This document discusses scientific yak management and covers topics like housing, feeding, disease prevention and calving. It recommends that housing for yaks should be hygienic, non-slippery and free of dust and flies. It also discusses feeding yaks roughages, concentrates, protein supplements and special feeds. The document outlines different routes of disease transmission and emphasizes the importance of vaccination, deworming and isolation in disease control. It provides guidance on calving practices like assisting newborns in suckling, feeding colostrum and housing calves separately after birth.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
Non leguminous fodder-
1) Maize (Zea mays): Maize forage is more nutritious at milk stage. It is non leguminous kharif crop . it is a maintenance type fodder having 8-10% protein.
2) Jowar/sorghum (Sorghum Vulgare): Green jower contain 0.5% DCP,16% TDN, 0.13% Ca and 0.03% Phosphorus. For feeding of livestock it should be harvested at 50% flowering stage.
3) Bajra or Pearl Millet (Pennesetum typhoids) : It is harvested before flowering stage for feeding the animals. It contain 13% TDN and 0.9% DCP.
4) Oats (Avena sativa) : This is the non leguminous crop of the rabi season .It is the best crop for hay making. It is a maintenance type fodder having 7-9 % CP and 55 % TDN.
Leguminous fodder :
1) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium): Berseem is one of the most important cultivated crop of India. Kashni is the weed crop grown along with berseem. It is grown in rabi season. It contain 15% CP and 60 % TDN. But excessive intake of berseem may lead to bloat condition.
2) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) : this is the productive type fodder it contain 12-15% CP and 55- 60 % TDN
3) Lobia or Cow pea (Vigna sinensis ): It contains on an average 15% CP and 30 % crude fiber on dry matter basis.
Concentrate:
1) Cereal grains- The cereal grains are high in starch and low in fibre. The DCP range between 7-10 % and TDN from 70-80%. The cereals are all deficient in Ca containing less than 1g/kg DM. the Phosphorus content is higher being 3-5g/kg . the cereal grains are deficient in Vitamin D.
2) Barley (Hordeum sativum): Barley being the second main rabi crop of India. It contains 7-8 percent DCP and 75-80 percent TDN, 0.07 percent Ca and 0.28 percent P. Barley is deficient in vitamin A, D and riboflavin but rich in niacin content.
3) Maize (Zea mays): Maize contains 7 percent DCP and 80 percent TDN. The yellow maize contains enough amount of carotene, hence good for feeding of livestock and poultry birds. It is deficient in lysine and methionine. Maize contains about 730 gm starch/ Kg DM, is very low in fibre and has a high metabolised energy value.
4) Gram: Gram contains 12 to 16 percent DCP and 78 percent TDN. Animals have great liking for this grain and so, used for preparing the concentrate mixture for feeding the livestock.
5) Jowar: Whole grains are usually fed to chickens. It contains 7 percent DCP and 74 percent TDN and high percentage of leucine.
Clean Milk Production Practices and its Management in India by Sunil Meenasunil meena
Milk is the main product from a dairy enterprise, produced basically as food for human consumption. A dairy farmer must, therefore, aim at maximising on milk output from his/her dairy herd. At the same time the farmer must ensure that milk is produced in clean and hygienic conditions so that it is fit for human consumption.
From public’s health point of view, milk is a very good media for bacterial and other micro-organisms development. As such, disease hazard in public can easily be predisposed by infected milk during production, handling and marketing.
Clean Milk Production Practices
Source Hygiene and Preparations
Check for mastitis with a strip cup or any other method.
Isolate sick animals and milk them last (Their milk should not be mixed with good milk).
Wash udder, teats and flank of the animal with clean water preferably add a disinfectant. Wipe with a clean cloth.
Always groom and cut the hair around the under.
Dispose fore-milk
Tie tails of troublesome animals when milking.
Milker’s Hygiene
Milker should: –
Be healthy and clean
Maintain short fingernails and hair cut (ladies can cover their heads when milking as guard to falling hair)
Avoid smoking during milking time.
Be quick and efficient
Milk continuously (no interruptions).
Milking Environment
The shed can be permanent or movable
Where possible provide a cement floor for easy and proper cleaning.
Water should drain easily and away from the shed
Provide a clean feed trough, water trough and protected store.
There should be a good source of water nearby
The shed should be located away from bad smells and odours
It should be cleaned after every milking
Livestock should not have access to the shed during the day
Utensils
a. Types
Use seamless utensils preferably aluminium or stainless steel
Use cans, sufurias or metal buckets in milking
Provide a good washing place
Washing procedure
Rinse excess milk with cold and clean water
Scrub with a brush using hot water mixed with a detergent e.g. soap or detergent
Rinse with cold water and place the utensils to dry on a rack upside down during the day.
c. Storage
Utensils should be stored at night in a safe and clean place, which is well ventilated.
Milking
a. Preparation
Do not excite the animals
Regularize milking intervals
b. Method
Squeeze the teat and do not pull.
All milk should be got from the under i.e. avoid incomplete milking
Use a teat dip after milking
Milk Handling
a. Filtering
Use a white filter cloth
Filter immediately after milking
Disinfect, wash and dry the filter cloth after use
b. Storage
Store milk in cool and clean place
The room used to store milk should without other materials such as chemicals and should also be lockable.
c. Marketing or Disposal
Milk should be delivered to the market as soon as possible
It is advisable to delivery milk early in the morning and evening to avoid hot periods of the day.
Non leguminous fodder-
1) Maize (Zea mays): Maize forage is more nutritious at milk stage. It is non leguminous kharif crop . it is a maintenance type fodder having 8-10% protein.
2) Jowar/sorghum (Sorghum Vulgare): Green jower contain 0.5% DCP,16% TDN, 0.13% Ca and 0.03% Phosphorus. For feeding of livestock it should be harvested at 50% flowering stage.
3) Bajra or Pearl Millet (Pennesetum typhoids) : It is harvested before flowering stage for feeding the animals. It contain 13% TDN and 0.9% DCP.
4) Oats (Avena sativa) : This is the non leguminous crop of the rabi season .It is the best crop for hay making. It is a maintenance type fodder having 7-9 % CP and 55 % TDN.
Leguminous fodder :
1) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium): Berseem is one of the most important cultivated crop of India. Kashni is the weed crop grown along with berseem. It is grown in rabi season. It contain 15% CP and 60 % TDN. But excessive intake of berseem may lead to bloat condition.
2) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) : this is the productive type fodder it contain 12-15% CP and 55- 60 % TDN
3) Lobia or Cow pea (Vigna sinensis ): It contains on an average 15% CP and 30 % crude fiber on dry matter basis.
Concentrate:
1) Cereal grains- The cereal grains are high in starch and low in fibre. The DCP range between 7-10 % and TDN from 70-80%. The cereals are all deficient in Ca containing less than 1g/kg DM. the Phosphorus content is higher being 3-5g/kg . the cereal grains are deficient in Vitamin D.
2) Barley (Hordeum sativum): Barley being the second main rabi crop of India. It contains 7-8 percent DCP and 75-80 percent TDN, 0.07 percent Ca and 0.28 percent P. Barley is deficient in vitamin A, D and riboflavin but rich in niacin content.
3) Maize (Zea mays): Maize contains 7 percent DCP and 80 percent TDN. The yellow maize contains enough amount of carotene, hence good for feeding of livestock and poultry birds. It is deficient in lysine and methionine. Maize contains about 730 gm starch/ Kg DM, is very low in fibre and has a high metabolised energy value.
4) Gram: Gram contains 12 to 16 percent DCP and 78 percent TDN. Animals have great liking for this grain and so, used for preparing the concentrate mixture for feeding the livestock.
5) Jowar: Whole grains are usually fed to chickens. It contains 7 percent DCP and 74 percent TDN and high percentage of leucine.
Clean Milk Production Practices and its Management in India by Sunil Meenasunil meena
Milk is the main product from a dairy enterprise, produced basically as food for human consumption. A dairy farmer must, therefore, aim at maximising on milk output from his/her dairy herd. At the same time the farmer must ensure that milk is produced in clean and hygienic conditions so that it is fit for human consumption.
From public’s health point of view, milk is a very good media for bacterial and other micro-organisms development. As such, disease hazard in public can easily be predisposed by infected milk during production, handling and marketing.
Clean Milk Production Practices
Source Hygiene and Preparations
Check for mastitis with a strip cup or any other method.
Isolate sick animals and milk them last (Their milk should not be mixed with good milk).
Wash udder, teats and flank of the animal with clean water preferably add a disinfectant. Wipe with a clean cloth.
Always groom and cut the hair around the under.
Dispose fore-milk
Tie tails of troublesome animals when milking.
Milker’s Hygiene
Milker should: –
Be healthy and clean
Maintain short fingernails and hair cut (ladies can cover their heads when milking as guard to falling hair)
Avoid smoking during milking time.
Be quick and efficient
Milk continuously (no interruptions).
Milking Environment
The shed can be permanent or movable
Where possible provide a cement floor for easy and proper cleaning.
Water should drain easily and away from the shed
Provide a clean feed trough, water trough and protected store.
There should be a good source of water nearby
The shed should be located away from bad smells and odours
It should be cleaned after every milking
Livestock should not have access to the shed during the day
Utensils
a. Types
Use seamless utensils preferably aluminium or stainless steel
Use cans, sufurias or metal buckets in milking
Provide a good washing place
Washing procedure
Rinse excess milk with cold and clean water
Scrub with a brush using hot water mixed with a detergent e.g. soap or detergent
Rinse with cold water and place the utensils to dry on a rack upside down during the day.
c. Storage
Utensils should be stored at night in a safe and clean place, which is well ventilated.
Milking
a. Preparation
Do not excite the animals
Regularize milking intervals
b. Method
Squeeze the teat and do not pull.
All milk should be got from the under i.e. avoid incomplete milking
Use a teat dip after milking
Milk Handling
a. Filtering
Use a white filter cloth
Filter immediately after milking
Disinfect, wash and dry the filter cloth after use
b. Storage
Store milk in cool and clean place
The room used to store milk should without other materials such as chemicals and should also be lockable.
c. Marketing or Disposal
Milk should be delivered to the market as soon as possible
It is advisable to delivery milk early in the morning and evening to avoid hot periods of the day.
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High altitude pasture management is very important particularly for the sustainability of hilly livestock. There is always a competition of different livestock in high altitude area for grasses and fodder tree.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
5. • Colostrum: first milk
given by dam after
parturition
– High fat
– Antibodies
– Solid non fat
– Lactose, etc.
– within 15 min to 2
hours
• Milk Replacers:
– is fortified with
vitamins, minerals &
antibiotics
– higher fat reduces
diarrhea
Special feed
6. • Spread of disease agents
– Animal animal
– Animal human
• Different routes
of transmission
– Aerosol
– Direct contact
– Fomite
– oral
Diseases
Routes of transmission
7. Control of disease
• Vaccination
• Deworming
• Basic prevention steps involve:
– Isolating sick animals
– Keeping environment clean, dry
– Keeping equipment clean
– Proper care and management during calving
– Quarantine etc.
8. Calving
• Calve cows separately from
heifers to minimize
disease exposure
• Clean pens
between uses to minimize
exposure
• Do not house sick animals
in calving pens
9.
10. Assist them in suckling the first milk
Feed colostrum
– do not fast
– make sure milk replacer is good quality
– feed small amounts of milk more often
– Vit. A,D,E,B
After calving
14. Individual Management
Regular check up of individual animal
• Good physical exam
– Alertness, suckle reflex
– Body condition, hair coat
– Temperature of extremities
Calving cows/heifers individually and following proper hygiene procedures between animals, such as cleaning pens and putting in fresh bedding, will help minimize the risk of disease exposure. Calving pens should be designated for this purpose and not used to house sick animals due to the risk of disease organisms being shed into the environment and exposing stressed animals at calving. Photo courtesy of DB Weddle, ISU.
Isolation and quarantine were discussed under general prevention, so we will not cover that in detail here. For diarrheal diseases (Salmonella, crypto, rotavirus), animals shed thousands, even millions of organisms into the environment and should be separated from susceptible animals. Separate equipment for feeding and watering are important to minimize disease spread. The animal in this photo should be removed from this group pen so as not to expose the other calves; photo courtesy of DB Weddle, ISU.
