Bergey's Manual has undergone significant evolution, with the first edition released in 1923 and culminating in the ninth edition in 1994, focusing mainly on phenetic classification. The manual transitioned to systematic bacteriology in 1984, dividing bacteria into multiple phyla across several volumes, highlighting their characteristics and ecological importance. It encompasses various groups, including archaeans and gram-negative bacteria, detailing classifications that pertain to medical and industrial importance.

1. BERGEY’S MANUAL & IT’S
CLASSIFICATION
Presented By- Bidisha Mandal

2. The History and Evolution of Bergey’s Manual
1. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923-
1994)
 9 Editions (1 volume each )-These are mainly phenetic
 First edition-1923 (one volume)
 Seventh edition-1957 (one volume)
 8th edition-1975 (one volume)
 9th edition-1994 (one volume)
2. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (1984-
2012)
 1st edition (4volumes);1984-1989; Mix Phylogenetic / Phenetic - 5
Kingdoms
 2nd Edition (5 volumes) (2001-2012);Phylogenetic-3 Domains

4. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
 First edition -Published in 4 volumes:
 Volume 1 (1984) – Gram - negative Bacteria of
general, medical, or industrial importance
 Volume 2 (1986) – Gram - positive Bacteria other than
Actinomycetes
 Volume 3 (1989) – Archaeobacteria, Cyanobacteria,
and remaining Gram-negative Bacteria
 Volume 4 (1989) – Actinomycetes

6. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
 Second Edition - published in 5 volumes:
 Vol 1 - (2001) The Archaea and the deeply branching and
phototrophic Bacteria
 Vol 2 - (2005) -The Proteobacteria
 Vol 3 - (2009) - The Firmicutes
 Vol 4 - (2011) - The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes
(Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria,
Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae,
Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes
 Vol 5- (2012) - The Actinobacteria

7. VOLUME I
Domain: Archaea
Phylum Crenarchaeota
Class: Thermoprotei
• Originally containing thermophilic and hyperthermophilic
sulfur-metabolizing archaea
• Thermoproteales, Desulfurococclaes, Sulfolobales
• Recently discovered Crenarchaeota are inhibited by sulfur &
grow at lower temperatures
• Eg. Sulfolobus

8. Domain: Archaea
Phylum Euryarchaeota
 Differ in rRNA from other archaeans
 Eight classes and twelve orders
 Methanogenic archaea - Methanococcus
 Halophilic archaea -Halobacterium
 Thermophilic - Thermococcus
 Sulfur-reducing archaea - Archaeoglobus

9.  Domain Bacteria
The 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla. Some
notable phyla are:
Phylum Aquificae
 The earliest branch of the Bacteria
 Contains genera Aquiflex and Hydrogenobacter that can
obtain energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic
pathways
 Also thermophilic
 Ether-linked lipids

10.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
Phylum Thermotogae
 Anaerobic, thermophilic, fermentative, gram-negative
 Contains unusual fatty acids and ether linked lipids
 Also thermophilic
 E.g. Thermotoga
Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
 Radiation resistant
 Stains Gram-positive
 High carotenoid contents

11.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
 Phylum Chloroflexi
 Gram negative green nonsulfur bacteria
 Gliding motility
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis
 Unusual peptidoglycans and lack LPS
 Chloroflexus,
 Herpetosiphon (Nonphotosynthetic)

12.  Domain Bacteria (cont.)
 Phylum Cyanobacteria
 Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
 Chlorophyll a and phycobilins
 Unicellular or filamentous
 Some are Nitrogen fixers
 Nostoc, Spirulina
 Phylum Chlorobi
 The “green sulfur bacteria”
 Anoxygenic photosynthesis
 Includes genus Chlorobium

13. VOLUME II
Exclusive for Gram-negative bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
 The largest group of gram-negative bacteria
 Extremely complex group, with over 538 genera and
2000 species
 All major nutritional types are represented: phototrophy,
heterotrophy, and several types of chemolithotrophy
 Many species are important in medicine, industry and
biological research
 Five classes – (i) Alphaproteobacteria,
(ii) Betaproteobacteria,
(iii) Gammaproteobacteria,
(iv) Deltaproteobacteria,
(v) Epsilonproteobacteria

14.  Alphaproteobacteria:
o Metabolic resemblance with alphaproteobacteria
o Use Organically decomposed materials in anoxic zones
o Hydrogen (Alcaligenes)
o Ammonia (Nitrosomonas)
o Methane (Methylobacillus)
o Volatile fatty acids (Burkholderia)
o Pathogen -Neisseria

15.  Betaproteobacteria
o Largest class
o 14 orders and 28 families
o Many facultative anaerobes
o Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrionaceae and Pasteurellaceae
– Use EMP and HMP pathways
o The family Enterobacteriaceae, the “gram-negative
enteric bacteria,” include genera Escherichia, Proteus,
Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella,
Serratia, and others

16.  Gammaproteobacteria:
o Pseudomonadaceae, Azotobacteraceae use ED and
HMP pathways
o The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus
Pseudomonas and related genera
o Few are photosynthetic – Chromatium
o Methylotrophic - Methylococcus

17.  Deltaproteobacteria:
o Eight orders and 20 families
Predators
o Bdellovibrio
Myxococcales (Slime bacteria)
o Fruiting myxobacteria – Myxococcus, Polyangium
Anaerobic sulfate reducers
o Desulfovibrio

18.  Epsilonproteobacteria:
o Only one order – Campylobacterales
o Campylobacter, Helicobacter
o Many are microaerophilic

19. VOLUME III
 Phylum Firmicutes
 “Low G + C gram-positive” bacteria (less than 50%)
 Divided into 3 classes
Class I – Clostridia
o Includes genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculum,
and others
o Anaerobic
o Forms endospores

20. Class II – Mollicutes
o Called as mycoplasmas
o Lack cell wall
o Cell membrane –sterols are present
o Pleomorphic
o Require sterols for growth
o Normally non motile, but some exhibit gliding
movement
o Most are Animal and plant pathogens
o E.g. Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma

21. Class III– Bacilli
o Gram positive
o Can be rods or cocci
o Mostly aerobic, some are facultative
o Two orders – Bacillales, Lactobacillales
o Medically and Industrially important genera
o Require sterols for growth
o E.g. Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus

22. VOLUME IV
 Phylum Planctomycetes
o Aquatic habitats
o Coccoid, ovoid or pear shaped
o Some have membrane-enclosed nucleoid
o Most of them lack peptidoglycan
o Unicellular as well as chains
o Division by budding
o Stalks - non-prosthecate appendages
o Flagellar or giding motility
o E.g. Isophaera

23.  Phylum Chlamydiae
 Obligate intracellular parasites
 Coccoid
 Very small in size
 Two stages in life cycle – elementary bodies and
reticulate bodies
 Most of them lack peptidoglycan

24. Phylum Spirochaetes
 Characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified
outer membrane (the outer sheath) and modified flagella
(axial filaments) located within the outer sheath
 Gram negative
 Chemoheterotrophs
 Free living, symbiotic or parasitic
 Important pathogenic genera include Treponema, Borrelia,
and Leptospira

25. Phylum Bacteroidetes
 Gram negative, non spore forming anaerobic, rods
 Wide distribution – soil, sea, guts and skin of animals
 Fecal Indicator
 Beneficial microbe in the gut
 Some are opportunistic pathogens
 Are resistant to wide range of antibiotics
 Includes genera Bacteroides, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter,
and Cytophaga; Flexibacter and Cytophaga are motile by
means of “gliding motility”

26. VOLUME V
Phylum Actinobacteria
 “High G + C gram-positive” bacteria (50-55%)
 Terrestrial or aquatic
 Only one class, but 5 subclasses, six orders and 44
families
 Often form complex branching filaments called hyphae
 Even complex life cycles are found in some genera
 Forms asexual spores

27. Phylum Actinobacteria
 Secondary metabolite producers
 Geosmin production
 Varied difference in their cell walls, e.g. mycolic acid
 Largest genus Streptomyces – 150 species
 Includes genera Actinomyces, Streptomyces,
Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Mycobacterium,
Propionibacterium