International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
Theoretical Part Topics:
1. Introduction to International Trade
2. Trade Barrier & Imperfect Competition
3. Trade Body, Trade Law and Product introduction
4. World Apparel Market and BDG RMG Sector
5. Market and Demand Analysis
6. World Market analysis and Potentialities
7. Introduction to Marketing and Export Promotion
8. Communication Strategy
9. Process of Export and Import
The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
What is a Free Trade Zone?
A free trade zone (FTZ)is a designated area that eliminates traditional trade barriers, such as tariffs, some kind of taxes and fees and minimizes bureaucratic
regulations.
The goal of a free trade zone is to enhance global market presence of the Country or location by attracting new business and foreign investments.
Tax-free trade zones generate foreign exchange through exports, and create economic value added.
Free, foreign, and export processing zones all fall under the umbrella of being free trade zones. Because these terms are confusingly similar, they are often used
interchangeably.
Theoretical Part Topics:
1. Introduction to International Trade
2. Trade Barrier & Imperfect Competition
3. Trade Body, Trade Law and Product introduction
4. World Apparel Market and BDG RMG Sector
5. Market and Demand Analysis
6. World Market analysis and Potentialities
7. Introduction to Marketing and Export Promotion
8. Communication Strategy
9. Process of Export and Import
The theory of comparative advantage, first developed by English economist David Ricardo in 1817, is a theory about the potential gains from trade for companies, countries or people that arise on account of differences in factor endowments or technological progress.
What is a Free Trade Zone?
A free trade zone (FTZ)is a designated area that eliminates traditional trade barriers, such as tariffs, some kind of taxes and fees and minimizes bureaucratic
regulations.
The goal of a free trade zone is to enhance global market presence of the Country or location by attracting new business and foreign investments.
Tax-free trade zones generate foreign exchange through exports, and create economic value added.
Free, foreign, and export processing zones all fall under the umbrella of being free trade zones. Because these terms are confusingly similar, they are often used
interchangeably.
Trade negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TTP) trade deals have provided more fuel to the fire of this ongoing debate.
Networking Blunders that Cost you SalesAbhishek Shah
Networking effectively can have a dramatic impact on your sales providing it is done correctly.
Avoid these fatal networking mistakes and improve your results.
Free-Trade / Fair Trade -- From the 20th Century to 21st CenturyMichael Woods
On April 22, 2016, Michael Woods gave a presentation on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) at the Inaugural Conference on International Inter-Tribal Trade at the Faculty of Law at the University of Oklahoma. The conference was organized with the assistance and hard work of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, the Mohawk Council of Akwensase, the Chickasaw Nation, the Law Faculties of the University of Oklahoma and Thompson River University and Donna William. Woods, LaFortune LLP joined other firms including Luksi Group LLC, Berkey Williams LLP, Garwill Law Professional Corporation as participants.
A guide to why Twitter is relevant in the research environment, how it can be useful, and how to Tweet successfully.
There's a link in the presentation to the handout used in this workshop - although it was aimed at a University of York audience, it's relevant for any academics or researchers interested in using social media.
Part of the Becoming a Networked Researcher suite of workshops.
http://www.netpicks.com/tjgiveaway1 - YOUR FREE TRADING SYSTEM
Imagine for a moment that you have plotted out a trading zone on your chart and that is the area you will need to see price visit before entering a position. Maybe it’s a confluence of factors such as price pivots, a moving average, measured pullback via Fibonacci and a round number.
What do you need next?
You need something called a trade trigger to get you into the position.
http://www.netpicks.com/look-before-you-leap/ - READ MORE
Web Components at Scale, HTML5DevConf 2014-10-21Chris Danford
At Pinterest, we've begun experimenting in production with Web Components. This talk will discuss some challenges of implementing Web Components in a large scale production environment such as SEO concerns, reasonable fallbacks for browsers not supported by Platform.js, migrating a large code base component-by-component to mitigate risk, and optimizing page load and scroll performance.
A presentation by Global Justice for Animals and the Environment on free trade agreements -- NAFTA, CAFTA, and the US' free trade agreements with Oman, Peru, Panama, Colombia, and South Korea-- and the threat they post to our food, animals, the environment, and the human rights of communities fighting to defend the environment.
"Free" Trade without "Fair" Trade? -- how should the U.S. react to address ou...Carlos F. Flores
Current economic theory assumes that nations will voluntarily adopt “fair trade” practices.
The U.S. is in a strong bargaining position to negotiate balanced trade relative to partners that drive our trade deficit – in a trade war, they have a lot more to loose.
The U.S. should proactively adopt a tit-for-tat approach to foster trade liberalization and fairness or risk losing the “international trade war”.
Above ‘fair trade” enforcing mechanism would provide crucial time for retraining displaced labor and/or protecting sectors impacted by unfair practices.
This presentation gives a quick perspective on costs that are involved in executing a MW scale power project in the Indian context. Both the indicative costs and the cost split-up among the various BOQ items are laid out at the various project scales. Indicative costs are assumed from a pure EPC perspective. However, generally the EPC scopes of work are sliced and diced and further outsourced/subcontracted. In such a scenario the execution costs might increase from the indicated costs.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population aging
Advantage and disadvantage of free trade and theorys of International trade law
1.
2. Topic: Advantage and Disadvantage
of free trade and theory of
international trade law
3. Id of the group members:
ID: 141-26-567
141-26-572
141-26-577
141-26-592
141-26-596
4. International Trade
The process of buying goods and services from the rest of
the world (importing) and that of selling goods and
services to the rest of the world (exporting) is referred to
as international trade
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and
services across international borders or territories.
5. What is Free Trade?
Occurs when there are no artificial barriers
put in place by governments to restrict the
flow of goods and services between trading
nations.
6. Reasons for Trade
Differences in Factor endowments
Variety and quality of goods
Gains from specialization
Political reasons
7. Advantage of free Trade
1.Increasing competition
2.Variety of products
3.Creating employment
4.Developing international relationship
5.Promoting democracy
6.Promoting rule of law
7.Promoting free flow of trade
8.Benefit of consumer
8. Disadvantage of free trade
1.effecting national economic
2.threat to small trades
3.reducing the demand local product
4.vulnerability in international law.
9. 1. Absolute cost/ advantage theory
Adam Smith
2. Comparative advantage theory
David Ricardo
Theory's of international trade law
10. Adam Smith
1723-1790
Scottish moral philosopher
and economist
“Father of Modern
Economics”
Wrote “The Wealth of
Nations”
Famous for writing about
“The wealth of Nation”.
Absolute cost/ advantage theory
11. According to Adam smith on his book of “The wealth of Nation” (1776).
He have mention about an absolute advantage as advantages of grater
output of goods & services when other nations cannot produce same
amount of goods and services while utilizing same amount of resources.
He refer an examples as giving the Absolute advantage of English textile
manufacture & the French world wide efficient wine Industry.
Due to the having of favorable climate, good soils, Accumulated expertise
the French has the most efficient wine among the world. This indicate that
the specialization on nation Advantage is more beneficial in today
globalization worlds.
12. Absolute Advantage theory
Absolute cost advantage theory of international trade to
remove drawbacks and to increase trade between to
countries.
A country has an absolute advantage in the production
of a good when it can produce more of that good than
another country with the same resources.
13. Assumptions of the theory
Trade is between two countries
Only two commodities are traded
Free trade exists between the countries
They only element of cost of production is labor.
14. Smith express an idea that A nation never supposed to produce goods and
services which they can find more cheaper and qualitative from other nations.
Therefore, specialization in the production of goods and services which they
have an absolute advantages will help two different nation engaging on their
trade.
So when a country specialize in particular kind of products they don’t
supposed to produce all kinds of products which all it consume and utilize all
kind of resources as well. According to the absolute advantage theory,
international trade is a positive-sum , because there are gains for both countries
to an exchange.
USA has an absolute advantage for producing Wheat.
China has an absolute advantage for producing electronic goods.
India has an absolute advantage on cheap labor etc..
16. Country A can produce 1,000 parts per hour with 200
workers.
Country B can produce 2,500 parts per hour with 200
workers.
Country C can produce 10,000 parts per hour with 200
workers.
_______has the absolute advantage.
19. David Ricardo
A famous economist named David Ricardo (1772-1823)
came up with the law of comparative advantage.
According to this law, specialization and free trade
benefits all trading partners.
Countries should specialize in those goods they have a
comparative advantage in.
21. Comparative Advantage
Definition
Comparative advantage is the basis for all trade
between individuals, regions, and nations.
The ability of a firm or individual to produce goods
and/or services at a lower opportunity cost than other
firms or individuals. A comparative advantage gives a
company the ability to sell goods and services at a
lower price than its competitors and realize stronger
sales margins.
22. A person has a comparative advantage if s/he can
produce something at a lower cost than others.
This is not the same as being the best at something.
With Comparative Advantage, everyone wins through
trade.
Those with absolute advantages can buy goods and
services from businesses who produce them at a
comparatively lower cost.
Comparative Advantage theory
24. Production Possibilities
without Trade
India can produce 4,000 yards of textile per day or 1
ton of chocolate per day.
Nepal can produce 1,000 yards of textile a day or 4
tons of chocolate per day.
27. Assume two countries, UK and India
They both produce textiles and books.
Their relative production levels are shown in the
table below.
Output without trade
Textiles Books
UK 1 4
India 2 3
Total 3 7
28. For the UK to produce 1 unit of textiles it has an
opportunity cost of 4 books.
However for India to produce 1 unit of textiles it has
an opportunity cost of 1.5 books
Therefore India has a comparative advantage in
producing textiles because it has a lower opportunity
cost
The UK has a comparative advantage in producing
books. This is because it has a lower opportunity cost
of 0.25 (1/4) compared to India’s 0.66 (2/3)
If each country now specializes in one good then
assuming constant returns to scale output will double
29. Textiles Books
UK 0 8
India 4 0
TOTAL 4 8
Therefore total output of both goods has increased illustrating the gains from
comparative advantage.
By trading the surplus books and textiles, India and UK can enjoy higher
quantities of the goods.
Output after trade