Non leguminous fodder- 1) Maize (Zea mays): Maize forage is more nutritious at milk stage. It is non leguminous kharif crop . it is a maintenance type fodder having 8-10% protein. 2) Jowar/sorghum (Sorghum Vulgare): Green jower contain 0.5% DCP,16% TDN, 0.13% Ca and 0.03% Phosphorus. For feeding of livestock it should be harvested at 50% flowering stage. 3) Bajra or Pearl Millet (Pennesetum typhoids) : It is harvested before flowering stage for feeding the animals. It contain 13% TDN and 0.9% DCP. 4) Oats (Avena sativa) : This is the non leguminous crop of the rabi season .It is the best crop for hay making. It is a maintenance type fodder having 7-9 % CP and 55 % TDN. Leguminous fodder : 1) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium): Berseem is one of the most important cultivated crop of India. Kashni is the weed crop grown along with berseem. It is grown in rabi season. It contain 15% CP and 60 % TDN. But excessive intake of berseem may lead to bloat condition. 2) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) : this is the productive type fodder it contain 12-15% CP and 55- 60 % TDN 3) Lobia or Cow pea (Vigna sinensis ): It contains on an average 15% CP and 30 % crude fiber on dry matter basis. Concentrate: 1) Cereal grains- The cereal grains are high in starch and low in fibre. The DCP range between 7-10 % and TDN from 70-80%. The cereals are all deficient in Ca containing less than 1g/kg DM. the Phosphorus content is higher being 3-5g/kg . the cereal grains are deficient in Vitamin D. 2) Barley (Hordeum sativum): Barley being the second main rabi crop of India. It contains 7-8 percent DCP and 75-80 percent TDN, 0.07 percent Ca and 0.28 percent P. Barley is deficient in vitamin A, D and riboflavin but rich in niacin content. 3) Maize (Zea mays): Maize contains 7 percent DCP and 80 percent TDN. The yellow maize contains enough amount of carotene, hence good for feeding of livestock and poultry birds. It is deficient in lysine and methionine. Maize contains about 730 gm starch/ Kg DM, is very low in fibre and has a high metabolised energy value. 4) Gram: Gram contains 12 to 16 percent DCP and 78 percent TDN. Animals have great liking for this grain and so, used for preparing the concentrate mixture for feeding the livestock. 5) Jowar: Whole grains are usually fed to chickens. It contains 7 percent DCP and 74 percent TDN and high percentage of leucine.

1. DR. ABHISHEK SHARMA
Teaching Associate

2. • The animals are dependent on plants for supply of their food material.
• They consume forage ,straw, concentrate and their by-products for various
body functions.
• These feed stuffs can be grouped as roughages and concentrates on the
basis of bulkiness and chemical composition.
The Advantages of Feed Classification are:-
• Feeds with similar nutritive characteristics are grouped together.
•Such grouping helps in the selection of feedstuffs for formulation of ration,
and
•This also helps in the substitution of one feed with another feed from the
same group.

3. C.F. ˃ 18% C.F. ˂ 18%
T.D.N < 60% T.D.N > 60%
Roughages:- These are the feed stuffs which contain more
than 18% crude fibre and less than 60% TDN and more
than 35% cell wall on dry matter basis. these are further
sub divided into following ways.

4. Water < 10-15% water > 60-90 %
D.M. > 80-90 % D.M. < 20-30%
18-34% CF Straw like Wheat, rice
40-60% TDN oat, jowar, barley < 40% TDN
Considerable carotene < 6% CP, little carotene, if any
Leguminous Non- leguminous
( Hay of lucerne, berseem, etc.) (Sorghum, dub etc.)

5. 1. 2. 3.
4.
1. Wheat Straw
2. Paddy Straw
3. Jowar straw
4. Lucerne Hay

6. Water >60-90 %
D.M.< 20-30%
Cultivated Fodder Silage Top feed Pasture
According to cultivation (60-70% moisture) ( Tree leaves)
1. Rabi(Oat, Lucerne, berseem)
2. Kharif (Jower, Maize,Bajra )

7. Roughages can also be grouped based on the nutritive value (on
DMB) into maintenance type, productive type and non maintenance
type.
1. Maintenance type of roughages have about 3-5 % digestible
crude protein (DCP). e.g. non-legumes: cereal fodders and grasses
and their hay.
2. Productive type of roughages have more than 5% DCP e.g.
legume fodders and their hay.
3. Non maintenance type of roughages have below 3% DCP e.g.
straw and stovers.

8. Concentrate contains little amount of crude fibre( C.F.< 18
%) and more than 60% TDN. Concentrates constitute
essential part of Ration. They include oil seed, oil cake,
cereal grain and their by-products.
C.P. < 18% C.P. >18%
Cereal grain Mill by product Molasses' Root and Tuber
EX- Wheat bran(D.C.P.=10%)
(T.D.N=72%)

9. Plant Protein Animal Protein NPN substances Single Cell Protein
C.P. >47%
examples:-
Fish Meal- D.C.P.= 60%
Bone Meal= C.P.= 40%
Meat Meal= C.P.= 50-55%
Blood Meal= C.P.= 80%

10. Oil seed Oil cakes Pulses Brewer yeast and Brewer grain

11. Terminology:-
• Natural pasture:- Natural pasture are grasslands where grasses of several different
species grow wild as natural vegetation. They occur in forest regions and uncultivable
wastelands.
•Cultivated pastures:- Cultivated pastures are grasslands which are regularly cultivated
and maintained in condition by means of periodical weeding and manuring.
•Soilage:- Pasture whether natural or cultivated when cut and fed green to an animal in its
own stall is known as soilage.
•Soilage or Zero grazing :- The method of feeding of an animal with soilage is know as
soiling or zero grazing.
•Soiling crops:- The grasses or crop which act to provide the fodder are known as
‘Soiling crop’
•Pasture Legumes:- Stylosanthus hamata, Stylosanthes scabra, Butterfly Pea.

12. Hay:- Hay is the product obtained by drying in the sun or in the
shade, tender stemmed leafy plant material in such a way that they
contain not more than 12-14% moisture.
Straw: Straw is the by-product of any cereal, millet or legume crop
leftover after harvesting, threshing and removal of the grains or
pulses.
Fodder: Aerial part with ears, with husks or heads are called fodder.
Stover : Aerial parts without ears, without husks or heads are called
Stover.
Bagasse:- It is the fibrous material leftover in sugar factories after
extraction of all the juice from sugarcane.

13. 1. Plant part
2. Part of corn plant
3. Corn cobs
4. Stover
5. hay

14. Methods of extraction of oil from the seeds:- Cakes and meals are the products
leftover after extraction of oil from the seeds.
1. Hydraulic pressure method or Ghani pressed :- Oil seeds are pressed under
high pressure . The cake obtained by this method contain 8 % fat.
2. The expeller process : This is a continuous process in which the seeds are fed
into a revolving screw of diminishing circumference, the oil being collected are
carried off in the small channels. The cake obtained by this method contain 6%
fat.
3. Solvent extractor process : Seed are crushed and placed loosely in a large
container and a solvent like either, benzene or petrol is allowed to percolate.
Extracted material is heated with steam to remove the solvent . This cake contains
less than 1% fat.
Note- Soybean meal is produced by the solvent extraction method. Heat treatment is
necessary to inactivate trypsin inhibitor, haemagglutinins, Saponins etc.

15. 1.,2.Ghani pressed
3.The expeller process
4.Solvent extraction

16. Nowadays feedstuffs have been described as per the international feed
vocabulary(IFV) to minimize the identification difficulties by assigning descriptive
name to every feed. IVF is widely used in north America and south America , part
of Europe, the middle East, Australia and south east Asia.
Each international feed description is coined by using descriptions from
one or more of six facets these include the following.
1. Origin
2. Part
3. Process and Treatments
4. Stage of Maturity
5. Cutting (primarily applicable to forages).
6. Grade (official grades with guarantees).

17. 1.Origin :- The origin of the parent material of plant may be specific ( Sorghum,
Maize, etc.) or Non- specific (cereals, grasses, legumes etc)
2.Part : This facet of feed description represents the actual part of the parent
material.
3.Processes and treatments: Various processes are used in the preparation of
animal feeds and some of these may significantly alter their nutritive value. Heat
may damage some nutrients; conversely it may make other nutrients more
available. Treatment like grinding , pelleting and heat treatment affect the nutritive
value . Some of processes and treatments like drying , expeller, solvent extraction
process, etc . Also affect the chemical composition.

18. 4. Stage of Maturity :- Stage of maturity is an important factor that influences the
nutritive value of forages, silages and some animal products.
i. Early Vegetative : Stage at which the plant is vegetative and before the stem
elongates.
ii. Late Vegetative : Stage at which stems are beginning to elongate just before
blooming ; first bud to first flower.
iii. Early bloom : Stage between initiation of bloom and stage in which 1/10 of
the plants are bloom
iv. Mid-bloom: Stage in which 1/10 to 2/3 of the plants are in bloom.
v. Full –bloom: Stage in which 2/3 or more of the plants are in bloom.
vi. Late-bloom: Stage in which blossoms begin to dry and fall, and seeds begin
to form.
vii. Milk Stage : Seeds well formed, soft and immature.
viii.Dough stage: Seeds with dough like consistency.
ix. Mature: Stage at which plants are harvested for seeds

20. 5. Cutting : Many forages like berseem and Lucerne are cut and
harvested a number of times and description.
6. Grades: Some commercial feed and feed ingredients have been
given official grades on the basis of their on the basis of thier
composition and other quality characteristics.