way plays a
major contribution to the problems of crop susceptibility
17. References:
• 1.Mukhopadhyay A, Mandal A. Screening of brinjal (Solanum melongena) for
resistance to major insect pests. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 1994;64:798-803.
• 2. Mote UN. Studies on the varietal resistance of brinjal, Solanum melongena to
jassid, Amrasca biguttula biguttula under field conditions. J. Veg. Sci.
1978;5(2):107-110.
• 3. Uthamasamy S. Studies on the resistance in okra. Abelmoschus esculentus (L)
Moench to the leafhopper, Amrasca devastans (Dist). Trop. Pest Mgt. 1986;32(2):146-
147.
• 4. Uthamasamy S. Studies on host resistance in certain okra varieties to the leaf
hopper Amrasca devastans. Ph.D thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univerity,
Coimbatore; 1979.
• 5. Sandhu GS, Sharma BR, Singh B, Bhalla JS. Sources of resistance to jassid and
whitefly in okra germplasm. Crop Improv. 1974;1(1-2):77-81.