The document discusses a study on the impact of electromagnetic radiation from cell phone towers on honeybee colonies. The study involved placing beehives at different distances (0m, 200m, 400m, 600m, 800m) from a cell tower and measuring various honeybee activities and development over time. Results showed that colonies closer to the tower (<400m) had lower honey production, egg laying, brood development, and larval areas compared to farther colonies. This suggests electromagnetic radiation from cell towers may negatively affect honeybee health and colony development.

1. Impact Of Electromagnetic
radiations of biology and
behaviour of Apis
mellifera L.
Shweta Patel
42537

2. INTRODUCTION
 Honeybees play a vital role in the pollination of agricultural
crops
 In recent years honey bee colony declines have reached
10-30% in Europe, 30% in the United States and up to
85% in Middle East, but such declines are not apparent in
South America, Africa and Australia (Kluser,2010)
 The syndrome behind honeybee population decline is known
generally as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which is
characterized by a rapid loss of adult worker bees (van
(Engelsdorp, 2009)
 EMFs are mentioned as a cause of honeybee colony losses,
the sudden disappearance of honeybees, which is a huge
problem in the field of beekeeping (VanEngelsdorp et
al,2009)

3. There are several factors for CCD and they fall into
two main classes:
 living organisms
human activity
Electromagnetic radiation can best be described as
waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together
(i.e. radiating ) through space .
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are physical fields that
are produced by a source of EMR. Electric fields are
associated with electric charge and magnetic fields with
the movement of electric charge.

4. Radiation Pattern of a Cell Tower
Antenna
People living within 50 to 300 meter radius are in the
high radiation zone (dark blue) and are more prone to
ill-effects of electromagnetic radiation

5. Proportion of studies on different
groups of organisms
Birds; 3%
Bees; 1%
Wildlife;2%
Other
Animals;
12%
Plants; 1%Human; 81%
Bees Wildlife Other
Animals
HumanPlantsBirds
Studies on EMF impacts

6. MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Fifteen boxes of bees were place at specified
locations. First three boxes were placed below the
mobile tower. After measuring 200m, 400m, 600m and
800m distance from the tower, three boxes were
placed at each location, respectively.
 At each place 3 replications was taken. 6 Treatment
was considered at every place. Assuming first
treatment as a no. of bees (bees-strength), second,
third, fourth, fifth and sixth as area of honey, egg,
larva ,brood and pollen. Each were be measure after 14
days interval. The experiment was divided into 5 spot
with each spot different distances:
Spot 1: 0 m
Spot 2: 200 m
Spot 3: 400 m
Spot 4: 600 m
Spot 5: 800 m

7. Experimental Site

8. Radio Frequency Meter

9. Effect of Radiations on honey area
(cm2
) of honeybees during 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean
E
(mV/m) B(µA/m)
S
(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 275.833
(16.575)
665.000
(25.672)
277.500
(16.442)
387.500
(19.611)
478.333
(21.049)
745.833
(26.631)
554.166
(22.351)
616.666
(23.693)
500.101
(21.503)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 606.666
(24.300)
789.166
(27.588)
473.333
(21.448
521.666
(22.684)
372.500
(19.299)
305.000
(17.386)
308.333
(17.454)
514.166
(22.36)
486.35
(21.564)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 361.400
(18.346)
710.000
(26.442)
530.000
(22.799)
432.500
(20.333)
397.500
(19.686)
912.500
(28.609)
854.166
(28.753)
96.666
(9.791)
536.84
(21.844)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 500.833
(22.082)
798.333
(27.963)
455.833
(20.885)
370.833
(18.236)
542.500
(22.552)
460.833
(19.872)
407.333
(19.458)
234.633
(14.918)
471.388
(20.745)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 645.000
(25.346)
733.333
(26.958)
488.333
(21.990)
527.500
(22.940)
190.623
(13.626)
883.316
(29.694)
592.083
(24.304)
347.500
(18.535)
550.958
(22.924)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 477.946
(21.330)
739.166
(26.925)
445.000
(20.713)
448.000
(20.761)
396.291
(19.243)
661.496
(24.439)
543.216
(22.464)
361.926
(17.859)
509.130
(21.716) _ _ _
Sem 107.523
(2.635)
148.275
(2.851)
105.073
(2.5687)
102.057
(2.6173)
112.528
(2.828)
255.034
(4.9305)
163.145
(3.6768)
124.922
(3.026)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 350.449
(8.589)
483.270
(9.294)
342.466
(8.372)
332.633
(8.530)
366.763
(9.218)
831.228
(16.070)
163.145
(11.984)
407.156
(9.863)
_ _ _ _
Cv 38.965
(21.40)
34.744
(18.344)
40.897
(21.480)
39.457
(21.835)
49.182
(25.458)
66.777
(34.943)
52.019
(28.349)
59.783
(29.350)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _

10. Honey area at different distance
from tower during the year 2012

11. Progressive increase in Honey area
during the year 2012

12. Method estimating the area of honey,
egg, pollen, larva and brood

13. Effect of Radiations on the egg laying capacity in
area (cm2
) of queen bee at Pantnagar during 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m
)
B(µA/m) S(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 126.666
(9.060)
15.000
(3.142)
157.500
(11.742)
167.500
(12.598)
152.500
(10.018)
95.833
(7.426)
144.166
(10.863)
150.000
(11.258)
126.143
(9.513)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 210.833
(14.059)
59.166
(6.796)
199.583
(13.824)
185.833
(13.547)
220.000
(14.803)
145.000
(11.954)
168.333
(11.864)
176.666
(10.808)
170.673
(12.206)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 0.000
(0.000)
48.333
(6.915)
215.000
(14.192)
200.833
(13.967)
145.833
(11.842)
45.833
(5.202)
261.666
(15.408)
102.500
(10.055)
127.497
(9.697)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 122.500
(8.364)
37.916
(6.052)
203.333
(11.639
140.000
(11.512)
75.000
(6.921)
115.833
(10.305)
105.000
(8.162)
115.833
(10.394)
114.425
(9.168)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 61.666
(4.533)
34.166
(5.824)
100.000
(7.8867)
65.833
(5.712)
125.833
(11.205)
64.166
(6.540)
80.000
(8.7561)
47.833
(6.562)
72.433
(7.127)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 104.333
(7.203)
38.916
(5.746)
175.083
(11.857)
152.000
(11.467)
143.833
(10.958)
93.333
(8.285)
151.833
(11.010)
118.566
(9.815)
122.237
(9.542)
_ _ _
sem 74.773
(4.292)
19.006
(1.374)
82.463
(3.960)
51.320
(2.622)
50.919
(3.154)
47.522
(3.200)
71.286
(3.164)
59.257
(3.145)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 243.706
(13.991)
61.946
(4.480)
268.770
(12.909)
167.266
(8.546)
165.961
(10.280)
154.888
(10.432)
232.342
(10.312)
193.137
(10.250)
_ _ _ _
Cv 124.131
(103.214)
84.589
(41.435)
81.578
(57.860)
58.479
(39.604)
61.317
(49.853)
88.190
(66.912)
81.320
(49.772)
86.564
(55.497)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _

14. Egg laying by Queen bee at different
distance from tower during the year
2012

15. Progressive increase in area of egg laying
during the year 2012

16. Impact of Radiations on the brood area (cm2
) of
honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m
)
B(µA/m) S
(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 109.166
(10.101)
161.449
(20.812)
281.666
(15.901)
198.333
(13.966
283.666
(14.336)
450.833
(17.861)
355.833
(16.619)
574.166
(23.838)
340.817
(16.679)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 189.166
(13.750)
435.416
(20.695)
389.583
(19.683)
453.333
(21.133
360.000
(18.883)
451.666
(21.131)
721.666
(26.608)
250.833
(14.163)
406.453
(19.505)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 314.166
(17.5487)
570.000
(23.688)
333.333
(18.175)
468.333
(21.585)
441.666
(20.974)
435.000
(20.812)
407.500
(19.234)
578.333
(23.901)
443.531
(20.739)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 261.666
(16.084)
553.750
(23.500)
223.541
(13.415)
505.000
(22.441)
204.166
(11.655)
635.833
(25.094)
490.833
(20.054)
587.500
(23.716)
432.772
(19.494)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 164.166
(10.461)
339.166
(17.825)
252.500
(15.869)
286.666
(13.573)
240.833
(14.539)
225.833
(14.991)
215.833
(13.962)
245.000
(15.616)
246.246
(14.604)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 207.666
(13.589)
474.250
(21.304)
296.125
(16.609)
382.333
(18.54)
306.066
(16.078)
439.833
(19.978)
438.333
(19.295)
447.166
(20.247)
_ _ _ _
sem 49.535
(2.647)
113.819
(2.634)
85.661
(3.036)
87.997
(3.455)
100.027
(4.431)
122.459
(3.796)
143.272
(4.560)
88.835
(2.545)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 161.449
(8.629)
370.969
(8.587)
279.196
(9.896)
286.809
(11.263)
326.017
(14.443)
399.130
(12.373)
466.967
(14.864)
289.540
(8.297)
_ _ _ _
Cv 41.315
(33.744)
41.568
(21.420)
50.104
(31.663)
39.864
32.284
56.605
(47.738)
48.224
(32.912)
56.613
(40.937)
34.409
(21.777)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _

17. Area of Brood at various distance
from tower during the year 2012

18. Progressive increase in brood area
during the year 2012

19. Impact of Radiations on the larva area (cm2
) of
honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m
)
B(µA/m) S(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 25.833
(3.865)
21.166
(3.554)
138.333
(10.561)
183.333
(12.959)
82.500
8.891)
146.666
(9.878)
220.000
(11.988)
169.166
(12.219)
123.37
(9.239)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 7.500
(2.017)
17.466
(4.432)
198.333
(13.982)
194.166
(13.738)
195.000
13.769)
213.333
(14.318)
251.666
(15.576)
164.166
(10.455)
155.2
(11.035)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400
m )
201.666
(13.680)
37.500
(6.046)
196.666
(14.011)
215.000
(14.284)
188.333
13.578)
70.000
(6.573)
273.333
(16.448)
263.333
(16.165)
180.726
(12.598)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 51.666
(5.849)
40.833
(6.175)
134.166
(9.291)
340.833
(17.956)
179.166
10.407)
124.166
(8.973)
122.500
(8.979)
255.000
(15.370)
156.037
(10.375)
7. 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 102.500
(7.142)
13.750
(3.700)
109.166
(7.625)
40.833
(5.195)
27.500
(5.210)
39.166
(5.042)
92.500
(8.922)
39.166
(5.9387)
58.07
(6.0968)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 77.833
(6.511)
26.143
(4.782)
155.333
(11.094)
194.833
(12.826)
134.500
(10.371)
118.666
(8.957)
192.000
(12.382)
178.166
(12.029)
134.684
(9.869)
_ _ _
sem 56.032
(2.962)
26.143
(1.044)
74.674
(3.793)
74.950
(2.828)
63.498
(2.881)
51.631
(2.953)
66.675
(3.516)
62.312
(2.512)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 182.626
(9.656)
32.051
(3.404)
243.385
(12.364)
244.286
(9.217)
206.961
(9.392)
168.280
(9.624)
217.313
(11.462)
203.094
(8.188)
_ _ _ _
Cv 124.691
(78.809)
65.151
(37.831)
83.265
(59.226)
66.630
(38.189)
81.772
(48.123)
75.360
(57.102)
60.148
(49.191)
60.577
(36.174)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _

20. Area of Larva at different distance from
tower during the year 2012

21. Area of comb occupied by the larvae
during the year 2012

22. Impact of Radiation on the pollen area at Pantnagar
during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m) B(µA/m) S
(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 105.000
(8.856)
13.581
(3.092)
51.456
(6.995)
19.166
(4.136)
62.500
(7.146)
96.666
(9.643)
127.500
(11.245)
159.166
(12.342)
79.376
(7.931)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 216.666
(11.93)
1.041
(0.831)
57.500
(7.541)
89.166
(9.197)
129.166
(11.127)
165.000
(12.772)
121.666
(10.987)
140.000
(11.722)
110.52
(9.512)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 61.666
(7.7199)
.250
(0.288)
46.250
(6.086)
41.250
(6.266)
96.666
(9.623)
59.500
(7.029)
277.500
(15.765)
103.333
(10.160)
85.8
(7.867)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 71.666
(8.401)
19.583
(2.900)
50.833
(7.074)
76.750
(8.680)
95.000
(9.577)
69.166
(8.257)
200.000
(14.090)
185.000
(13.370)
95.997
(9.043)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 289.166
(15.634)
.1233
(0.202)
35.623
(5.725)
40.400
(5.661)
16.666
(3.329)
18.333
(4.217)
33.7500
(5.4377)
10.873
(2.998)
55.613
(5.400)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 148.833
(10.508)
6.916
(1.463)
48.332
(6.684)
53.346
(6.788)
80.000
(8.160)
81.733
(8.384)
152.083
(11.505)
119.674
(10.118)
373.971
(18.205)
_ _ _
sem 100.347
(3.687)
10.165
(1.257)
17.250
(1.266)
20.632
(1.337)
30.269
(1.840)
19.536
(1.149)
50.814
(2.013)
25.831
(1.042)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 327.059
(12.019)
33.133
(4.097)
56.223
(4.126)
67.247
(4.360)
98.657
(5.998)
63.675
(3.747)
165.617
(6.562)
84.191
(3.396)
_ _ _ _
Cv 116.779
(60.783)
254.596
(148.82)
61.818
(32.804)
66.989
(34.133)
65.535
(39.064)
41.401
(23.752)
57.871
(30.310)
37.385
(17.839)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ** * ** _ _ _ _

23. Pollen area at different distance
from tower during the year 2012

24. Progressive increase in Pollen area
of comb during the year 2012

25. Impact of radiations on the Bees-strength of
honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/
m)
B
(µA/m)
S
(mW/m2
)
T1 (0 m) 19832.33
(136.754)
23000.00
(151.452)
23334.33
(150.975)
26962.33
(161.410)
9997.33
(98.946)
19719.67
(139.416)
20775.67
(139.811)
26053.33
(153.728)
21209.37
(141.562)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 21777.67
(147.485)
17000.00
(130.178)
20222.33
(141.621)
23388.67
(152.118)
27109.00
(164.536)
20887.67
(143.053)
23331.67
(152.678)
29941.67
(167.983)
22957.34
(149.957)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 22333.33
(148.830)
23055.33
(151.298)
87889.00
(254.890)
26443.33
(161.528)
28442.67
(167.184)
24053.67
(154.429)
24553.00
(156.530)
26479.67
(158.521)
32906.25
(169.151)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 20666.67
(142.159)
22000.33
(147.175)
28556.00
(168.252)
26388.33
(161.594)
26442.33
(161.783)
28998.33
(169.062)
17442.67
(131.90)
27276.00
(164.409)
24721.33
(155.792)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 16333.33
(122.531)
14333.67
(114.536)
10333.33
(98.469)
13777.33
(117.182)
12058.33
(109.691)
12111.00
(109.934)
10886.33
(104.302)
9720.67
(98.483)
12444.25
(109.391)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 20188.67
(139.552)
19877.87
(138.928)
34067.00
(162.941)
23392.00
(150.786)
20809.93
(140.428)
21154.07
(143.179)
19397.87
(137.044)
23894.27
(148.625)
22847.71
(145.185)
_ _ _
sem 5138.29
(19.088)
3752.13
(14.963)
29613.43
(50.973)
4771.11
(14.625)
2914.88
(8.986)
3814.267
(12.755)
553.77
(12.255)
8397.07
(25.921)
- _ _ _
Cd at 5% 16747.17
(62.215)
12229.30
(48.768)
96518.68
(166.137)
15550.43
(47.669)
9500.46
(29.290)
12431.79
(41.575)
11582.76
(39.943)
27368.47
(84.484)
- _ _ _
Cv 44.083
(23.691)
32.694
(18.654)
150.562
(54.184)
35.327
(16.80)
24.261
(11.084)
31.230
(15.430)
31.731
(15.488)
60.868
(30.208)
- _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ** ns ns ns - _ _ _

26. Method of estimating the Bees-
Strength

27. Impact of radiations on bee-strength at
different distances from tower during 2012

28. Progressive increase in number of bees
during the year 2012

29. Radiations at different spots

30. Radiation at 0 m (beneath,the mobile
tower) during the year 2012

31. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Bees-strength in the starting of experiment in T1 (0
m, beneath, the mobile tower) was found to be
19,832.33 while, it was seen increased 26,053.33 at
the end of experiment, the first week of October,
under the influence of electromagnetic radiations
emitted from the mobile tower.
 The overall progressive increased in honey area
recorded during the month of June-October, Area of
comb, filled with honey was increased 340.833 cm2
in
T1 (0m, beneath, the mobile tower) while, decreased
in -297.5 cm2
in T5 (800m) followed by T4 (600 m) in
266.2 cm2
, -264.734 cm2
in T3(400m) and -92.5cm2
in
T2(200m).

32.  On the basis of observations recorded, it was
revealed that the area of egg was significantly
increased in T3 (T1102.5 cm2
) and T1 (23.334 cm2
)
whereas, it was found to be decreased in T2 (-34.167
cm2
), T5 (-13.836 cm2
) and T4 (- 6.667 cm2
).
 The radiation was recorded during month of June-
October. Highest radiation was observed in T1 (E
=304.297 mV/m, B =541.22 µA/m and S =302.913 m
W/m2
) while minimum in T5 (E =7.088 mV/m, B =19.12
µA/m and S =0.132 m W/m2
) followed by T4 (E =7.198
mV/m, B =19.338 µA/m and S =0.0981 m W/m2
), T2
(E=10.663 mV/m, B= 24.08 µA/m and S =0.248 m
W/m2
) and T3 (E =20.826 mV/m, B =109.54 µA/m and
S=2.235 m W/m2
), respectively.

33. Conclusion
As per the present investigation, all treated
colonies with mobile tower radiation had
perform well as normal colony and none of these
colonies were perished during the experiment.
At 0 m (beneath,the mobile tower) area of
honey, brood, larva, egg, pollen all were
increased.
The present investigation would help to bee-
keepers of Tarai region of Uttrakhand where,
their bee hives were placed near the mobile
tower .No impact of electromagnetic radiations
of colony strength and bees survivorship.

34. Thanks