A simple overview of schizophrenia disorder

1. Schizo
phrenia

3. Prevalence
The onset of
schizophreniausually
occurs between the
late teens and the mid
30s.
)later in women than
in men(
About 0.3
-
0.7
% of
people are affectedby
schizophreniaduring
their lifetime.
In 2013 there was
estimatedto be 23.6
millioncases globally The incidence is about
equal between women
and men.
(
1
) (
2
)
(
3
)
(
4
)

4. Causes
(
1
) Genetic factors :
A predisposition to schizophrenia can run
in families.
(
2
) Biochemical factors :
Certain biochemical substances in the
brain are believed to be involved in
schizophrenia, especially a
neurotransmitter called dopamine.
(
3
) Family relationships.
(
4
) Stress.
(
5
) Alcohol and other drug use.

5. Symptoms
•Usually, symptoms are divided into two categories: positive and negative.
•However, other domains have also been suggested: Cognitive
•Mood symptoms: such as sudden irritability and anger may be involved.
•Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.

6. Positive Symptoms
*Generally respond well to medications*
Hallucinations
Thought Disorders
Movement disorders
Delusions

7. • A hallucination is when a personexperiences a sensation but there is nothing or nobody there to
account for it. It can involve any of the senses )vision,hearing, smell,taste, or touch(, but the most
common is hearing voices )auditory hallucinations..
• The voices may talkto the person about his or her behavior,commandthe personto do things, or
warn the person of danger.
• Sometimes the voices talk to eachother,and sometimes people with schizophreniatalk to the voices
that they hear.
• Other types of hallucinations includeseeingpeople or objects that are not there, smellingodors that no
one else detects, andfeeling things like invisible fingers touching their bodieswhen no one is near.

8. • A fixeddelusion:will not changeno matter.
• Paranoiddelusions are tryingto harm them, such
as:cheating,harassing poisoning,Spyingon of
Plotting against them or the People they care
about. These beliefs are called "Persecutory
delusions"Religious delusions.

9. • Thought disorders are unusualor dysfunctional ways of thinking.
• One form is called"disorganized thinking"This is when a person has trouble
organizing his
• or her thoughts, disorganized thinking is inferred from disorganized speech.
This is oftencalled"wordsalad"confusedor unintelligible mixture of
seemingly random words.
• Abnormalmotor behavior can include resistance to instructions,inappropriate andbizarreposture,
a complete lackof response, or uselessand excessivemovement.
• A person may become catatonic , Catatonia is a statein which a person does not move anddoes
not respondto others.

10. Negative Symptoms
*Often limited respond to medications*
Flat affec ( diminished emotional expression(:
Lack emotion, suchas not making eye contact, not changingfacial expressions,speaking
without inflectionor monotone or not adding handor headmovements that normally provide
the emotionallemphasisin speech.
Reduced ability to plan or carry out activities:
Suchas....
-Decreased talking –Lack of personal hygiene –Loss of interest in everyday
activities –Social withdrawal –Lackof abilityto experience pleasure.

11. Cognitive Symptoms
*Not respond to medications*
Poor "executive functioning "
The ability to understand information
Problems with "working memory"
The ability to use informationimmediatelyafterlearning it.

12. DSM-
5
Criteria
*Main characteristics*
• Two or more of the following, each
present for a significant portion of time
during a one month period or less if
successfully treated :
(
1
) Delusions ) 2
)
snotianicullaH
.
(
3
) Disorganized speech e.g .Frequent derailment or
incoherence
(
4
) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
(
5
) Negative symptoms i.e .Diminished emotional
expression or avolition.
• At least 1 of the symptoms
must be the presence of :
(
2
) hallucinations.
(
3
) disorganized speech.
(
1
) Delusions..

13. Schizophrenia Subtypes
Paranoid
Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Catatonic
Schizophrenia

14. Paranoid Schizophrenia
-It is the most common type of
schizophrenia.Delusions or auditory
hallucinations are present.
-Thought disorder, disorganized behavior .
Or affective flattening are not.
-Delusions are persecutory and/or
grandiose, but in addition to these, other
themes such as jealousy, religiosity, or
somatization may also be present.

15. Disorganized Schizophrenia
It also known as hebephrenia .Greek term
Hallucinations and delusions are less pronounced .
Although there may be some evidence of these
symptoms.
-Thought disorder and flat affect are present together.
-Often, there is impairment in the emotional
processes of the individual. For example, these people
may appear emotionally unstable, or their emotions
may not seem appropriate to the context of the
situation.

16. Catatonic Schizophrenia
-Catatonia is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness.
-Disturbances in movement; may be almost immobile or
exhibit agitated.
-Symptoms can include catatonic stupor and waxy
flexibility.
-This set of symptoms sometimes is confused with
another disorder called tardive dyskinesia see later
BDZs are a first-line treatment strategy.
-Antipsychotics should be used with cation as they can
worsen catatonia.

17. Phases of Schizophrenia
•There are 4 phases of schizophrenia: prodromal,
acute, stabilization and stable
Prodromal phase:
-This phase is characterized
by the gradual development
of symptoms that may go
unnoticed until a major
symptom occurs.
-It may include isolation,
deterioration of hygiene,
loss of interest in work or
school and dysphoria.
Acute phase
-This is the full-blown episode of psychotic
behavior.
-Patients may be unable to care for
themselves during this phase.
Stabilization phase
-The acute symptoms begin to decrease, and
this phase may last for several months Stable
phase
-Symptoms have markedly declined and not
be present.