Schistosomiasis dr.rafal
•Download as PPT, PDF•
6 likes•2,894 views
This document summarizes information about Schistosoma worms and Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). It describes the classification, morphology, and life cycle of Schistosoma, which involves a snail intermediate host and human final host. Symptoms in humans include acute infection reactions or chronic complications in organs like the liver, intestines, bladder due to egg-induced immune responses. Diagnosis involves microscopic detection of eggs in stool/urine or other tests. Praziquantel is the primary treatment, while prevention focuses on avoiding contaminated freshwater sources.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Schistosoma ppt dr somesh 2015 - Parasitology - Trematodes
Schistosomiasis - Parasitology - trematodes -SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
Schistosomiasis (1)
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is caused by several species of parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. There are two main types - intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum, and urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium. The parasites are transmitted through contact with fresh water in tropical and subtropical areas where the snail hosts live. Symptoms depend on the species but include abdominal pain, blood in the urine or stool, fibrosis of organs, and infertility. Praziquantel
Intestinal flagellates. j.h.c
This document discusses the intestinal flagellate Giardia intestinalis. It describes the two stages of G. intestinalis as trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is oval to pear shaped and 9-20μm in length. The cyst is 8-18μm in length and contains 4 nuclei. G. intestinalis has a worldwide distribution and causes giardiasis in humans. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malabsorption. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole. Prevention relies on water filtration and hygiene.
Schistosomiasis
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Schistosoma parasitology kasr el Einy department
The document summarizes key information about Schistosoma parasites and Schistosomiasis. It discusses that Schistosomes have separate sexes, with eggs lacking an operculum but having a spine. It also describes the life cycle within an intermediate snail host and the human definitive host, noting that infection occurs via skin penetration rather than ingestion. The document further provides details on the geographical distribution of different Schistosoma species, the locations in the body where adults reside, the life cycle stages, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention/control of Schistosomiasis.
Schistosmiasis
The document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharziasis, which is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. There are 5 main types that can infect humans, causing symptoms varying from urinary issues to liver and intestinal problems. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Treatment primarily uses the drug praziquantel. Control efforts focus on reducing contact with infected freshwater sources and killing the snail intermediate hosts that transmit the parasite.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
Leishmania
This document discusses Leishmania, the protozoan parasite that causes Leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by sandflies. Leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer in the world after malaria. The document describes the classification, morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of Leishmania parasites and the diseases they cause. Key points covered include the different Leishmania species, the diseases they cause (visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis), their diagnosis using blood smears, splenic aspirates or lymph node samples, and their treatment with drugs such as sodium stibogluconate or amphotericin B.
Recommended
Schistosoma ppt dr somesh 2015 - Parasitology - Trematodes
Schistosomiasis - Parasitology - trematodes -SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
Schistosomiasis (1)
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is caused by several species of parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. There are two main types - intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum, and urogenital schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium. The parasites are transmitted through contact with fresh water in tropical and subtropical areas where the snail hosts live. Symptoms depend on the species but include abdominal pain, blood in the urine or stool, fibrosis of organs, and infertility. Praziquantel
Intestinal flagellates. j.h.c
This document discusses the intestinal flagellate Giardia intestinalis. It describes the two stages of G. intestinalis as trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is oval to pear shaped and 9-20μm in length. The cyst is 8-18μm in length and contains 4 nuclei. G. intestinalis has a worldwide distribution and causes giardiasis in humans. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malabsorption. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole. Prevention relies on water filtration and hygiene.
Schistosomiasis
This document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia. It is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. There are over 200 million current cases globally, primarily in Africa, Asia, and South America. The parasite requires human and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle. Eggs released by adult flukes in the bloodstream cause tissue damage and an immune response, resulting in chronic symptoms. Clinical presentation depends on the infecting species and affected organ systems. Diagnosis is via egg detection in stool or urine, with antibody tests as a more sensitive option. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice.
Schistosoma parasitology kasr el Einy department
The document summarizes key information about Schistosoma parasites and Schistosomiasis. It discusses that Schistosomes have separate sexes, with eggs lacking an operculum but having a spine. It also describes the life cycle within an intermediate snail host and the human definitive host, noting that infection occurs via skin penetration rather than ingestion. The document further provides details on the geographical distribution of different Schistosoma species, the locations in the body where adults reside, the life cycle stages, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention/control of Schistosomiasis.
Schistosmiasis
The document discusses schistosomiasis, also known as bilharziasis, which is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. There are 5 main types that can infect humans, causing symptoms varying from urinary issues to liver and intestinal problems. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Treatment primarily uses the drug praziquantel. Control efforts focus on reducing contact with infected freshwater sources and killing the snail intermediate hosts that transmit the parasite.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
Leishmania
This document discusses Leishmania, the protozoan parasite that causes Leishmaniasis. It is transmitted by sandflies. Leishmaniasis is the second largest parasitic killer in the world after malaria. The document describes the classification, morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of Leishmania parasites and the diseases they cause. Key points covered include the different Leishmania species, the diseases they cause (visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis), their diagnosis using blood smears, splenic aspirates or lymph node samples, and their treatment with drugs such as sodium stibogluconate or amphotericin B.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease infects the urinary tract and intestines through parasite eggs. There are several species of Schistosoma that cause disease in humans, including S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the species and stage of infection, but often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool or urine. Diagnosis is made by detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Treatment involves praziqu
parasitology lec - FLUKES
The document describes and classifies various medically important trematode parasites. It discusses their general characteristics, classification, life cycles, and morphology of adults and eggs. Key points include: trematodes are flatworms with oral and ventral suckers, require two intermediate hosts, and eggs are operculated; major groups discussed are blood flukes (Schistosoma), liver flukes (Fasciola, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis, Heterophyids, Echinostoma), and lung flukes (Paragonimus). Adult and egg morphology and sizes are provided for identification purposes.
Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
- Clinical manifestations range from transient rashes to hematuria,
Taenia spp..
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
Coccidia
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
Plasmodium
This document describes the key characteristics of four species of Plasmodium that infect humans and cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It covers their morphology, life cycles, symptoms caused, and distinguishing features. P. falciparum is the most dangerous species and causes malignant tertian malaria. P. vivax can cause relapse of infection through dormant liver stages called hypnozoites. The life cycles involve alternating asexual replication phases in the human host and sexual phases in the Anopheles mosquito vector.
Protozoan parasites
This document provides information about various protozoan parasites classified as amoebas. It describes the morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic characteristics of several intestinal amoebas that can infect humans, including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba gingivalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Iodamoeba butschlii. For each parasite, it details their trophozoite and cyst stages, structures, sites of infection, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to educate on the classification, identification, and clinical significance of different amoeba species.
Strongyloides schistosoma
This document summarizes information about two parasitic worms: Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma species. Strongyloides stercoralis can cause strongyloidiasis and potentially fatal hyperinfection in immunocompromised individuals. It has a direct life cycle within the human host. Schistosoma species cause schistosomiasis (bilharzia) which is transmitted through contaminated water and affects over 200 million people globally. The three main species that infect humans reside in blood vessels and cause disease via egg-induced damage. Diagnosis involves detecting eggs in stool/urine and treatment is with praziquantel or oxamniquine.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. There are several species that cause distinct forms of the disease depending on the organs affected. People become infected through contact with freshwater contaminated with larvae from infected snails. Symptoms vary depending on the species and stage of infection but commonly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in urine or stool. Praziquantel is the treatment used to cure all forms of the disease. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with contaminated freshwater sources.
ascaris lumbricoids
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. The life cycle involves ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, hatching of larvae in the intestine, migration through the lungs, and maturation into adult worms in the small intestine. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some people experience abdominal pain, nausea, coughing or vomiting worms. Diagnosis is made by finding Ascaris eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves deworming medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to prevent fecal contamination of soil
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Ancylostoma duodenale
ancylostoma morphology,mode of transmission ,life cycle and pathogenesis and preventive measures by asif ibrahim kanth
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
Trematodes
blood flukes = Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. hematobium.
intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski
liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis
lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani.
Strongyloides
Strongyloides is a parasitic roundworm infection that was first described in French troops in Vietnam in the late 19th century. It is most common in tropical areas. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can become severe or critical if left untreated. The parasite enters the body through exposed skin and has a complex life cycle involving an internal autoinfection that can cause chronic or disseminated infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic identification of larvae in stool samples. Treatment is recommended for all infected individuals due to risk of severe disease.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic nematode that can cause strongyloidiasis in humans. It has a unique life cycle involving both free-living and parasitic stages. In the parasitic stage, the worm resides in the small intestine and can spread throughout the body, potentially causing disseminated infection. Diagnosis is made by identifying larvae in stool samples or biopsy specimens. Transplant patients are at higher risk of severe hyperinfection due to immunosuppression. Screening and treatment prior to transplantation is important for prevention.
Taenia Solium and Taenia Saginata
The document discusses Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, the beef and pork tapeworms respectively. It defines their life cycles, which involve humans as the definitive host and cattle or pigs as intermediate hosts. The adult tapeworms reside in the human small intestine and release proglottids containing eggs, which are passed in feces. If ingested by cattle or pigs, the eggs can develop into cysticerci that are then consumed undercooked to continue the life cycle. Symptoms of taeniasis include abdominal pain and irritation at the site of attachment. Cysticercosis occurs if eggs are accidentally ingested by humans and can involve various tissues. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or progl
Introduction of helminthology
Helminthology is such an important topic not only in India but worldwide. Here is an introduction to the medically important parasites causing diseases to man.
Schistosomes
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called blood flukes. It is a major public health problem in many parts of the developing world. Three main species infect humans - Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and humans. Eggs produced by the parasites in human tissues cause inflammatory reactions that can damage organs. Symptoms depend on the infecting species but include abdominal pain, blood in urine or stool, and organ damage like liver fibrosis. Treatment involves praziquantel but prevention focuses on improving san
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.
More Related Content
What's hot
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma. The disease infects the urinary tract and intestines through parasite eggs. There are several species of Schistosoma that cause disease in humans, including S. haematobium, S. mansoni, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and human hosts. Symptoms vary depending on the species and stage of infection, but often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stool or urine. Diagnosis is made by detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples under microscopy. Treatment involves praziqu
parasitology lec - FLUKES
The document describes and classifies various medically important trematode parasites. It discusses their general characteristics, classification, life cycles, and morphology of adults and eggs. Key points include: trematodes are flatworms with oral and ventral suckers, require two intermediate hosts, and eggs are operculated; major groups discussed are blood flukes (Schistosoma), liver flukes (Fasciola, Clonorchis, Opisthorchis), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis, Heterophyids, Echinostoma), and lung flukes (Paragonimus). Adult and egg morphology and sizes are provided for identification purposes.
Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
- Clinical manifestations range from transient rashes to hematuria,
Taenia spp..
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
Coccidia
This document provides information about tissue coccidia, specifically Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis species. It outlines the objectives, life cycles, morphology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. Key points include that cats are the only known definitive host of T. gondii, which can cause severe disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. Serological testing is used for diagnosis, while prevention involves hand washing and not eating undercooked meat.
Plasmodium
This document describes the key characteristics of four species of Plasmodium that infect humans and cause malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. It covers their morphology, life cycles, symptoms caused, and distinguishing features. P. falciparum is the most dangerous species and causes malignant tertian malaria. P. vivax can cause relapse of infection through dormant liver stages called hypnozoites. The life cycles involve alternating asexual replication phases in the human host and sexual phases in the Anopheles mosquito vector.
Protozoan parasites
This document provides information about various protozoan parasites classified as amoebas. It describes the morphology, life cycles, and pathogenic characteristics of several intestinal amoebas that can infect humans, including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba gingivalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Iodamoeba butschlii. For each parasite, it details their trophozoite and cyst stages, structures, sites of infection, and methods of diagnosis and treatment. The document aims to educate on the classification, identification, and clinical significance of different amoeba species.
Strongyloides schistosoma
This document summarizes information about two parasitic worms: Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma species. Strongyloides stercoralis can cause strongyloidiasis and potentially fatal hyperinfection in immunocompromised individuals. It has a direct life cycle within the human host. Schistosoma species cause schistosomiasis (bilharzia) which is transmitted through contaminated water and affects over 200 million people globally. The three main species that infect humans reside in blood vessels and cause disease via egg-induced damage. Diagnosis involves detecting eggs in stool/urine and treatment is with praziquantel or oxamniquine.
Liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic worms of the genus Schistosoma. There are several species that cause distinct forms of the disease depending on the organs affected. People become infected through contact with freshwater contaminated with larvae from infected snails. Symptoms vary depending on the species and stage of infection but commonly include abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in urine or stool. Praziquantel is the treatment used to cure all forms of the disease. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with contaminated freshwater sources.
ascaris lumbricoids
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common intestinal parasites worldwide. The life cycle involves ingestion of Ascaris eggs from contaminated soil, hatching of larvae in the intestine, migration through the lungs, and maturation into adult worms in the small intestine. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some people experience abdominal pain, nausea, coughing or vomiting worms. Diagnosis is made by finding Ascaris eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves deworming medications like albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation and hygiene to prevent fecal contamination of soil
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Ancylostoma duodenale
ancylostoma morphology,mode of transmission ,life cycle and pathogenesis and preventive measures by asif ibrahim kanth
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris trichuria, also known as the whipworm, is a soil-transmitted helminth that inhabits the large intestine. The male worm is 30-45mm while the female is 35-50mm. The female lays 3,000-10,000 eggs per day that are passed in feces. Under favorable conditions, the eggs embryonate in 2-3 weeks and can cause infection if swallowed. Heavy infections can cause symptoms like bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia. Diagnosis is via stool examination and treatment is with mebendazole or albendazole.
Trematodes
blood flukes = Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. hematobium.
intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski
liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis
lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani.
Strongyloides
Strongyloides is a parasitic roundworm infection that was first described in French troops in Vietnam in the late 19th century. It is most common in tropical areas. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some can become severe or critical if left untreated. The parasite enters the body through exposed skin and has a complex life cycle involving an internal autoinfection that can cause chronic or disseminated infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Diagnosis is usually by microscopic identification of larvae in stool samples. Treatment is recommended for all infected individuals due to risk of severe disease.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal parasitic nematode that can cause strongyloidiasis in humans. It has a unique life cycle involving both free-living and parasitic stages. In the parasitic stage, the worm resides in the small intestine and can spread throughout the body, potentially causing disseminated infection. Diagnosis is made by identifying larvae in stool samples or biopsy specimens. Transplant patients are at higher risk of severe hyperinfection due to immunosuppression. Screening and treatment prior to transplantation is important for prevention.
Taenia Solium and Taenia Saginata
The document discusses Taenia saginata and Taenia solium, the beef and pork tapeworms respectively. It defines their life cycles, which involve humans as the definitive host and cattle or pigs as intermediate hosts. The adult tapeworms reside in the human small intestine and release proglottids containing eggs, which are passed in feces. If ingested by cattle or pigs, the eggs can develop into cysticerci that are then consumed undercooked to continue the life cycle. Symptoms of taeniasis include abdominal pain and irritation at the site of attachment. Cysticercosis occurs if eggs are accidentally ingested by humans and can involve various tissues. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or progl
Introduction of helminthology
Helminthology is such an important topic not only in India but worldwide. Here is an introduction to the medically important parasites causing diseases to man.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Schistosomes
Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called blood flukes. It is a major public health problem in many parts of the developing world. Three main species infect humans - Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. The parasites have complex life cycles involving freshwater snails and humans. Eggs produced by the parasites in human tissues cause inflammatory reactions that can damage organs. Symptoms depend on the infecting species but include abdominal pain, blood in urine or stool, and organ damage like liver fibrosis. Treatment involves praziquantel but prevention focuses on improving san
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by five species of blood flukes in the genus Schistosoma. The adult worms live in veins and cause disease. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs. Symptoms range from initial fever to long-term issues like liver damage and portal hypertension. Praziquantel treatment can cure 85% of cases. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected freshwater in endemic areas and improving sanitation.
Schistosomiasis
1) Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma.
2) It is found most commonly in Africa, South America, East Asia, and the Middle East, infecting over 230 million people annually, with over 90% of cases occurring in Africa.
3) The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving freshwater snails and human hosts. People become infected when larval forms of the parasite penetrate their skin during contact with infected water, then develop into adults that reside in blood vessels, releasing eggs that can cause damage to internal organs.
Schistosoma mansoni case report
1) A 52-year-old Sudanese woman presented with left hypochondrium pain and was found to have liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly.
2) She had a history of exposure to snail-infested water sources in Sudan for farming and daily use.
3) Tests confirmed schistosomiasis infection with S. mansoni eggs identified in her stool and a positive serology test.
4) She was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly caused by long-term S. mansoni infection from exposure to contaminated water in Sudan and was treated with praziquantel.
SCHISTONOMA MANSONI
This case report describes a 26-year-old male college student from Chennai, India who presented with episodes of loose stools. Stool examination revealed oval shaped eggs measuring 120-175μm * 40-70μm with a prominent lateral spine, consistent with Schistosoma mansoni. The patient had a history of recent travel and swimming in Nigeria, where schistosomiasis is endemic. He was diagnosed with intestinal schistosomiasis and treated with praziquantel. While rare, this case highlights the threat of population migration in spreading parasitic infections to non-endemic areas like India. Increased surveillance is needed to enable early detection and treatment of cases.
Shistosoma species
S. mansoni and S. japonicum are parasitic flatworm species that cause schistosomiasis. They have complex multi-stage life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. In humans, the worms reside in veins of the intestines or liver and cause symptoms like abdominal pain or blood in the stool or urine. Diagnosis involves examining stool or urine for eggs. Treatment options include praziquantel and oxamniquine. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation and limiting contact with infected freshwater.
Presentation and diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis
This study analyzed 78 patients diagnosed with schistosomiasis at an outpatient tropical disease clinic in Amsterdam between 1997-1999. Most infections (47%) were acquired in Southern Africa. Only 24% of patients presented with specific symptoms while 57% had eosinophilia. Stool and urine microscopy detected Schistosoma ova in 22% of cases. One third of asymptomatic individuals requesting screening tested positive for schistosomal antibodies. Eosinophilia was common but not sufficient for diagnosis, while microscopy had low sensitivity. Serology was determined to be the most reliable screening method.
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate change
To understand how climate might affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases, one must first examine the life cycles of the diseases and the environmental parameters associated with each stage
A vector-borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts.
The transmission depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three different living organisms:
- the pathologic agent,
-the vector, and the human host.
intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed
We recommend proactive planning
more surveillance of direct impacts, such as changes in the reproduction rate of the vector or the agent, the biting frequency of the vector, and the amount of time the host is exposed to the vector due to changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity, or storm patterns.
Even less information is available to evaluate the impacts of societal and individual activities on the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Changes in hydrology, agriculture, forestry, and infrastructure in response to global warming may also indirectly affect the interrelationship among the disease agent, vectors, and hosts
Schistosoma and Global Warming
This document discusses schistosomiasis (bilharzia), a parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It outlines the classification of schistosomes, their life cycle involving snail intermediate hosts, symptoms, treatment with praziquantel, and global distribution. It notes that over 250 million people are infected worldwide. The document also discusses how global warming may expand the habitat and transmission of schistosomiasis by increasing temperatures in regions previously too cold for the parasite and snail hosts to survive.
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic worms that are transmitted through contaminated freshwater. It is most prevalent in poor communities in Africa, where over 85% of global cases occur. Symptoms vary depending on the infected organ but can include abdominal pain, blood in urine or stool, liver and spleen enlargement. Diagnosis is through detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine samples. Treatment involves praziquantel which is most effective against adult parasites. Control relies on mass drug administration targeted at high-risk groups, along with improved sanitation and access to safe water.
Genitourinary Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworm. It affects over 200 million people in developing countries. People can become infected by wading or swimming in freshwater bodies inhabited by snails that carry the parasite larvae. The parasite has a complex lifecycle involving snail and human hosts. In humans, the larvae mature into adult worms that reside in blood vessels and release eggs, which can cause immune reactions and organ damage. Symptoms range from rash and fever during initial infection to long-term issues like bladder polyps, kidney failure, and cancer. Diagnosis involves detecting parasite eggs in stool or urine samples, and treatment is usually with the drug praziquantel.
Schistosoma
TAXONOMÍA
Especie de trematodos, gusanos aplanados parasitarios de los humanos que produce la enfermedad conocida como esquistosomiasis o bilharzia.
Fiebre de Katayama
Se distinguen de otros trematodos por tener los sexos separados.
Molusco como hospedador intermedio
Duela sanguinea
S. Mansoni:
Única especie en América latina
Huesped intermediario: Biomphalaria
Esquistosomiasis intestinal
S. Japonicum:
Comun en asia y el pacifico. Solo afecta animales
Huesped intermediario: Oncomelania
S. haematobium:
En Africa, Medio Oriente y Mediterraneo
Huesped intermediario: Bulinus.
Esquistosomiasis urinaria
S. MANSONI: Morfología Adulto:
Gusano largo y delgado
Cuerpo aplanado
No segmentado
Revestido por un tegumento metabólicamente activo
Aparato digestivo incompleto
Ventosas oral y ventral
Se distingue por tener sexos separados (Dioicos)
Sistema circulatorio: Extraen hemoglobina del huesped
Macho
10-12 mm x 0.11mm
Tegumento revestido por pequeños tubérculos
Bordes laterales incurvados formando un canal: ginecoforo.
6-9 testiculos de donde se desprende un tubulo que se dilata en una vesicula seminal
Hembra
12-16 x 0,016 mm.
1 solo ovario preecuatorial
Depositan 1 o 2 huevos
Es más obscura que el macho por un pigmento llamado Hemozoina.
Huevo:
Alargados, con cubierta transparente, de unos 114-180 μm x 45-73 μm, con un espolón lateral cerca de la extremidad posterior y apuntando hacia atrás. Cada huevo contiene un miracidio.
Miracidio:
Una larva ciliada embironaria. En contacto con el agua, apenas viven unas horas cuando son liberadas de los huevos y no encuentran a su hospedador intermediario
Cercaria :
Último estadio larvario; es nadadora, libre, caracterizada por tener una larga cola bifurcada en el extremo distal, una cabeza de unos 200 μm equipada con espinas y papilas sensoriales, y recubiertas por tegumento trilaminado, denso y refráctil. Tienen diferenciacion sexual. Las glandulas de la cabeza tiene enzimas para penetrar en la puel del humano, pierden la cola.
Epidemiologia: Originario de África, el Schistosoma mansoni fue transportado a América Latina. l organismo y su hospedador intermediario se encuentran enÁfrica, Brasil, Venezuela, Surinam, ciertas áreas de las Antillas, Puerto Rico, y la República Dominicana.
Factores de riesgo: Presencia de caracoles acuáticos
Agua de beber contaminada
Bañarse o nadar en aguas contaminadas
Heces infectadas
Drenaje
Viajes internacionales
Prácticas agrícolas
Vivir o viajar a ciertas regiones de Africa, Medio Oriente, Asia, Sudamérica y el Caribe
Pobreza, ignorancia, vivienda en malas condiciones, escasa higiene, deficientes servicios sanitarios
Ciclo biológico: Liberacion del huevo en las heces
En el agua se libera el miracidio
Penetra en el caracol boimphalaria
Se transforman en esporiquistes primarios
Por sus poros se liberan cientos esporoquistes secundarios (hijos)
En el hapeto
Schistosoma haematobium
Este documento presenta información sobre Schistosoma haematobium, un parásito que causa esquistosomiasis urinaria. Describe su clasificación taxonómica, el ciclo de vida, la morfología de sus diferentes etapas, los síntomas que provoca en humanos y su diagnóstico. También aborda su epidemiología y las normas aplicables a productos de la pesca para prevenir su transmisión.
Schistosomiasis
This document discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and control of schistosomiasis. It notes that Schistosoma haematobium causes urinary tract infection and is endemic in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Common symptoms include blood in the urine, pain and burning during urination. Praziquantel is the recommended treatment, while control measures focus on improving access to clean water and sanitation to reduce transmission.
Amoebiasis
This document provides an overview of amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica infection). It discusses the definition, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of intestinal amoebiasis as well as extra-intestinal infections such as amoebic liver abscess. Key points include that 90% of E. histolytica infections are asymptomatic but 10% can cause intestinal or extraintestinal disease ranging from dysentery to liver abscesses. Diagnosis involves microscopy of stool, biopsy or abscess aspirate samples. Treatment depends on the clinical presentation and involves metronidazole and other drugs.
Trematodes
Trematodes are flatworm parasites that are dorsoventrally flattened and unsegmented. They have two suckers and incomplete digestive tracts. Blood flukes include schistosomes which have complex multi-host life cycles involving snail and human hosts. The three main types that infect humans are Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. haematobium. Lung flukes include Paragonimus westermani which uses crabs as an intermediate host. Intestinal flukes include Fasciolopsis buski, a large fluke found in the intestines, and Echinostoma ilocanum, known as Garrison's fluke, which
Diagnosis
This document summarizes various laboratory techniques for diagnosing parasitic infections through direct examination of samples like urine, stool, sputum, biopsy specimens, and aspirates, as well as indirect immunological methods and molecular biological techniques. Direct examination involves microscopic evaluation of samples for parasite eggs, larvae, cysts, trophozoites, or adult parasites, while concentration techniques help find parasites in low-density infections. Indirect methods detect antibodies to parasites, and molecular techniques like PCR can identify parasitic DNA in samples.
Viewers also liked (17)
Presentation and diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis
Presentation and diagnosis of imported schistosomiasis
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate change
Vector borne infectious diseases in the face of climate change
Similar to Schistosomiasis dr.rafal
Schistosomiasisleishmaniasis.ppt
Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworms. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas where contact with contaminated water can allow transmission from infected snails to humans. The parasites mature in the body and lay eggs that can cause damage to internal organs. Symptoms range from none to acute fever, rash, and organ damage depending on the parasite species and stage of infection. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs in stool, urine, or tissue samples. Treatment is with praziquantel which kills the parasites but does not prevent reinfection. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with contaminated freshwater in endemic areas.
TREMATODES_-_finals.pdf
This document summarizes key information about trematodes (flukes). It describes their life cycles, which involve alternation between hosts and larval stages. It focuses on human trematodes that infect the blood, intestines, liver, and lungs. Specific sections provide details on key blood flukes (Schistosoma species), including their life cycles, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis. Other tissue-dwelling flukes discussed include Clonorchis sinensis (the Asian liver fluke) and Paragonimus westermani (the Oriental lung fluke), along with their life cycles, pathology, disease presentation, and diagnosis.
Trematodes kb
The document describes key anatomical structures and life cycles of various fluke parasites (trematodes) that infect humans, including Schistosoma species, Clonorchis sinensis, and Opisthorchis species. It provides diagrams of adult worm anatomy and egg morphology for S. japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. haematobium. Clinical manifestations of infections can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, and in some cases cholangiocarcinoma. Control relies on improving sanitation and targeting intermediate snail hosts.
lab of medical and health sciences by Abd Al Salam Najm
The three main blood flukes (Schistosoma species) that infect humans are S. mansoni, S. hematobium, and S. japonicum. They reside in the blood vessels of the definitive host and have separate sexes. The lifecycle involves an intermediate snail host that varies by species. Cercariae emerge from snails and can penetrate human skin, migrating through tissues and eventually residing in veins, where they pair and produce eggs. Eggs cause pathology and are excreted, potentially continuing the lifecycle if they reach water. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in stool, urine, or tissues depending on the infecting species.
5.1.3.2._BLOOD_FLUKES_(AHMED).ppt
The document discusses blood flukes (schistosomes), which are parasitic worms that reside in blood vessels. It outlines five species of medical importance: S. mansoni, S. hematobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, and S. mekongi. Each species has a distinct geographical distribution, life cycle involving an intermediate snail host, and causes a specific type of schistosomiasis. Laboratory diagnosis methods include finding eggs in stool or urine samples via concentration techniques or serological detection of antigens/antibodies. Chronic schistosomiasis can lead to serious complications depending on the infecting species, such as portal hypertension from S. mansoni infection.
schistosomiasis.pptx
This document discusses schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. It is most common in tropical and subtropical regions, infecting over 200 million people worldwide. The disease causes tissue damage as eggs released by adult worms become trapped in organs, eliciting an immune response that leads to granuloma formation and fibrosis. Chronic infection can result in serious complications affecting the liver, bladder, intestines and other organs. The life cycle requires freshwater snails as intermediate hosts and transmission occurs when larval forms penetrate human skin during water contact.
schistosomiasis.pptx
Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. It is estimated that 240-450 million people are currently infected, with over 800 million people at risk, especially in less developed countries. The life cycle of Schistosoma involves eggs released from infected humans and passing through water where they infect freshwater snails. Larvae emerge and can infect humans by penetrating the skin. In humans, the larvae mature into adult worms that reside in blood vessels and release eggs, causing tissue damage and pathology. Chronic infection can lead to liver and organ damage over time. Treatment involves praziquantel but control relies on improved sanitation and snail control.
schistosoma presentation.pptx
Schistosomiasis is caused by infection with Schistosoma blood flukes. It is estimated that 240-450 million people have been infected, with over 800 million people at risk, especially in developing countries. The disease causes tissue damage and long-term health effects. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas where contact with infected freshwater snails can occur. The life cycle involves snail hosts that transmit larval forms that penetrate human skin, mature and reproduce in blood vessels, releasing eggs that cause immune responses and granuloma formation that lead to organ damage. Chronic infection can result in serious issues like liver fibrosis, bladder cancer, and female genital damage. Diagnosis involves detecting eggs in
Schistosoma.ppt
This document discusses Schistosoma, the parasite that causes schistosomiasis. It covers the morphology and life cycle of Schistosoma, which involves snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis depend on the species and include symptoms caused by the body's immune response to eggs trapped in tissues. Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. Diagnosis is via identification of eggs in stool or urine samples, with praziquantel being the treatment of choice. Control relies on treating humans and reservoir hosts as well as reducing contact between people and infected waters.
Class Trematoda.pptx
The document describes several species of trematodes, including blood flukes and liver flukes. It provides details on their morphology, life cycles, geographical distribution, habitats, and pathology. The blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is discussed in depth, with descriptions of its egg morphology, life cycle involving a freshwater snail and human host, symptoms of intestinal schistosomiasis it causes, and methods for laboratory diagnosis.
schistosoma japanicum
Schistosoma japonicum is a trematode worm that causes liver and gastrointestinal disease in humans. It is endemic to parts of China, Japan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The worm has a complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as intermediate hosts and humans as definitive hosts. Eggs are passed in feces and hatch into larvae that infect snails, developing into cercariae that penetrate human skin, mature into adult worms in the liver and intestines, and lay eggs perpetuating the cycle. Chronic infection results in liver fibrosis and portal hypertension. Symptoms range from itching and rash during acute infection to gastrointestinal bleeding and organ damage in chronic cases. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of eggs
schistosomapptdrsomesh2015-151217103710.pdf
This document discusses the genus Schistosoma, which includes five species that cause schistosomiasis (bilharzia) in humans. It details the life cycle, which involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host. Schistosoma hematobium causes urinary schistosomiasis while S. mansoni causes intestinal disease. Diagnosis is made by finding the characteristic eggs in urine or stool. Over 250 million people are infected worldwide. Praziquantel is the treatment of choice. Prevention requires proper disposal of human waste and eliminating snail hosts to interrupt transmission.
Arushi Gupta taenia.pptx
1. Taeniarichosis refers to tapeworm infections. The document discusses several tapeworm species that can infect humans including Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Diphyllobotherium latum, Echinococcus granulosis, and Hymenolepis nana.
2. It also covers trematode (fluke) infections caused by parasites such as Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Fasciolopsis buski, and Fasciola hepatica.
3. The life cycles of the parasites are described including the intermediate hosts involved and how humans become infected by ingesting eggs or larvae from
Giardia and Trichomonas
1. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection of the urogenital tract.
2. It exists solely as a trophozoite, which is pear-shaped and has an undulating membrane and five flagella.
3. Infection occurs through sexual contact, with the parasite infecting and adhering to the squamous epithelium of the vagina, urethra, or prostate.
4. Symptoms in females include vaginal discharge and irritation, while males may experience urethritis. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of vaginal or urethral discharge, with culture being the most sensitive test.
Trichuris+enterobius.ppt
This document provides information on the taxonomy, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various helminth parasites. It describes the characteristics of nematodes and discusses specific nematodes like Trichuris trichura and Enterobius vermicularis. For T. trichura, it provides details on its morphology, life cycle, clinical manifestations including rectal prolapse, and microscopic identification of eggs in stool samples. For E. vermicularis, it discusses epidemiology in children, morphology of adult worms and eggs, life cycle involving nocturnal emergence of females, and diagnosis using scotch tape tests. Treatment involves repeated doses of albendazole or mebendazole
SCHISTOSOMES - TREMATODES - by shanmukh tunuguntla
The three main Schistosoma species that commonly infect humans are S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni. Each species has distinct egg morphologies and causes different clinical manifestations depending on the organs infected. S. haematobium primarily infects the urinary system, while S. japonicum and S. mansoni typically infect the intestinal system. All three species have complex life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts and require contact with contaminated freshwater for transmission.
Malaria
This document provides an overview of malaria and Plasmodium parasites. It discusses the life cycle of Plasmodium, which involves sexual reproduction in mosquitos and asexual replication in humans. Four main species that cause malaria in humans are described: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. falciparum is the most deadly and can cause complications like cerebral malaria. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malaria are outlined. Vaccine development is mentioned as a future intervention for controlling malaria.
Chapter 11 Trematodes.pptx
This document discusses trematodes (flukes) and focuses on schistosomes. It describes the classification, morphology, life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of schistosomes. The three main schistosome species that infect humans are discussed - Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum. S. haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis. S. mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis. S. japonicum is the most pathogenic and can infect both humans and other animals.
Similar to Schistosomiasis dr.rafal (20)
lab of medical and health sciences by Abd Al Salam Najm
lab of medical and health sciences by Abd Al Salam Najm
Class Trematoda_073315, the Flukes- lung, liver, intestinal
Class Trematoda_073315, the Flukes- lung, liver, intestinal
SCHISTOSOMES - TREMATODES - by shanmukh tunuguntla
SCHISTOSOMES - TREMATODES - by shanmukh tunuguntla
Schistosomiasis dr.rafal
- 1. Schistosoma & Schistosomiasis Dr. Rafal J. Al-Saigh Medical Doctor MB.Ch.B., MSc, PhD Clin. Microb (Athens, Greece)
- 2. January 28th , 2008 Gordana & Goldis
- 3. Classification • Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Subclass: Digenea (alt. gen. seen in life cycle) • Order: Strigeida • Family: Schistosomatidae (blood flukes) • Subfamily: Schistosomatinae • Genus: Schistosoma • Species: S. mansoni S. japonicum S. haematobium
- 4. Morphology • Enlongated and resemble roundworms, living in blood vessels, have oral and ventral suckers, . • Male: 6 to 22 mm, long and has a cylindrical appearance but flattened behind the ventral sucker ,because it is incurved ventrally to form a gynaecophoric canal, also has several testes behind the ventral sucker. • Female: 12 to 26 mm, longer and more slender than male and projecting free at each end, but enclosed in the middle, also has ovary & uterus with small number of eggs.
- 6. Life Cycle
- 7. Life Cycle 1. Parasite eggs released into freshwater (from human urine, feces) 2. Eggs hatch ciliated miracidia, free swimming 3. Miracidia find & infect snail host (Intermediate Host) 4. Each miracidia transforms into many fork- tailed, free swimming forms called cercariae within 4-6 weeks of entering snail. Miracidia larva with cilia There are Two hosts: Intermediate Host: Snail Final Host: vertebrate (Human)
- 8. 5. Cercariae (Infective Stage) leave snail and move into water for up to 18 days. 6. Cercariae find a human host, penetrate skin, and differentiate into larval forms called schistosomulae. 7. Migrate through the host’s skin, gain access to the lymphatic system. 8. Travel to the lungs (stay 3-8 days and ~70% are eliminated) 9. Migrate to liver portal system, mature into male & female adults Cercariae with forked tail
- 9. 10. In liver, male & female pair up female inserts herself into the gynecophoral canal of male they are now ‘paired’. 11. Migrate to favoured sites: S. mansoni – mesenteric venules of large bowel & rectum S. japonicum – mesenteric veins of the small intestine S. haematobium – perivesical venous plexus surrounding the bladder Lifespan of the adult worm ranges from 5 -10 years Paired male & female
- 10. 12. Females release eggs. Egg (Diagnostic Stage) characteristics 13. Eggs enter lumen of excretory organs 50% passed out of body 50% trapped in tissues, carried away by blood circulation & lymph. Eggs need 1-2 months to shed in stool or urine. Sch. Japonicum round egg with small lateral spine Sch.mansoni Oval egg with lateral spine Sch. Haematobium oval egg with terminal spine
- 11. Schistosomiasis
- 12. Schistosomiasis, Bilharzia • Parasitic disease caused by Schitosoma species • Affects many people in developing countries • Can contract it by wading or swimming in lakes & ponds infested with the parasite’s snail host. • First described by German pathologist • Theodore Maximilian Bilharz • In Egyptian patients who had died from the disease (in their liver portal system & bladder).
- 13. Acute Infection (Early) • Cercariae penetrate skin rash - called schistosome or swimmer’s itch. • Eggs laid in target organs release antigens cause fever - fever - urticaria - malaise - diarrhea
- 14. Chronic Infection (Late) Symptoms of chronic infection caused by eggs that travel to various parts of body Eggs remain trapped in host tissues secrete Ags granulomatous inflammatory immune response Fibroblasts mediate collagen deposition in the granuloma, leading to fibrosis
- 16. • In S. mansoni infections Wall of colon is damaged as eggs pass through it • Inflamm. response ulcers, inflammatory polyps • Clinically: diarrhea, abdominal pain • Eggs can also accumulate in the appendix • Can lead to appendicitis
- 17. Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis •Eggs carried by portal circulation liver •Granulomatous response •Granulomas are walled off with fibrous tissue fibrosis obstructs portal veins portal hypertension • Esophageal varices bursting can cause bleeding untill death. • Splenomegaly (due to fibrosis)
- 18. Genitourinary complications • Eggs lodge themselves in wall of bladder & can develop into polyps • Polyps can erode, ulcerate & cause hematuria (blood cells in urine) • Eggs lodge in ureters and urethra, cause lumps and lesions kidney failure • Eggs lodge into ovaries, the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes lumps complications incl. infertility (For the men: eggs can also lodge into the testes and the prostate )
- 19. CNS complications S. haematobium and S. mansoni can migrate to the spine S. japonicum found in the brain and causes encephalopathy
- 20. Diagnosis 1. Microscopic Detection of eggs in stool or urine sample. 2. Serological tests 3. Antigen tests: Detect antigens in blood with immunoelectrophoresis. 4. PCR 5. Intradermal skin test (schistosomian skin test): become positive after few months of infection.
- 21. Treatment Praziquantel • Extremely well tolerated, few side effects • Broad-spectrum antihelminthic drug • Resistance has been reported also Metrifonate against S. haematobium Niridazole against S. japonicum Oxamniquine against S. mansoni • Recommend combination of 2 drugs
- 22. Prevention For travelers it’s easy- don’t swim in fresh, stagnant water (running water is better, still not safe). Harder in endemic areas people are dependent on nearby freshwater. Focused on education, eliminating snail nesting grounds Molluscicides can be used to eliminate snails.
Editor's Notes
- Circariae need to find a human host within a day, or they die. Circariae find a human host and lose their tail as they’re penetrating the skin.
- Japonicum can release up to 2000 eggs/day!!
- Uticaria: itchy, raised, swollen bumps
- Uticaria: itchy, raised, swollen bumps
- gradient greater than 10 mmHg is considered portal hypertension. At gradients greater than 10 mmHg, blood flow though the hepatic portal system is redirected from the liver into areas with lower venous pressures eg. The esophageal vein, which usually drains blood from the esophagus.