Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects about 1.1% of the world's population, most commonly diagnosed between ages 16-25. It can be hereditary and affects men more than women. Some early warning signs include social withdrawal, suspiciousness, and deterioration of hygiene. Brief psychotic disorder involves psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations for at least one day but less than one month, with full recovery of functioning. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders are characterized by abnormalities in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or negative symptoms.
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
This document discusses treatment resistant schizophrenia, including definitions of response, remission, and resistance. It describes assessments that should be conducted before labeling a patient's schizophrenia as drug resistant, including evaluating for pseudo-resistance, co-occurring conditions, organic causes, antipsychotic side effects, and medication nonadherence. Management strategies discussed include optimizing antipsychotic drugs and doses, considering clozapine as the gold standard, and various augmentation strategies if clozapine fails such as with other antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, or other agents targeting glutamatergic transmission.
1) A study compared the effectiveness of valproate versus lithium for treating bipolar disorder in clinical practice.
2) The study found that overall rates of psychiatric hospital admission, switching to another psychotropic, or adding on another psychotropic were higher for patients taking valproate compared to lithium.
3) However, lithium use is limited by its side effect profile which can include renal, endocrine, neurological, cardiovascular and dermatological complications.
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5. It discusses key features of psychotic disorders including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It then summarizes several psychotic disorders - brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. For each disorder, it outlines diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches including medications, therapy, and monitoring.
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
The document discusses several definitions of abnormality including statistical deviation from norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. It also evaluates these definitions. Mental disorders like phobias, depression, and OCD are explained using behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches and the effectiveness of treatments like CBT, flooding, and drug therapy are evaluated.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It describes key symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. It discusses diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders like brief psychotic disorder and schizophreniform disorder. It also covers prevalence, development and course, risk factors, cultural considerations, gender differences, and high suicide risk associated with these conditions.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. It has a significant public health impact due to high treatment costs and non-adherence to medication.
- Symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior. Symptoms of depression include low mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
- Causes are thought to involve genetic and biological factors like neurotransmitter levels. Stressful life events can also trigger episodes.
- Treatment involves medication
Will talk about the severe psychological disorders-- The familiar name for all might be -"Schizophrenia" - it is not just one category but has multiple categories combined under -"Schizophrenia spectrum"
My forensic psychiatric research done in Indian jails shows most convicts under murder cases belong to schizophrenia spectrum (98% schizophrenia and 2% paranoid & schizoid personality disorders), and most have murdered their spouses, family members, friends or colleagues and surrendered themselves on the spot.
This presentation on the "Schizophrenia spectrum" has been particularly shared with you all to extend my message to help these affected people at the right time and maintaining their condition to prevent them from committing such crimes as there is no proper mental health care--Clinical, Legal or authoritative help available for convicts suffering from mental disorder.
This document discusses treatment resistant schizophrenia, including definitions of response, remission, and resistance. It describes assessments that should be conducted before labeling a patient's schizophrenia as drug resistant, including evaluating for pseudo-resistance, co-occurring conditions, organic causes, antipsychotic side effects, and medication nonadherence. Management strategies discussed include optimizing antipsychotic drugs and doses, considering clozapine as the gold standard, and various augmentation strategies if clozapine fails such as with other antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, or other agents targeting glutamatergic transmission.
1) A study compared the effectiveness of valproate versus lithium for treating bipolar disorder in clinical practice.
2) The study found that overall rates of psychiatric hospital admission, switching to another psychotropic, or adding on another psychotropic were higher for patients taking valproate compared to lithium.
3) However, lithium use is limited by its side effect profile which can include renal, endocrine, neurological, cardiovascular and dermatological complications.
Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic Disorders for NCMHCE StudyJohn R. Williams
The document provides an overview of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders according to the DSM-5. It discusses key features of psychotic disorders including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. It then summarizes several psychotic disorders - brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, and psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. For each disorder, it outlines diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches including medications, therapy, and monitoring.
Quick review of the essential points— DSM5 diagnosis criteria, assessments, treatments—of these disorders to better prepare for the National Clinical Mental Health Counseling Exam. This can be used like flashcards or as a presentation.
The document discusses several definitions of abnormality including statistical deviation from norms, failure to function adequately, and deviation from ideal mental health. It also evaluates these definitions. Mental disorders like phobias, depression, and OCD are explained using behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches and the effectiveness of treatments like CBT, flooding, and drug therapy are evaluated.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It describes key symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. It discusses diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders like brief psychotic disorder and schizophreniform disorder. It also covers prevalence, development and course, risk factors, cultural considerations, gender differences, and high suicide risk associated with these conditions.
This document provides information about bipolar disorder, including its symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Some key points:
- Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness characterized by extreme mood swings from mania to depression. It has a significant public health impact due to high treatment costs and non-adherence to medication.
- Symptoms of mania include inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, and risky behavior. Symptoms of depression include low mood, loss of interest, and changes in appetite and sleep.
- Causes are thought to involve genetic and biological factors like neurotransmitter levels. Stressful life events can also trigger episodes.
- Treatment involves medication
The document discusses delusions from a psychiatric perspective. It provides background on how delusions were historically defined and categorized. It describes the key characteristics of delusions as being firmly held false beliefs that are resistant to evidence. It discusses different types of delusional content and potential neurological underpinnings. The document also examines theories about how delusions may develop from abnormal perceptions, emotions, memories or thought processes and considers case examples.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
This document discusses psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. It provides details on:
1) The diagnostic criteria and characteristics of schizophrenia according to the DSM-5 including symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
2) The origins and models of delusions and hallucinations, which are common symptoms of schizophrenia. It describes different types of hallucinations and models of thought organization.
3) Treatment options for schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions. Common atypical antipsychotics are listed and their side effect profiles described.
This document summarizes various neuropsychiatric sequelae that can occur after a stroke. It discusses conditions like post-stroke depression (occurring in 30-40% of patients), anxiety disorders (25%), apathy (20%), pathological laughing/crying (11-35%), catastrophic reactions (20%), and more rare conditions like mania, bipolar disorder, and psychosis. It provides details on risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for these different post-stroke neuropsychiatric conditions.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
Schizoaffective Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia along with symptoms of mood disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. There are two subtypes - one where psychotic episodes occur with and because of a mood episode, and another where psychotic episodes also occur independently outside of any mood episodes. Treatment involves medication and psychotherapy.
Neurobiology of Substance Dependence
The document summarizes the neurobiology of substance dependence in 3 key areas:
1. Substance dependence involves changes in the brain's reward pathway including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex due to drug-induced alterations in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
2. Drugs of abuse activate the brain's natural reward system by increasing the release of dopamine in this pathway, initially producing feelings of pleasure but ultimately leading to maladaptive changes in brain structure and function over time.
3. Withdrawal from drugs involves dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems producing negative symptoms that drive relapse through craving and stress. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms provides
This document discusses novel neurotransmitters beyond the classical ones. It describes nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and neurosteroids. Nitric oxide is produced in neurons from arginine and acts through cGMP. It is involved in long term potentiation and erectile function. Carbon monoxide regulates olfaction and vasodilation. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from cysteine and acts as a gaseous messenger. Endocannabinoids like anandamide signal retrogradely through CB1 receptors. Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain from cholesterol and include allopregn
The document provides information on personality disorders, including their defining features, diagnostic criteria for specific disorders, prevalence, course, etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It addresses disorders such as paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, antisocial, and others. The document contains detailed descriptions and considerations for diagnosing each personality disorder.
This document provides information about conversion disorder, a somatoform disorder characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical factors. It defines conversion disorder, discusses its history stemming from Freud's work with Anna O, and provides details on epidemiology, comorbidities, etiology from psychoanalytic, learning theory and biological perspectives, diagnostic criteria, and clinical features involving motor, sensory and seizure-like symptoms.
A DSM 5 Update: Substance - Related And Addictive DisordersChat 2 Recovery
Within the next year, most insurance providers will be expecting all claims to include the new DSM-5 nomenclature. It is imperative for all mental health professionals to be comfortable with the new diagnostic criteria and recording procedures. This presentation provides participants with a clear understanding of the revisions made in the category of Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5.
Topics presented by Nick Lessa, CEO of Inter-Care: an addiction treatment program in New York City.
Includes:
Changes in the diagnostic criteria from the DSM–IV to the DSM-5
The distinction between Substance Use Disorders and the Substance - Induced Disorders
Recording procedures for Substance Related Disorders
The document provides an overview of consultation-liaison psychiatry, including basics, common conditions, and management approaches. It defines consultation-liaison psychiatry and its roles in a general hospital setting. Common conditions addressed include delirium, suicide, depression, agitation, and medical issues like hepatic or renal impairment. Management prioritizes identifying and treating underlying causes, coordinating pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and effective communication with medical teams.
Dr. Harneet presented on neuropsychological assessment in severe mental illness. Neuropsychological assessment comprehensively evaluates cognitive, psychological, emotional, and behavioral functioning through detailed interviews and standardized testing to identify strengths and weaknesses. It can aid in diagnosis, distinguish psychiatric and neurological symptoms, inform treatment planning, and assess rehabilitation potential. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and include impairments in attention, memory, intelligence, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessment is important for understanding the cognitive impact of severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
This document summarizes Indian research on schizophrenia conducted from the 1960s to the 2010s. It outlines key areas of research including epidemiology, biological studies, treatment studies, and investigations of symptoms, course, and outcomes. Some landmark studies mentioned are the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders study, International Study of Schizophrenia, and long-term follow up studies of cohorts in Agra and Madras that found illness intensity decreases over time and outcomes are better than in developed countries.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersMingMing Davis
Emilio is a 40-year-old man who has been hospitalized 12 times for schizophrenia. He has stopped taking his medication and exhibits disorganized speech, incoherent thoughts, and bizarre behavior such as saying he has been "eating wires and lighting fires." He has a long history of being unable to work or live independently due to his schizophrenia symptoms. Schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and can include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms such as lack of motivation. It has unclear causes but likely involves genetic and environmental factors.
A personality disorder is characterized by unchanging personality traits that deviate from cultural norms and cause poor functioning. They develop in childhood and become fixed by early adulthood. There are ten personality disorders divided into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Personality disorders are diagnosed using psychological testing and can be confused with Axis I disorders at times. Treatment varies by disorder but often involves long-term psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
This document provides an overview of the phenomenology of schizophrenia, including a historical perspective on how it has been conceptualized over time. It describes the clinical manifestations and thought disorders commonly seen in schizophrenia, such as formal thought disorders involving disorganized thinking, disorders of thought flow/tempo, disorders of thought possession, and disorders involving delusional thinking. It also briefly discusses misidentification syndromes that can occur.
The document provides information on schizophrenia including its history, diagnosis, symptoms, and clinical picture. It notes that schizophrenia was first identified as a distinct mental illness in 1887 and its name, meaning "split mind", was coined in 1911. For a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5, an individual must exhibit two or more of the following symptoms for a significant period of time: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and negative symptoms. The clinical picture of schizophrenia involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms reflecting absence of normal behaviors such as avolition, asociality, blunted affect, alogia, and anhedonia.
This is a ppt explaining the symptoms and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia, along with possible treatment methods. The information provided is based entirey on DSM-5.
The document discusses delusions from a psychiatric perspective. It provides background on how delusions were historically defined and categorized. It describes the key characteristics of delusions as being firmly held false beliefs that are resistant to evidence. It discusses different types of delusional content and potential neurological underpinnings. The document also examines theories about how delusions may develop from abnormal perceptions, emotions, memories or thought processes and considers case examples.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve positive, negative, and disorganized symptoms that distort thinking, perception, and behavior. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition defined by fundamental distortions in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in early adulthood. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications to reduce positive symptoms as well as psychosocial support. The causes are complex and involve genetic, neurological, developmental, and environmental factors.
This document discusses psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. It provides details on:
1) The diagnostic criteria and characteristics of schizophrenia according to the DSM-5 including symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
2) The origins and models of delusions and hallucinations, which are common symptoms of schizophrenia. It describes different types of hallucinations and models of thought organization.
3) Treatment options for schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions. Common atypical antipsychotics are listed and their side effect profiles described.
This document summarizes various neuropsychiatric sequelae that can occur after a stroke. It discusses conditions like post-stroke depression (occurring in 30-40% of patients), anxiety disorders (25%), apathy (20%), pathological laughing/crying (11-35%), catastrophic reactions (20%), and more rare conditions like mania, bipolar disorder, and psychosis. It provides details on risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for these different post-stroke neuropsychiatric conditions.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a
real illness. You can get PTSD after living through or seeing a traumatic
event, such as war, a hurricane, rape, physical abuse or
a bad accident. PTSD makes you feel stressed and afraid after the danger is
over. It affects your life and the people around you.
PTSD can cause problems like:
-- Flashbacks, or feeling like the event is
happening again
-- Trouble sleeping or nightmares
-- Feeling alone
-- Angry outbursts
-- Feeling worried, guilty or sad
PTSD starts at different times for
different people. Signs of PTSD may start soon after a frightening event and
then continue. Other people develop new or more severe signs months or even
years later. PTSD can happen to anyone, even children.
Medicines can help you feel less afraid and
tense. It might take a few weeks for them to work. Talking to a specially
trained doctor or counselor also helps many people with PTSD. This is called
talk therapy.
Schizoaffective Disorder is a mental disorder characterized by experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia along with symptoms of mood disorders like depression or bipolar disorder. There are two subtypes - one where psychotic episodes occur with and because of a mood episode, and another where psychotic episodes also occur independently outside of any mood episodes. Treatment involves medication and psychotherapy.
Neurobiology of Substance Dependence
The document summarizes the neurobiology of substance dependence in 3 key areas:
1. Substance dependence involves changes in the brain's reward pathway including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex due to drug-induced alterations in neurotransmitters like dopamine.
2. Drugs of abuse activate the brain's natural reward system by increasing the release of dopamine in this pathway, initially producing feelings of pleasure but ultimately leading to maladaptive changes in brain structure and function over time.
3. Withdrawal from drugs involves dysregulation of many neurotransmitter systems producing negative symptoms that drive relapse through craving and stress. Understanding these neurobiological mechanisms provides
This document discusses novel neurotransmitters beyond the classical ones. It describes nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, endocannabinoids, eicosanoids, and neurosteroids. Nitric oxide is produced in neurons from arginine and acts through cGMP. It is involved in long term potentiation and erectile function. Carbon monoxide regulates olfaction and vasodilation. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from cysteine and acts as a gaseous messenger. Endocannabinoids like anandamide signal retrogradely through CB1 receptors. Eicosanoids are derived from arachidonic acid. Neurosteroids are synthesized in the brain from cholesterol and include allopregn
The document provides information on personality disorders, including their defining features, diagnostic criteria for specific disorders, prevalence, course, etiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It addresses disorders such as paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, antisocial, and others. The document contains detailed descriptions and considerations for diagnosing each personality disorder.
This document provides information about conversion disorder, a somatoform disorder characterized by neurological symptoms that cannot be explained by medical factors. It defines conversion disorder, discusses its history stemming from Freud's work with Anna O, and provides details on epidemiology, comorbidities, etiology from psychoanalytic, learning theory and biological perspectives, diagnostic criteria, and clinical features involving motor, sensory and seizure-like symptoms.
A DSM 5 Update: Substance - Related And Addictive DisordersChat 2 Recovery
Within the next year, most insurance providers will be expecting all claims to include the new DSM-5 nomenclature. It is imperative for all mental health professionals to be comfortable with the new diagnostic criteria and recording procedures. This presentation provides participants with a clear understanding of the revisions made in the category of Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5.
Topics presented by Nick Lessa, CEO of Inter-Care: an addiction treatment program in New York City.
Includes:
Changes in the diagnostic criteria from the DSM–IV to the DSM-5
The distinction between Substance Use Disorders and the Substance - Induced Disorders
Recording procedures for Substance Related Disorders
The document provides an overview of consultation-liaison psychiatry, including basics, common conditions, and management approaches. It defines consultation-liaison psychiatry and its roles in a general hospital setting. Common conditions addressed include delirium, suicide, depression, agitation, and medical issues like hepatic or renal impairment. Management prioritizes identifying and treating underlying causes, coordinating pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, and effective communication with medical teams.
Dr. Harneet presented on neuropsychological assessment in severe mental illness. Neuropsychological assessment comprehensively evaluates cognitive, psychological, emotional, and behavioral functioning through detailed interviews and standardized testing to identify strengths and weaknesses. It can aid in diagnosis, distinguish psychiatric and neurological symptoms, inform treatment planning, and assess rehabilitation potential. Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia and include impairments in attention, memory, intelligence, and executive functions. Neuropsychological assessment is important for understanding the cognitive impact of severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia.
This document summarizes Indian research on schizophrenia conducted from the 1960s to the 2010s. It outlines key areas of research including epidemiology, biological studies, treatment studies, and investigations of symptoms, course, and outcomes. Some landmark studies mentioned are the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders study, International Study of Schizophrenia, and long-term follow up studies of cohorts in Agra and Madras that found illness intensity decreases over time and outcomes are better than in developed countries.
Borderline Personality Disorder Presentation given in Psychopathology II class.
Summer 2010 Argosy University San Francisco
By Lucia Merino, Psychology Doctor Candidate
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersMingMing Davis
Emilio is a 40-year-old man who has been hospitalized 12 times for schizophrenia. He has stopped taking his medication and exhibits disorganized speech, incoherent thoughts, and bizarre behavior such as saying he has been "eating wires and lighting fires." He has a long history of being unable to work or live independently due to his schizophrenia symptoms. Schizophrenia is characterized by disorganized thinking and behavior, and can include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms such as lack of motivation. It has unclear causes but likely involves genetic and environmental factors.
A personality disorder is characterized by unchanging personality traits that deviate from cultural norms and cause poor functioning. They develop in childhood and become fixed by early adulthood. There are ten personality disorders divided into three clusters: odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotional/erratic, and anxious/fearful. Personality disorders are diagnosed using psychological testing and can be confused with Axis I disorders at times. Treatment varies by disorder but often involves long-term psychotherapy and sometimes medication.
This document provides an overview of the phenomenology of schizophrenia, including a historical perspective on how it has been conceptualized over time. It describes the clinical manifestations and thought disorders commonly seen in schizophrenia, such as formal thought disorders involving disorganized thinking, disorders of thought flow/tempo, disorders of thought possession, and disorders involving delusional thinking. It also briefly discusses misidentification syndromes that can occur.
The document provides information on schizophrenia including its history, diagnosis, symptoms, and clinical picture. It notes that schizophrenia was first identified as a distinct mental illness in 1887 and its name, meaning "split mind", was coined in 1911. For a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to DSM-5, an individual must exhibit two or more of the following symptoms for a significant period of time: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and negative symptoms. The clinical picture of schizophrenia involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms reflecting absence of normal behaviors such as avolition, asociality, blunted affect, alogia, and anhedonia.
This is a ppt explaining the symptoms and diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia, along with possible treatment methods. The information provided is based entirey on DSM-5.
Disorder for mood and very useful for psychiatryIshanJain1034
Psychosis involves a loss of contact with reality and can include delusions and hallucinations. It is distinguished from neurosis which involves chronic distress but not distortions in reality. Brief psychotic disorder involves psychotic symptoms for less than 1 month. Delusional disorder involves non-bizarre delusions for over 1 month. Schizoaffective disorder involves psychotic and mood symptoms. Psychosis can also be due to medical conditions or substance use.
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders updated pptx.pptxChitra654025
This document provides information on schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. It defines schizophrenia as a functional psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior. Symptoms are divided into positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, and negative symptoms like lack of motivation. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is clinical based on history and exclusion of other causes of psychosis. Related disorders include brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, and delusional disorder which are defined by abnormalities in domains like delusions and hallucinations.
This document discusses schizophrenia, including:
1) It typically onset in late teens to mid 30s, with a lifetime prevalence of 0.3-0.7%. Genetic and biochemical factors may play a role in development.
2) Symptoms are divided into positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative (lack of emotion, reduced motivation). Cognitive symptoms also occur.
3) The DSM-5 criteria requires two or more symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech for at least one month. Subtypes include paranoid, disorganized and catatonic schizophrenia.
The document discusses several psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and schizophreniform disorder. It outlines the key diagnostic criteria and symptoms for each disorder such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. The document also provides information on prevalence, development, and course of illness for each disorder. For example, it states that schizophrenia has a lifetime prevalence of 0.3-0.7% and typically has an onset in early to mid-20s for males and late 20s for females.
The document discusses various diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia from different sources such as the DSM-III, ICD-9, and researchers like Schneider, Langfeldt, and Taylor. It outlines the essential features and symptom criteria included in each diagnostic approach. The DSM-III focuses on delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorders. ICD-9 lists four basic types but comments on diagnosing simple schizophrenia sparingly. Various signs and symptoms are also described, including loose associations, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, disturbances in thinking, delusions, and emotional changes.
This document provides an overview of psychotic disorders, focusing on schizophrenia. It discusses the historical understanding and definitions of schizophrenia, current diagnostic criteria, clinical features, course, and epidemiology. Key points include: schizophrenia involves disrupted reality testing, cognition, and associations; it typically involves more than just psychosis and hallucinations/delusions; the prognosis is often poor, with deterioration over time and high suicide risks.
The document discusses schizophrenia, a type of psychosis characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It defines schizophrenia and describes its subtypes according to the ICD-10 classification system. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms such as reduced emotional expression. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, and treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy and social/vocational support.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its definition, types, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognosis, treatments, and epidemiology. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and deficits in emotional responses. It is diagnosed based on criteria from the ICD-10 and DSM-IV and involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms. Treatments include pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and psychosocial therapies to improve social and vocational skills. The prognosis varies, with about 1/4 of patients having a good outcome.
The document defines conversion disorder and dissociative disorders. Conversion disorder involves neurological symptoms that cannot be explained medically and are thought to be related to psychological factors like stress. Dissociative disorders involve disturbances in identity, memory or consciousness, often developing as a way to cope with trauma. The types of conversion disorder include motor disorders, convulsions, and sensory losses. Dissociative disorders include amnesia, fugue, stupor, Ganser's syndrome, and identity disorder. Treatment involves psychotherapy and addressing underlying psychological conflicts.
The document discusses dissociative disorders, specifically focusing on dissociative amnesia. It defines dissociative amnesia as an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. Dissociative amnesia can involve localized, selective, or generalized memory loss and may involve dissociative fugue, which is purposeful wandering associated with amnesia. The causes are often traumatic events such as abuse, and it is differentiated from other conditions by intact reality testing and the context of the memory loss. Treatment involves various forms of psychotherapy.
This document provides an overview of brief psychotic disorder according to diagnostic criteria in the DSM-V. It describes the disorder as a short duration severe mental disorder involving impaired thoughts and emotions where contact with reality is lost. The document outlines the diagnostic criteria including presence of delusions, hallucinations or other specified psychotic symptoms for at least one day but less than one month, followed by a full return to normal functioning. It also discusses associated features, risk factors, differential diagnoses, cultural considerations and prevalence.
The document discusses different types of mental disorders including neurosis, psychosis, and personality disorders. Neurosis involves less severe behavioral deviations and includes anxiety reactions, phobic reactions, obsessive-compulsive reactions, and neurotic depression. Psychosis involves more severe disorganization of personality and includes affective reactions, paranoid reactions, schizophrenic reactions, and chronic brain syndromes. Personality disorders involve deviant lifelong personality traits and include schizoid personality, passive-aggressive personality, antisocial personality, and drug dependency. The causes of these disorders are theorized to include genetics, biochemistry, family patterns, and environmental stress. Treatment methods aim to address the underlying causes and symptoms of each disorder.
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· Chapter 2: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
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· View details for highlighted text: "CHAPTER 2 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Quick Guide to the Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders When psychosis is a prominent reason for a mental health evaluation, the diagnosis will be one of the disorders or categories listed below. The link indicates where a more detailed discussion begins. (To facilitate discussion, I have not adhered to the order in which DSM-5 presents these conditions.) Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia-Like Disorders Schizophrenia. For at least 6 months, these patients have had two or more of these five types of psychotic symptom: delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, negative symptoms, and catatonia or other markedly abnormal behavior. Ruled out as causes of the psychotic symptoms are significant mood disorders, substance use, and general medical conditions. Catatonia associated with another mental disorder (catatonia specifier). These patients have three or more of several behavioral characteristics. The specifier can be applied to disorders that include psychosis, mood disorders, autistic spectrum disorder, and other medical conditions. Schizophreniform disorder. This category is for patients who have the basic symptoms of schizophrenia but have been ill for only 1–6 months—less than the time specified for schizophrenia. Schizoaffective disorder. For at least 1 month, these patients have had basic schizophrenia symptoms; at the same time, they have prominent symptoms of mania or depression. Brief psychotic disorder. These patients will have had at least one of the basic psychotic symptoms for less than 1 month. Other Psychotic Disorders Delusional disorder. These patients have delusions, but not the other symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition. A variety of medical and neurological conditions can produce psychotic symptoms that may not meet criteria for any of the conditions above. Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder. Alcohol or other substances (intoxication or withdrawal) can cause psychotic symptoms that may not meet criteria for any of the conditions above. Other specified, or unspecified, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. Use one of these categories for patients with psychoses that don’t seem to fit any of the categories above. Unspecified catatonia. Use when a patient has symptoms of catatonia but there isn’t enough information to substantiate a more definitive diagnosis. Disorders with Psychosis as a Symptom Some patients have psychosis as a symptom of mental disorders discussed in other chapters. These disorders include the following: Mood disorder with psychosis. Patients with a severe major depressive episode or manic episode can have hallucinations and mood-congruent ...
This document discusses schizophrenia, including its symptoms, diagnosis, subtypes, course, and etiology. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is characterized by distortions in thinking/perception and inappropriate/blunted affects. It occurs in 1% of the population and typically begins between ages 16-25.
- Diagnosis requires symptoms for at least 6 months and deterioration in relationships/functioning. Subtypes include paranoid, hebephrenic, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Etiology is multifactorial involving genetic, biological, environmental factors. The dopamine hypothesis proposes psychotic symptoms relate to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain.
Depressive episodes involve a disturbance in mood that is not caused by organic, substance, or other psychiatric factors. Characteristics include depressed mood, reduced enjoyment, worthlessness, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts. Diagnosis requires at least five symptoms for two weeks according to DSM-IV criteria. Treatment involves hospitalization, antidepressants, ECT, psychotherapy, and encouraging social activity. Prognosis is generally good with continued treatment and follow up.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, subtypes, causes, affected brain areas, treatment options, and epidemiology. It discusses how schizophrenia is diagnosed according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, outlining the key diagnostic criteria. It also summarizes the suspected genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors associated with schizophrenia development.
the presentation describes in detail about the mental illness, i.e. schizophrenia along with its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, prognosis, course as well as its causes.
This document discusses different types of anger and provides strategies for managing anger based on Islamic teachings. It identifies 10 types of anger including passive, volatile, fear-based, and frustration-based anger. It also outlines physical warning signs of anger, common triggers, and negative thought patterns that can fuel anger. The document recommends seeking refuge in Allah, keeping silent when angry, relaxing, understanding anger triggers, and finding healthier ways to express anger such as focusing on relationships, forgiving others, and disengaging if a conflict is unresolvable. Stress management techniques like exercise, sleep, and avoiding excess alcohol are also suggested for staying calm.
This document outlines strategies for treating anger issues in therapy sessions. It is divided into 7 sections that cover cognitive, behavioral, addiction, affective, and spiritual strategies. The cognitive section focuses on identifying distorted thinking patterns and shame. Behavioral section teaches conflict resolution skills and relaxation techniques. Addiction section draws parallels between anger and addiction. Affective section helps clients recognize fears around emotion expression. Spiritual section explores the role of higher power. Overall, the document provides a framework to help clients understand triggers for anger and develop new coping strategies.
This document summarizes the effects of various drugs including alcohol, heroin, cocaine, tobacco, marijuana, and others. It discusses how each drug affects the body physically and psychologically in both short and long term use. Key effects mentioned are changes to mood and behavior, physical symptoms like nausea and sweating, and health risks of addiction and disease. The conclusion emphasizes that drug use is harmful for health and future generations.
The document discusses various psychotherapies for special populations. It begins by defining learning disabilities and noting that special populations were initially defined by psychiatric symptoms but now include demographics like age, gender and race. Various disabilities are described like auditory, learning, visual and motor. Implications for instruction with each population are outlined. Psychotherapies discussed include problem solving skills training, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, communication intervention, dialectical behavior therapy, and play therapy.
This document discusses psychotherapy treatments for mood disorders such as depression and bipolar disorder. It describes the symptoms of mood disorders including emotional, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral symptoms. It outlines several types of psychotherapy that can be used including cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and family therapy. These therapies aim to address negative thoughts and behaviors, improve interpersonal relationships, and provide psychoeducation and support. Regular follow up is also recommended to monitor progress.
Geropsychology is the study of aging and provision of clinical services for older adults. As researchers, geropsychologists expand knowledge of aging and design interventions to address common problems. As practitioners, they help older persons and families overcome issues to enhance well-being. Common problems for the elderly include physical/cognitive decline, loneliness, poverty, health issues, and discrimination. Depression and anxiety are also prevalent, sometimes triggered by life changes. Psychotherapies like relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy, reminiscence therapy, and family therapy can help address mental health issues facing the elderly.
Psychotherapies for adolescents include cognitive behavioral therapy, expressive art therapy, reality therapy, career counseling therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and interpersonal therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps adolescents examine distorted thinking patterns and replace them with more adaptive thoughts to improve moods and behavior. Family therapy focuses on helping the family function in healthier ways. Group therapy uses peer interactions and group dynamics to increase understanding of mental health issues and improve social skills.
This document provides an overview of psychotherapies for addiction treatment. It defines addiction and describes different types of drugs including stimulants, depressants, opioids, hallucinogens, and cannabis. It then discusses various treatment models and approaches for addiction including cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational enhancement therapy, contingency management, 12-step facilitation therapy, multisystemic therapy, and relapse prevention therapy. The document emphasizes that addiction is a chronic disease that often requires long-term, multi-pronged treatment approaches to support individuals in stopping drug use and staying drug-free.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) focuses on the importance of interpersonal relationships in determining behavior and psychopathology. IPT aims to change interpersonal functioning by encouraging more effective communication, emotional expression, and understanding of behavior in relationships. The major goal is improving relationships to also improve symptoms and life. In IPT, therapists conduct therapy in three phases - initial session to identify problem areas, intermediate sessions using strategies for the identified problem area, and termination.
Play therapy uses a child's play to help communicate and resolve psychosocial issues. There are two main types: directive therapy where the therapist guides discussion of topics and sometimes participates in play; and non-directive therapy where the child leads free play and the therapist later interprets themes. Various toys such as dolls, sand trays and art supplies help children express feelings, cope with fears, and work through relationships and problems. The goal is to enhance self-awareness, control, and ability to trust adults.
The document discusses eclecticism in psychotherapies. It defines eclecticism as drawing on multiple theories and techniques to gain insights or apply different approaches to particular cases. Eclectic therapy incorporates a variety of principles to create tailored treatment plans. Eclectic therapists employ elements from various techniques to establish personalized programs. The document outlines different types of eclectic approaches and provides examples of how eclecticism is used to treat disorders like substance abuse, eating disorders, and bipolar disorder. It discusses advantages and limitations of eclecticism and various therapies used within an eclectic framework.
Comparison and similarties and differences among psychotherapyMuhammad Musawar Ali
This document compares and contrasts various psychotherapies. It discusses similarities and differences in their views of human nature, goals, roles of counselors, and techniques. Key similarities include a focus on human beings' positive aspects, cognitions and behaviors, psychological needs, and building rapport. Differences include views on the role of biology, unconsciousness, free will and the environment in human development. Goals and roles of counselors also vary between insight-focused versus action-oriented approaches. Techniques range from interpretation to homework assignments depending on the theory.
Creative art therapies began developing in the 1970s and use art, music, dance, drama, and other creative forms as part of the therapeutic process. They are used to treat conditions like anxiety, depression, PTSD and more. The central theme is based on the concept of "The Creative Connection" which emphasizes psychological safety, freedom of expression, and stimulating experiences. Benefits include nonverbal self-expression, improved social skills, focus, emotional intelligence, and brain hemisphere coordination. However, some criticism argues it lacks structure and empirical evidence of effectiveness.
1) Career counseling involves helping individuals explore careers and make educational and career decisions by providing career information and assessments to help them understand their interests and values.
2) Several theories aim to explain career decision-making, including trait-and-factor theory matching personalities to careers, developmental theories about evolving interests over life stages, and social-cognitive career theory involving self-efficacy and environmental influences.
3) Common career assessments and information systems like SIGI3, DISCOVER, and Kuder help individuals learn about themselves and potential careers through interest and skills assessments and extensive occupational databases.
The document discusses specific learning disorders (SLD), including the key changes made to SLD in the DSM-5. It describes the diagnostic criteria for SLD as difficulties learning academic skills like reading, writing, spelling or math that are substantially below age expectations and cause interference. It also outlines the specific academic domains that can be impaired in SLD and specifies current severity as mild, moderate or severe.
Brief solution focus therapy (BSFT) is a brief counseling approach developed in the 1980s. It is influenced by Milton Erickson's brief therapy approach from the 1940s. BSFT focuses on a client's strengths and resources rather than pathology. The counselor acts as a facilitator to help clients access their own inner strengths and solutions. Sessions are typically limited to 5-8 sessions of 45 minutes each. Key techniques include the miracle question, scaling questions, compliments, and exploring internal and external resources. The goal is to help clients notice exceptions to problems and focus on present and future solutions rather than dwelling on the past or causes of problems.
The document provides an overview of systematic family therapy. It discusses different types of families and historical events that influenced modern families. It describes the differences between structural and strategic family therapy, focusing on changing relationship structures versus strategies. Key concepts from family systems theory are explained, including Bowen's family systems theory which views the family as an emotional unit and discusses constructs like differentiation of self, triangles, and chronic anxiety. The document outlines the goals of family therapy and techniques used, such as creating a multigenerational genogram and asking family members content-based questions.
Reactive attachment disorder is a condition in which infants and young children do not form healthy attachments with caregivers due to neglect of their emotional needs. It can develop when a child's needs for comfort, affection and nurturing are not consistently met. The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 include inhibited or withdrawn behavior toward caregivers, social and emotional problems, and a history of neglect or lack of stable attachments. Treatment focuses on family therapy, counseling, parenting skills classes, and other interventions to help children form secure attachments.
- Neurocognitive disorders include delirium, disorders due to Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal disorders, vascular disorders, and traumatic brain injuries.
- Delirium involves an acute change in consciousness and cognition that fluctuates in severity. It is often caused by medical issues, medications, or substance withdrawal. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause.
- Disorders like those due to Lewy bodies, Alzheimer's disease, and frontotemporal disorders cause progressive cognitive decline due to brain changes. Symptoms and severity vary by type. Management includes medications, environmental modifications, and supportive care.
- Vascular and traumatic brain injury disorders arise from disruptions to the brain's
Gender dysphoria involves a person experiencing distress due to a mismatch between their gender identity and sex assigned at birth. It was previously referred to as gender identity disorder but now focuses on dysphoria. Treatment may involve psychotherapy, hormone therapy, and sometimes sexual reassignment surgery. The causes are unclear but may involve genetic or hormonal factors influencing brain development before birth.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
3. WHO IS AFFECTED?
Who is affected
• Schizophrenia affects about 1.1% of
the world's population.
• Schizophrenia is most commonly
diagnosed between the ages of 16 to
25.
• Schizophrenia can be hereditary
(runs in families).
• It affects men 1.5 times more
commonly than women
• Schizophrenia and its treatment has
an enormous effect on the economy,
costing between $32.5-$65 billion
5. EUGEN BLEULER
He renamed Kraepelin’s dementia
praecox as schizophrenia (1911); he
recognized the cognitive impairment
in this illness, which he named as a
„splitting“ of mind.
6. THE MOST COMMON EARLY WARNING
SIGNS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA INCLUDE:
• Social withdrawal
• Hostility or suspiciousness
• Deterioration of personal hygiene
• Flat, expressionless gaze
• Inability to cry or express joy
• Inappropriate laughter or crying
• Depression
• Oversleeping or insomnia
• Odd or irrational statements
• Forgetful; unable to concentrate
• Extreme reaction to criticism
• Strange use of words or way of speaking
7.
8. ATTENUATED PSYCHOSIS
SYNDROME
•
A category called attenuated psychosis
syndrome be added to list. People are to
receive this diagnosis if they display
hallucinations, delusions, or other symptoms
that are problematic but clearly weaker than
the full-blown psychotic symptoms found in
schizophrenia.
9. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders include
schizophrenia, delusional disorders, brief psychotic disorder and
schizotypal personality disorder. They are defined by
abnormalities in one or more of the following five domains
Delusions
Hellucinations
Disorganized
thinking
(speech)
Grossly
disorganized
motor behavior
Negative
symptoms
10. DELUSIONS
Delusions are fixed beliefs, not amenable to change in
the light of conflicting evidence.
Persecutory: one is going to be harmed, harassed by
individual, group or organization.
Referential: certain gestures, comments, or
environmental cues are directed at oneself.
Grandiose: that one has exceptional abilities, wealth or
fame.
Erotomanic: one believe falsely that another person is in
love with him/her.
Nihilistic: the conviction that major catastrophic events
will occur.
11. Bizarre Delusions Non-Bizarre Delusions
Clearly implausible
Not understandable to same culture peer
Loss of control over mind
Thought withdrawal
Thought insertion
Delusion of control
One is under surveillance of the police,
without the proper evidence.
12. HALLUCINATIONS
Perception like experience that occur without an
external stimulus.
Vivid and clear with full perception of normal
perceptions.
Auditory hallucinations are common.
It must occurs in the context of a clear sensorium,
Those that occur while falling asleep (hypnogogic) or
waking up (hypnopompic) are considered to be ranged
in normal behaviour.
13. DISORGANIZED THINKING & SPEECH
Disorganized thinking (formal thought disorder) is
typically inferred from a person’s speech.
Switching from one topic to another (derailment, loose
association)
Answers of the question obliquely related or unrelated
(tangentially)
Rarely, speech may be so severely disorganized that it is
nearly incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia
in its linguistic disorganization {incoherence or "word
salad").
the symptom must be severe enough to substantially
14. GROSSLY DISORGANIZED OR ABNORMAL MOTOR
BEHAVIOR(CATATONIA)
Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior may
manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from childlike
"silliness" to unpredictable agitation. Problems may be noted in
any form of goal-directed behavior, leading to difficulties in
performing activities of daily living.
Catatonic behavior is a marked decrease in reactivity to the
environment. This ranges from resistance to instructions
{negativism); to maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre
posture; to a complete lack of verbal and motor responses
{mutism and stupor).
It can also include purposeless and excessive motor activity
15. NEAGATIVE SYMPTOMS
Two negative symptoms are particularly prominent in
schizophrenia:
Diminished emotional expression includes reductions in the
expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech
(prosody), and movements of the hand, head, and face that normally
give an emotional emphasis to speech.
Alogia is manifested by diminished speech output.
Anhedonia is the decreased ability to experience pleasure from
positive stimuli or a degradation in the recollection of pleasure
previously experienced.
Asociality refers to the apparent lack of interest in social
interactions
16. SCHIZOTYPAL (PERSONALITY) DISORDER
• Because this disorder is considered part of the schizophrenia
spectrum of
• disorders, and is labeled in this section of ICD-9 and ICD-10 as
schizotypal disorder, it is listed in this chapter and discussed in
detail in the DSM-5 chapter "Personality Disorders."
17. DELUSIONAL DISORDER
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 297.1 (F22
A. The presence of one (or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer.
B. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met.
Note: Hallucinations, if present, are not prominent and are related to the delusional
theme (e.g., the sensation of being infested with insects associated with delusions
of infestation).
C. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or its ramifications, functioning is not
markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd.
D. If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these have been brief
relative to the duration of the delusional periods.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or
another medical condition and is not better explained by another mental disorder,
such as body dysmorphic disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
18. Specify whether:
Erotomanie type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is that
another person is in love with the individual.
Grandiose type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion is the
conviction of having some great (but unrecognized) talent or insight or having made
some important discovery.
Jealous type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the individual’s
delusion is that his or her spouse or lover is unfaithful.
Persecutory type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion
involves the individual’s belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated,
spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or
obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals.
Somatic type: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion involves
bodily functions or sensations.
19. Mixed type: This subtype applies when no one delusional theme predominates.
Unspecified type: This subtype applies when the dominant delusional belief cannot
be clearly determined or is not described in the specific types (e.g., referential delusions
without a prominent persecutory or grandiose component).
Specify if:
With bizarre content: Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible, not
understandable, and not derived from ordinary life experiences (e.g., an individual’s belief
that a stranger has removed his or her internal organs and replaced them with someone
else’s organs without leaving any wounds or scars).
.
20. •Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues
An individual's cultural and religious background must be taken into account in
evaluating the possible presence of delusional disorder. The content of delusions also
varies across cultural contexts.
•Functional Consequences of Delusional
Disorder
• The functional impairment is usually more circumscribed than that seen with other
psychotic disorders, although in some cases, the impairment may be substantial and
include poor occupational functioning and social isolation. When poor psychosocial
functioning is present, delusional beliefs themselves often play a significant role. A
common characteristic of individuals with delusional disorder is the apparent
normality of their behaviour and appearance when their delusional ideas are not
being discussed or acted on.
21. BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
also known as brief reactive psychosis – is a mental
disorder that is typically diagnosed in a person’s late 20s or
early 30s. Brief reactive psychosis can be thought of as
time-limited schizophrenia that is resolved within one
month’s time.
Presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
and behavior for at least one day or less than one month.
22. BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 298.8 (F23)
A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms. At least one of these must be
(1), (2), or (3):
1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
Note: Do not include a symptom if it is a culturally sanctioned response.
B. Duration of an episode of the disturbance is at least 1 day but less than 1 month, with
eventual full return to premorbid level of functioning.
C. The disturbance is not better explained by major depressive or bipolar disorder with
psychotic features or another psychotic disorder such as schizophrenia or catatonia,
and is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse,
a medication) or another medical condition.
Specify if:
With marked stressor(s) (brief reactive psychosis): If symptoms occur in response to
events that, singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar
circumstances in the individual’s culture.
Without marked stressor(s): If symptoms do not occur in response to events that,
singly or together, would be markedly stressful to almost anyone in similar circumstances
in the individual’s culture.
23. With postpartum onset: If onset is during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum.
Specify if:
With catatonia (refer to the criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder,
pp. 119-120, for definition)
Coding note: Use additional code 293.89 (F06.1) catatonia associated with brief
psychotic disorder to indicate the presence of the comorbid catatonia.
Specify current severity:
Severity is rated by a quantitative assessment of the primary symptoms of psychosis,
including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor
behavior, and negative symptoms. Each of these symptoms may be rated for its current
severity (most severe in the last 7 days) on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not present)
to 4 (present and severe). (See Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom
Severity in the chapter “Assessment Measures.”)
Note: Diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder can be made without using this severity
specifier._____________________________________________________________
24. SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER
• The characteristic symptoms of schizophreniform
disorder are identical to those of Schizophrenia, but
schizophreniform disorder is distinguished by its
duration. An episode of the disorder (including
prodromal, active, and residual phases) lasts at least
one month but less than 6 months.
25. SCHIZOPHRENIFORM DISORDER
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 295.40 (F20.81)
A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a
1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1), (2),
or (3):
1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition).
B. An episode of the disorder lasts at least 1 month but less than 6 months. When the
diagnosis must be made without waiting for recovery, it should be qualified as “provisional.”
'
C. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have
been ruled out because either 1 ) no major depressive or manic episodes have occurred
concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have occurred during
active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the total duration
of the active and residual periods of the illness.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a
drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.
26. Specify if:
With good prognostic features: This specifier requires the presence of at least two
of the following features: onset of prominent psychotic symptoms within 4 weeks of the
first noticeable change in usual behavior or functioning; confusion or perplexity: good
premorbid social and occupational functioning; and absence of blunted or flat affect.
Without good prognostic features: This specifier is applied if two or more of the
above features have not been present.
Specify if:
With catatonia (refer to the criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder,
pp. 119-120, for definition).
Coding note: Use additional code 293.89 (F06.1) catatonia associated with schizophreniform
disorder to indicate the presence of the comorbid catatonia.
Associated Features Supporting Diagnosis
As with schizophrenia, currently there are no laboratory or psychometric tests for schizophreniform
disorder. There are multiple brain regions where neuroimaging, neuropathological,
and neurophysiological research has indicated abnormalities, but none are
diagnostic.
27. SCHIZOPHRENIA
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 295.90 (F20.9)
A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of time during a
1 -month period (or less if successfully treated). At least one of these must be (1 ), (2), or (3):
1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
5. Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition).
B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, level of functioning
in one or more major areas, such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, is
markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset (or when the onset is in childhood
or adolescence, there is failure to achieve expected level of interpersonal, academic,
or occupational functioning).
C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6 months. This 6-month period
must include at least 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated) that meet Criterion
A (i.e., active-phase symptoms) and may include periods of prodromal or residual
symptoms. During these prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may
be manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more symptoms listed in Criterion
A present in an attenuated form (e.g., odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences).
28. D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features
have been ruled out because either 1 ) no major depressive or manic episodes have
occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2) if mood episodes have
occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority of the
total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness. have been ruled out because either 1 ) no
major depressive or manic episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms, or 2)
if mood episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they have been present for a minority
of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a
medication) or another medical condition.
F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a communication disorder of childhood onset, the
additional diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations, in addition
to the other required symptoms of schizophrenia, are also present for at least 1 month (or less if
successfully treated).
Specify if:
The following course specifiers are only to be used after a 1-year duration of the disorder and if they
are not in contradiction to the diagnostic course criteria. First episode, currently in acute episode:
First manifestation of the disorder meeting the defining diagnostic symptom and time criteria. An
acute episode is a time period in which the symptom criteria are fulfilled.
29. ASSOCIATED FEATURES SUPPORTING
DIAGNOSIS
inappropriate affect (e.g., laughing in the absence of an appropriate stimulus);
a dysphoric mood that can take the form of depression, anxiety, or anger;
a disturbed sleep pattern (e.g., daytime sleeping and nighttime activity);
and a lack of interest in eating or food refusal.
Depersonalization, derealization, and somatic concerns may occur and sometimes reach
delusional proportions.
Anxiety and phobias are common.
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are conrmion and are strongly linked to vocational and
functional impairments. These deficits can include decrements in declarative memory,
working memory, language function, and other executive functions, as well as slower
processing speed.
30. Abnormalities in sensory processing and inhibitory capacity, as well
as reductions in attention, are also found. Some individuals with
schizophrenia show social cognition deficits, including deficits in the
ability to infer the intentions of other people (theory of mind), and
may attend to and then inteφret irrelevant events or stimuli as
meaningful, perhaps leading to the generation of explanatory
delusions.
These impairments frequently persist during symptomatic remission.
31. Prevalence
The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia appears to be approximately 0.3%-
0.7%, although there is reported variation by race/ethnicity, across countries,
and by geographic origin for immigrants and children of immigrants. The sex
ratio differs across samples and populations.
Development and Course
The psychotic features of schizophrenia typically emerge between the late teens
and the
mid-30s; onset prior to adolescence is rare. The peak age at onset for the first
psychotic episode
is in the early- to mid-20s for males and in the late-20s for females. The onset
may be
abrupt or insidious, but the majority of individuals manifest a slow and gradual
development
32. Risk and Prognostic Factors
Environmental. Season of birth has been linked to the incidence of schizophrenia,
including late winter/early spring in some locations and summer for the deficit form of
the disease. The incidence of schizophrenia and related disorders is higher for children
growing up in an urban environment and for some minority ethnic groups.
Genetic and physiological. There is a strong contribution for genetic factors in
determining risk for schizophrenia, although most individuals who have been diagnosed
with schizophrenia have no family history of psychosis.
Pregnancy and birth complications with hypoxia and greater paternal age are
associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia for the developing fetus. In addition, other
prenatal and perinatal adversities, including stress, infection, malnutrition, maternal
diabetes, and other medical conditions, have been linked with schizophrenia. However,
the vast majority of offspring with these risk factors do not develop schizophrenia.
33. • Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues
• A number of features distinguish the clinical expression of
schizophrenia in females and males. The general incidence of
schizophrenia tends to be slightly lower in females, particularly
among treated cases. The age at onset is later in females, with
a second mid-life peak as described earlier
34. Schizoaffective Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria
A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode (major depressive or
manic) concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia.
Note: The major depressive episode must include Criterion A1 : Depressed mood. B. Delusions or
hallucinations for 2 or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode (depressive or manic)
during the lifetime duration of the illness.
C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total
duration of the active and residual portions of the illness.
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse,
a medication) or another medical condition.
Specify whether:
295.70 (F25.0) Bipolar type: This subtype applies if a manic episode is part of the presentation.
Major depressive episodes may also occur.
295.70 (F25.1) Depressive type: This subtype applies if only major depressive episodes
are part of the presentation.
Specify if:
With catatonia (refer to the criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder,
pp. 119-120, for definition).
Coding note: Use additional code 293.89 (F06.1) catatonia associated with
schizoaffective disorder to indicate the presence of the comorbid catatonia.
35. CATATONIA
Catatonia is defined by the presence of three or more of 12 psychomotor features in the
diagnostic criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder and catatonic
disorder due to another medical condition.
The essential feature of catatonia is a marked psychomotor disturbance that may involve
decreased motor activity, decreased engagement during interview or physical examination,
or excessive and peculiar motor activity.
The clinical presentation of catatonia can be puzzling, as the psychomotor disturbance may
range from marked unresponsiveness to marked agitation. Motoric immobility may be
severe (stupor) or moderate (catalepsy and waxy flexibility). Similarly, decreased
engagement may be severe (mutism) or moderate (negativism).
Excessive and peculiar motor behaviors can be complex (e.g., stereotypy) or simple
(agitation) and may include echolalia and echopraxia. In extreme cases, the same
individual may wax and wane between decreased and excessive motor activity.
During severe stages of catatonia, the individual may need careful supervision to avoid
self-harm or harming others. There are potential risks from malnutrition, exhaustion,
hyperpyrexia and self-inflicted injury.
36. CATATONIA ASSOCIATED WITH ANOTHER MENTAL
DISORDER (CATATONIA SPECIFIER)293.89 (F06.1)
A. The clinical picture is dominated by three (or more) of the following symptoms:
1. Stupor (i.e., no psychomotor activity; not actively relating to environment).
2. Catalepsy (i.e., passive induction of a posture held against gravity).
3. Waxy flexibility (i.e., slight, even resistance to positioning by examiner).
4. Mutism (i.e., no, or very little, verbal response [exclude if known aphasia]).
5. Negativism (i.e., opposition or no response to instructions or external stimuli).
6. Posturing (i.e., spontaneous and active maintenance of a posture against gravity).
7. Mannerism (i.e., odd, circumstantial caricature of normal actions).
8. Stereotypy (i.e., repetitive, abnormally frequent, non-goal-directed movements).
9. Agitation, not influenced by external stimuli.
10. Grimacing.
11. Echolalia (i.e., mimicking another’s speech).
12. Echopraxia (i.e., mimicking another’s movements).
37. SOME FACTORS REJECTED AS CAUSAL
• “Schizophrenogenic Mother”
• “Skewed” family structure
39. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Two psychological processes involve
• Regression to a pre-ego stage
• Efforts to re-establish ego control
• People who regress to pre-ego state
• Become narcissistic
• Cause
• Cold or unnurturing parents
• Experiencing severe traumas.
• Self centered symptoms emerge such as neologisms, loose
associations, and delusions of grandeur.
40. PSYCHODYNAMICS
• People who reestablish ego
• Regression to an infantile state, than then try to reestablish ego
control and contact with reality.
• Establish psychotic symptoms such as
• Auditory hallucinations
• On the basis of such explanation psychodynamics gave the
concept of schizophrenogenic (schizophrenia-causing)
mothers.
41. THE BEHAVIOURAL VIEW
• When people are not reinforced for their attention to social cues, either
because of unusual circumstances or because important figures in their lives
are socially inadequate.
• They stop attending to such cues and focus instead on irrelevant cues—the
brightness of light in a room, a bird flying above, or the sound of a word
rather than its meaning. As they attend more and more to irrelevant cues,
their responses become increasingly odd. Because the strange responses are
rewarded with attention or other types of reinforcement, they are likely to be
repeated again and again.
42. THE COGNITIVE VIEW
• According to Cognitive view, people with schizophrenia take a “rational
path to madness.
• Cognitive explanation of schizophrenia agrees with the biological view
that during hallucinations and related perceptual difficulties the brains
of people with schizophrenia are actually producing strange and unreal
sensations—sensations triggered by biological factors.
• When first confronted by voices or other troubling sensations, these
people turn to friends and relatives. Naturally, the friends and relatives
deny the reality of the sensations, and eventually the sufferers conclude
that the others are trying to hide the truth. They begin to reject all
feedback, and some develop beliefs (delusions) that they are being
persecuted
43. SOCIOCULTURAL VIEWS
• Sociocultural theorists, recognizing that people with mental
disorders are subject to a wide range of social and cultural
forces, claim that
• multicultural factors
• social labelling
• Family dysfunctioning all contribute to schizophrenia.
45. GENETIC FACTORS:
(THE EVIDENCE MOUNTS…)
• Monozygotic twins (31%-78%) vs dizygotic twins
• 4-9% risk in first degree relatives of schizophrenics
• Adoption studies
46. GENETICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
• Vulnerability to schizophrenia is likely inherited
• “Heritability” is probably 60-90%
• Schizophrenia probably involves dysfunction of many genes
47. ANATOMICAL ABNORMALITIES
• Enlargement of lateral ventricles
• Smaller than normal total brain volume
• Cortical atrophy
• Widening of third ventricle
• Smaller hippocampus
48. PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT
• Hospitalize for acute loss of functioning
• Outpatient treatment is rehabilitative
• Psychoanalysis, exploratory therapies have limited value
• Families should be involved
49. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• Dopamine Theory
• Disorder due to excess levels of dopamine
• Drugs that alleviate symptoms reduce dopamine activity
• Amphetamines, which increase dopamine levels, can induce a
psychosis
• Theory revised
• Excess numbers of dopamine receptors or oversensitive
dopamine receptors
• Localized mainly in the mesolimbic pathway
• Mesolimbic dopamine abnormalities mainly related to positive
symptoms
• Underactive dopamine activity in the mesocortical pathway
mainly related to negative symptoms
51. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
EVALUATION OF DOPAMINE THEORY
• Dopamine theory doesn’t completely explain
disorder
• Antipsychotics block dopamine rapidly but symptom
relief takes several weeks
• To be effective, antipsychotics must reduce dopamine
activity to below normal levels
• Other neurotransmitters involved:
• Serotonin
• GABA
• Glutamate
52. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION• Enlarged ventricles
• Implies loss of brain cells
• Correlate with
• Poor performance on cognitive tests
• Poor premorbid adjustment
• Poor response to treatment
53. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• Prefrontal Cortex
• Many behaviors disrupted by schizophrenia (e.g., speech, decision
making) are governed by prefrontal cortex
• Individuals with schizophrenia show impairments on
neuropsychological tests of prefrontal cortex (e.g., memory)
• Individuals with schizophrenia show low metabolic rates in prefrontal
cortex
• Failure to show frontal activated related to negative symptoms
• Disrupted communication among neurons due to loss of dendritic
spines
• Disconnection Syndrome
54. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• Environmental Factors
• Damage during gestation or birth
• Obstetrical complications rates high in patients with schizophrenia
• Reduced supply of oxygen during delivery may result in loss of cortical matter
• Viral damage to fetal brain
• Presence of parasite, toxoplasma gondii, associated with 2.5x greater
risk of developing schizophrenia
• In Finnish study, schizophrenia rates higher when mother had flu in
second trimester of pregnancy
55. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• Developmental factors
• Prefrontal cortex matures in adolescence or early adulthood
• Dopamine activity also peaks in adolescence
• Stress activates HPA system which triggers cortisol secretion
• Cortisol increases dopamine activity
• Excessive pruning of synaptic connections
• Use of cannabis during adolescence associated with increased risk
• May explain why symptoms appear in late adolescence but
brain damage occurs early in life
56. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS
• Reaction to stress
• Individuals with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives
more reactive to stress
• Greater decreases in positive mood and increases in negative mood
• Socioeconomic status
• Highest rates of schizophrenia among urban poor
• Sociogenic hypothesis
• Stress of poverty causes disorder
• Social selection theory
• Downward drift in socioeconomic status
• Research supports social selection
57. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA:
FAMILY FACTORS
• Schizophrenogenic mother
• Cold, domineering, conflict inducing
• No support for this theory
• Communication deviance (CD)
• Hostility and poor communication
• Inconclusive at this time
62. INSTITUTIONAL CARE
Clinicians developed two institutional approaches that finally
brought some hope to patients who had lived in institutions for
years. Such as
1. Milieu therapy
2. Token economy program
63. MILIEU THERAPY
A humanistic approach to institutional treatment based on the
belief that institutions can help patients recover by creating a
climate that promotes self-respect, responsible behavior, and
meaningful activity. •token economy
64. TOKEN ECONOMY
• A behavioural program in which a person’s desirable
behaviours are reinforced systematically throughout the day by
the awarding of tokens that can be exchanged for goods or
privileges.