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Scale & Measurement
Module Outcomes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Metric System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Give them 0.254 metres and they’ll take 1.14 ! What does this mean?
Scientific Notation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Number Scientific notation 32 000 3.2 x 10 4 0.0000056 5.6 x 10 -6
Activity  1 ,[object Object]
Activity 2 ,[object Object],Comparison of Size Nanoparticle Marble Earth 260 nm =  0.00000026 m = 2.6 x 10 -7  m 26 mm = 0.026 m = 2.6 x 10 -2  m 2,600 km = 2,600,000 m = 2.6 x 10 6  m Images: Alicia Solario @ stock.xchng, Earth = woodley wonderworks @ flickr
Did You Know? ,[object Object],Watch video on size comparison to get an idea of the size of a nanometre. Watch video-http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html
Did You Know? ,[object Object],You Tube clip of longest fingernails at - http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=8HuKB1drzbg Images courtesy of:  Sunshinecity @ flickr So how long did it take for the Guinness World Record holder for the longest nails to get them to 76cm long?
Did You Know? ,[object Object]
Did You Know? ,[object Object],Images L to R: National Institute of Health, Wikimedia, Wikimedia  Human red blood cells = ~7000 nm Human tissue cells = ~10,000 nm
Did You Know? ,[object Object],Image: Scripps Research Institute  Influenza virus 75 - 100 nm
Did You Know? ,[object Object],Image: Schwarzm, Wikipedia  Each carbon nanotube is ~7 Nanometres in diameter
Did You Know? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image: NIST  10 μ m
Experiment 1   Measurement ,[object Object],How do we measure small things? There are many instruments used by scientists to measure small quantities: • micrometers • Balances • Micropipettes • Microscopes. What are they used for?  What units are used? Image: Splarka, Wikimedia
How Do We Visualise Small Things?. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image: chrisbb @ flickr
Stereo Microscopes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Watch video- http://aunet.com.au/stereo_microscope.htm Image:  Wikimedia
Experiment 2   Light Microscope ,[object Object],Requires the specimen to be very thin so light can pass through it: •Used to magnify tissues and whole cells •x400 •Micrometers (_m) are used for measuring •1mm = 1000 _m. Image:  David Duncan @ stock.xchng
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Beams of light are passed through a thinly sliced specimen. • Magnify up to a million times • Reveal the detailed structures inside cells • Produce 2D images. Image: University of Melbourne
TEM Image of Plant Cell
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) A beam of electrons move across a specimen and constructs an image showing details of its surface. • Produces 3D images • For high resolution surface topographical study of mainly biological specimens. Image: University of Melbourne
SEM Images Images: The Bugscope Project, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://bugscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/ Bee eyeball Edge of mosquito wing Hairs on a fly
Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) A fine ceramic or semiconductor tip moves over a surface much the same way as a photograph needle scans a record. Image:  © The Exploratorium, www.exploratorium.edu
AFM Images Virus crystal DVD recording marks
Synchrotron A synchrotron is a large machine (about the size of a football field) that accelerates electrons to almost the speed of light.  As the electrons are deflected through magnetic fields they create extremely bright light. The light is channelled down beam lines to experimental workstations where it is used for research. It can be used to study the shape of molecules and proteins There is an Australian synchrotron in Melbourne.
Other Ways of Measuring We can also measure things with light… Diffraction of light can be used to determine the size of particles or the size of the spaces between because particles can make light bend (diffract) around them. The colors seen in a spider web are partially due to  diffraction . Image:  John Haslam @ flickr
Experiment 3   Diffraction ,[object Object],You can fit 1 billion nanometres in 1 metre So how small is a nanometre? Imagine slicing one hair into 50,000 distinct strands to get a strand one-nanometre thick. Light can be used to determine the size of particles. Particles can make light bend (diffract) around them. In this activity you will determine the diameter of your hair.
Light Basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Revision Questions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 

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Scale & Measurement Module

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  • 18. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Beams of light are passed through a thinly sliced specimen. • Magnify up to a million times • Reveal the detailed structures inside cells • Produce 2D images. Image: University of Melbourne
  • 19. TEM Image of Plant Cell
  • 20. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) A beam of electrons move across a specimen and constructs an image showing details of its surface. • Produces 3D images • For high resolution surface topographical study of mainly biological specimens. Image: University of Melbourne
  • 21. SEM Images Images: The Bugscope Project, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://bugscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/ Bee eyeball Edge of mosquito wing Hairs on a fly
  • 22. Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) A fine ceramic or semiconductor tip moves over a surface much the same way as a photograph needle scans a record. Image: © The Exploratorium, www.exploratorium.edu
  • 23. AFM Images Virus crystal DVD recording marks
  • 24. Synchrotron A synchrotron is a large machine (about the size of a football field) that accelerates electrons to almost the speed of light. As the electrons are deflected through magnetic fields they create extremely bright light. The light is channelled down beam lines to experimental workstations where it is used for research. It can be used to study the shape of molecules and proteins There is an Australian synchrotron in Melbourne.
  • 25. Other Ways of Measuring We can also measure things with light… Diffraction of light can be used to determine the size of particles or the size of the spaces between because particles can make light bend (diffract) around them. The colors seen in a spider web are partially due to diffraction . Image: John Haslam @ flickr
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Editor's Notes

  1. Scale & Measurement module - Title Page
  2. USA uses imperial measurements – probably because it is too expensive to convert Britain uses inches and miles for distances Point out that the correct Australian spelling is METRE. USA uses METER
  3. Common examples of these prefixes are Gigalitres – water reservoirs Megalitres – swimming pools Micrometres – measuring cells under the microscope Nanometres – size of large molecules Emphasize the correct use of prefixes – ML and mL are very different μ m – discuss the use of Greek alphabet in scientific work
  4. Using the cards is important to develop this difficult concept of scale Using the smallest sizes on the left will ensure the number line is the same as used in mathematics. Using the largest sizes on the left will allow easier conversions as the decimal point will move in the same direction All students will probably have only been exposed to linear scales before this task. Emphasize this is a logarithmic scale where each item is 10 times bigger than the previous one.
  5. Video at http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html
  6. You Tube clip of longest fingernails at - http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=8HuKB1drzbg It would take around 24 years to grow nails to 76cm long
  7. Clip can be seen at http://aunet.com.au/stereo_microscope.htm
  8. If you need some light revision, here are some optional research questions, and a fact sheet is provided