This document discusses psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. It provides details on: 1) The diagnostic criteria and characteristics of schizophrenia according to the DSM-5 including symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. 2) The origins and models of delusions and hallucinations, which are common symptoms of schizophrenia. It describes different types of hallucinations and models of thought organization. 3) Treatment options for schizophrenia including antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions. Common atypical antipsychotics are listed and their side effect profiles described.

1. Psychotic disorders:
diagnosis & treatment
Zahiruddin Othman

2. Schizophrenia spectrum &
other psychotic disorders
Schizotypal personality Delusional disorder Brief psychotic disorder
Schizophreniform
disorder
Schizophrenia Schizoaffective disorder
Substance/medication
induced psychotic dis
Psychotic disorder due
to another medical
condition
Catatonia

3. Schizophrenia Spectrum
“typical“
schizophrenia
schizotypal and
paranoid
personality
disorders
schizoaffective
disorder
other non-
affective psychotic
disorders
(schizophreniform,
atypical psychosis)
psychotic affective
disorders

4. What is Schizophrenia?Kraepelin(1887)
•Dementia praecox
•Based on his
longitudinal
observations of
clinical cases which
ultimately resulted in
severe cognitive and
behavioral decline
Bleuler(1911)
•Group of
schizophrenias
•Basic (obligatory)
symptom
•loosening of
associations,
ambivalence,
affective
incongruence, and
autism
•Accessory
(supplementary)
•Delusions &
hallucinations
Schneider(1938)
•First-rank symptoms
•Auditory
hallucinations,
•Broadcasting of
thought,
•Controlled thought
(delusions of
control),
•Delusional
perception
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181977/

6. What is schizophrenia?
• Chronic with period of exacerbation
• Severe mental illness
• Characterized by prominent psychosis
• Functional / primary, heterogenous

7. DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
Exclusion
Thresholdcriteria
Characteristicsymptoms
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized
speech
Disorganized or
catatonic
behavior
Negative
symptoms
Active
symptoms ≥ 1
month
Disturbance ≥ 6
months
Social-
occupational
deterioration
Schizoaffective,
depressive or
bipolar
disorders
Substance or
medical causes

8. Origin of delusion - conrad
Trema
• Delusional mood;
a total change in
perception of the
world
Apophany
• Search for and
finding a new
meaning for
psychological
events
Anastrophy
• Heightening of
psychosis
Consolidation
• Formation of a
new world or
psychological set
based on new
meanings
Residuum
• Eventual autistic
state

9. Abnormal
Perception
Sensory
DISTORTION
Change in
intensity
Hyperacusis
Visual
hyperaesthesia
Change in quality
Micropsia
Macropsia
Dysmegalopsia
Change in the
associated
feelings
Derealization
Depersonalization
Sensory
DECEPTION
Hallucination
Pseudo-
hallucination
Illusion
Completion
Affect
Pareidolic

10. Hallucinations
Complexity
Elementary Complex
Voices
Music
Modality
Auditory
Addressing the
patient as …
Thought
spoken aloud
Second Person
Third Person
Content
Commanding
Commenting
Discussing
Arguing
Visual Other
Tactile
Olfactory
Gustatory

11. A MODEL OF ASSOCIATIONS
Thought
Possible thought
Possible thought
Possible thought
Actual thought
Constellation
Possible thought
Possible thought
Possible thought
Actual thought
Constellation
ASSOCIATIONS
GOAL
ASSOCIATIONS

12. Circumstantiality
Unnecessary
trivial details
Unnecessary trivial details
Unnecessary
trivial details
Goal finally
reached

13. Catatonic behaviour
• Bizarre movements
• Echolalia / echopraxia
• Command automatism
• Extreme resistance
• Excitement
• Negativism
• Posturing
• Waxy flexibility
• Stupor

14. Course

16. APS & BLIPS
• Attenuated psychotic
symptoms
– Odd beliefs
– Magical thinking
– Perceptual disturbances
– Paranoid ideation
– Odd thinking/speech
– Odd behavior/
appearance
• Brief limited
intermittent psychosis
– Symptoms of psychotic
intensity but resolved
spontaneously within a
week

17. Treatment
• Pharmacotherapy & physical treatment
– Antipsychotics
– ECT
• Acute, maintenance
• Psychosocial
– Community & rehabilitation

18. Antipsychotics:
Uncommon side-effects
• Serositis
• Myocarditis, QTc
prolongation
• Agranulocytosis
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Cholestatic jaundice

19. Atypical Antipsychotics
sedation
• Aripiprazole
• Paliperidone
• Risperidone
• Ziprasidone
• Asenapine
• Olanzapine
• Clozapine
• Quetiapine
Weightgain
• Aripiprazole
• Ziprasidone
• Asenapine
• Paliperidone
• Risperidone
• Quetiapine
• Clozapine
• Olanzapine
Extrapyramidalsyndrome
• Clozapine
• Quetiapine
• Aripiprazole
• Asenapine
• Olanzapine
• Ziprasidone
• Paliperidone
• Risperidone
More

20. Neurological Side effects