Saponins are compounds found in many plants that produce foaming in water. They can be classified as steroidal or pentacyclic triterpenoid based on their structure. Steroidal saponins are derived from plants like yams and contain sapogenins like diosgenin. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins are derived from many dicotyledonous plants and contain sapogenins like alpha-amyrin or beta-amyrin. Cardiac glycosides are found in plants like Digitalis and contain steroidal compounds that have effects on the heart by slowing it down and strengthening contractions.
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
It's our group presentation.... As usual I say that a presentation should never be elaborated and whenever we add some unknown or tough word we should explain it by ourselves and we have to be careful that audience never get bored by our presentation.... All the group member worked really hard to their parts and we get the highest mark...... Yahoooo!!!!
Occurrence and classification of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloid definition, Alkaloid history, Occurrence of Alkaloids, Distribution of Alkaloids in nature, Classification of Alkaloids in Different categories, Pharmacological actions of Alkaloids. Alkaloids classification based on chemical structure, belongs to plant family, Based on Biochemical precursor, Based on Biological activity.
STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF BIOGENET...Nitu Singh
Accordingg to B Pharm V sem PCI syllabus of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II
This presentation includes Introduction of radioisotopes ,Tracer Techniques,Various methods and about various instrument used for tracing radioactivity in Biogenetic studies
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Unit iii heterocyclic compounds as per PCI Syllabus of POC-IIIGanesh Mote
Nomenclature of hetero cyclic compounds, classification of heterocyclic compounds, Reactivity, aromaticity, orbital picture, stability, resonance energy, resonance structure, basicity, method of preparation, reaction and medicinal uses of Pyrrole, furan and thiophene
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
Yohimbine occurs in the barks of the West African tree Pausinystalia yohimbe = Coryanthe yohimba, Fam. Rubiaceae.
* Rauwolfia was used as an antidote to snake-bite, to remove white spots in the eyes, against stomach pains, fever, vomiting, and headache.
* Excellent antihypertensive and tranquillizer activity.
Uses
* Pilocarpine is a cholinergic agent and stimulates the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing constriction of the pupil (miotic) and enhancement of outflow of aqueous humour (treatment of glaucoma).
The effects are similar to those of physostigmine and the two agents are sometimes combined.
Pilocarpine gives relief for dryness of the mouth that results in patients undergoing radiotherapy for mouth and throat cancers.
Pilocarpine is antagonistic to Atropine.
As muscarinic agonists, pilocarpine and analogues are also being investigated for potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Unit iii heterocyclic compounds as per PCI Syllabus of POC-IIIGanesh Mote
Nomenclature of hetero cyclic compounds, classification of heterocyclic compounds, Reactivity, aromaticity, orbital picture, stability, resonance energy, resonance structure, basicity, method of preparation, reaction and medicinal uses of Pyrrole, furan and thiophene
Active constituent of Swertia chirata and Trigonella foenum graccum used in D...krishnapriyakr26
Synonyms : Chirayata, East Indian Balmony
Biological source : Chirata is the entire dried plant of Swertia chirata Linn.
Family : Gentianaceae
Propagation : Seeds
Geographical source : Chirata is found in India, Nepal and Bhutan at an altitude of 1200-1500 m.
Morphology : It is an erect annual herb, 60-125cm tall, stem robust, branching, cylindrical below and four- angled upwards.
Leaves- Ovate, broadly lanceoate, cordate at base
Flowers-Numerous very small greenish yellow in colour.
Fruits-Minutely pointed capsules.
Seeds-Smooth and many angled.
Chemical constituents
Swertia chirata mainly consisting of ;
Xanthones
Seccoirridoid glycosides
Flavanoids
Saponins
Lignans
Alkaloids
Terpenoids
Xanthones
Xanthone was isolated from the hexane fraction of the Swertia chirata plant and identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone (Swerchirin).
Swerchirin
Swerchirin is a member of the class of xanthones that is the 5-O-methyl derivative of bellidifolin.
Isolated from Swertia chirayita, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.
It is a member of xanthones, an aromatic ether and a member of phenols.
Molecular formula C15H12O6.
Mangiferin
Aqueous extract of Swertia chirata has antidiabetic activity and is probably due to the active principle mangiferin.
Present in the stem of the swertia chirata.
It is a C-glycosyl compound and a member of xanthones.
Medicinal uses
Swertia chirata is used as:
Bitter tonic
Carminative, Laxative
Anti-pyretic, Febrifuge
Anti-periodic
Anti-inflammatory
Stomachic, and anti-helmintic.
It is used in treating piles, skin diseases, ulcers, and diabetes.
TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM
Synonym: Methi or fenugreek
Biological Source :Fenugreek consists of dried seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum.
Family : Fabaceae
Geographical Source: Plant grows wide in Northern India and is cultivated as a crop throughout India. It is also cultivated in southern and eastern Europe, Pakistan, France, Morocco And Egypt.
Trigonelline
Trigonelline an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity.
Trigonelline is a natural quaternary alkaloid found in the seeds of
fenugreek
It is a methylbetaine derivative of nicotinic acid
Gentianine
Gentianine is a pyridine-derived alkaloid.
Molecular formula C10H9NO2.
IUPAC name is 5-Ethenyl-3,4-dihydropyrano[3,4-c]pyridin-1-one.
Gentianine is a metabolite of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin.
It is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 82-83 °C.
It is a base that forms salts, such as the hydrochloride salt.
Antidiabetic effect of gentianine by regulating the gene expression of PPAR-ɤ, GLUT-4 and adiponectin
4-Hydroxyisoleucine
It is a Natural Nonproteinogenic amino acid present in
T.foenum graecum seeds.
4-OH is posses insulinotropic biological activity.
Fenugreek has different pharmacological attributes such as a,
Hypoglycemic
Hypercholesterolemia
Gastro protective
Chemo-preventive
Anti-oxidant
Laxative
Appetite stimulation
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
Saponins presentation PPT Students of Dr Shahid Rasool.pptshahidrasool65
Glycosides are compounds containing a carbohydrate and a noncarbohydrate residue in the same molecule.
The carbohydrate residue is attached by an acetal linkage at carbon atom 1 to a noncarbohydrate residue or AGLYCONE.
The nonsugar component is known as the AGLYCONE. The sugar component is called the GLYCONE.
Pharmacognosy B.Pharm final year 2021
A glycoside is a molecule within which a sugar is absolute to another functional group through a glycoside bond. Glycosides play various vital roles in living organisms. Several plants store chemicals within the kind of inactive glycosides.
Slide covers the introduction , classification of glycosides , moreover covers the anthracene glycosides with examples like aloes,senna,rhubarb,rubia,st.john;s wort furthermore slide covers isothiocyanate and cyanogenic glycosides with examples
Lycopene is bright red color carotene and carotenoid pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables.Animal feed supplements that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by affecting its gut microflora.This leads to the signaling of toll-like receptors that activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Cellulose
■ Cellulose is a linear polymer, made of (1-4) linked D-glucose (-glucan).
■ Cellulose is the chief polysaccharide of plant cell walls.
■ It constitutes 50% in wood, 50% in paper and 90% cotton hairs.
■ Complete acid hydrolysis of cellulose with hydrochloric acid gives -D-glucose
Similar to Saponins, cardioactive drugs and other steriods (20)
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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2. Characteristics of saponins
• Produce a frothing aqueous solution.
• Have hemolytic properties
• Highly toxic when injected into the blood
• Comparatively harmless when taken orally for example
Sarsaparilla
• Have a high molecular weight
• Highly polar
• Occur as complex mixtures; the components differ slightly
from one another in the nature of the glycone and aglycone
• Hydrolyzed by acids to give an aglycone (sapogenin) and
various sugars and related uronic acids
• 50% of the plants containing a hemolytic substance contain
saponins
3. Classification of saponins
By the structure of the sapogenin
• The steroidal (tetracyclic triterpenoids)
• The pentacyclic triterpenoids
Both have a glycosidal linkage at C-3 and have a common biogenetic origin
via mevalonic acid and isoprenoid units.
4. Steroidal saponins
Less widely distributed in nature than the pentacyclic triterpenoids.
Present in many monocotyledonous families, particularly the
Dioscoreaceae e.g. Dioscorea spp, Agavaceae e.g. Agave and Yucca
spp.) and Smilacaceae (Smilax spp.)
In dicotyledons they occur in fenugreek (Leguminosae) and of steroidal
alkaloids in Solanum (Solanaceae) is of potential importance.
Some species of Strophanthus and Digitalis contain both steroidal
saponins and cardiac glycosides.
They are used as starting materials for the synthesis of sex hormones,
cortisone, diuretic steroids, vitamin D and the cardiac glycosides.
Diosgenin is the principal sapogenin used by industry but most yams,
from which it is isolated, contain a mixture of sapogenins in the
glycosidic form.
6. Biogenesis of steroidal saponins
• Steroidal saponins arise via the
mevalonic acid pathway
• Cholesterol is not the obligatory
precursor
• Open-chain saponins are obtained
from cholesterol
7. Natural steroids for production of pharmaceuticals
• Natural steroids are involved in the partial synthesis of
pharmaceuticals
• Hecogenin with C-ring substitution provides a practical
starting material for the synthesis of the corticosteroids
• Diosgenin is suitable for the manufacture of oral
contraceptives and the sex hormones.
• Diosgenin is also used in corticosteroid synthesis
during microbial fermentation
11. Soya bean sterols
They are also referred to as phytosterols.These include (1)
stigmasterol (2) sitosterol
They are not sapogenins but are widely used in steroid synthesis.
Actually stigmasterol is taking the place of diosgenin in sterol
synthesis.
Processed by microorgamisms. Phytosterols are obtained as by
products of soap making as they are components of unsaponified
mater of fixed oils
12. Solanum species steroids
• Many species of solanum are known for producing steroidal
alkaloids.
• The alkaloids are nitrogenous analogs of C27 sapogenins for
example solasodine and diosgenin
• Solanidine contains a tertiary nitrogen in a condensed ring
system
• These saponins can be employed in partial synthesis of
steroidal drugs. And are commonly found in species like
Solanm laciniatum, Solanum khasianum
• Other steroids from tigogenin and soladulcidine can be
extracted from Solanum dulcamara
13. Ginseng
Panax ginseng, contain dammarane type saponins known as
Ginsenosides or panaxosides
Acid hdrolysis of these saponins involves ring closure of the
aglycone giving either panaxadiol or panaxatriol.
Glucose is the principal sugar involved. Other sugars include
rhamnose and arabinose.
Steroids from ginseng
14. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins
Rare in monocotyledonous; however, widely distributed in
dicotyledonous plants. This trend of occurrence is opposite to that of
stroidal saponins.
Common dicotyledonous families include Caryophyllaceae,
Sapindaceae, Polygalaceae and Sapotaceae.
Other dicotyledonous families where they can be obtained include
Phytolaccaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Berberidaceae,
Papaveraceae, Linaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Araliaceae, Umbelliferae, Primulaceae, Oleaceae,
Lobeliaceae, Campanulaceae, Rubiaceae and Compositae.
In these saponins the sapogenin is attached to a chain of sugar or uronic
acid units, or both, often in the 3-position
15. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins [2]
Triterpenoid saponins may be classified into three groups
represented by α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol.
16. Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins [3]
Plant materials often contain these saponins in considerable
amounts.
Thus, primula root contains about 5–10%; root about 2–12%
of glycyrrhizic acid (and a correspondingly larger amount of
glycyrrhizin, the potassium calcium salt); quillaia bark up to
about 10% of the mixture known as ‘commercial saponin’; the
seeds of the horsechestnut up to 13% of aescin.
As some plants contain more than one saponin and purification
is often difficult, the structures of even some of the well-
known saponins given in have only recently been established.
Oleanolic acid also occurs as a saponin in sugar beet, thyme,
Guaiacum spp., and in the free state in olive leaves and clove
buds.
18. Liquorice root
By pharmacopeial standards, the drug is defined as the dried
unpeeled or peeled, whole or cut root and stolons of Glyrrhiza
glabra L. and/or of G. inflata Bat. and/or G. uralensis Fisch.
The following are varieties of Glyrrhiza glabra that are
commercial sources of liquorice root extract;
1) Glycyrrhiza glabra var. typica
2) G. glabra L. var. glandulifera
3) G. glabra L. var. glandulifera
21. Constituents of Liquorice [1]
Glycyrrhizin
• It’s the major constituent of liquorice
• The potassium and calcium salts of glycyrrhizinic acid
• Glycyrrhizinic acid is the diglucopyranosiduronic
• acid of glycyrrhetic (glycyrrhetinic) acid
• Responsible for the sweet taste of liquorice
• Used as an emulsifier and gel forming agent in food and cosmetic
industry
• Can alleviate bronchitis, gastritis, and jaundice
Flavonoids
• These include liquiritin, isoliquiritin (a chalcone, which occurs as a
glycoside), liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin (chalcone form).
• They account for the yellow color of liquorice
• Others are pyranoisoflavan, glabridin, isoflavones - glabriso flavone
A and B, and glabrocoumarone
22. Constituents of Liquorice [2]
Polysaccharides
These include glycyrrhizan GA (posses immunologic activity)
Other constituents include
• Glucose and sucrose (5-15%)
• Asparagine (1–2%)
• Volatile compounds (0.04–0.06% )
• β-sitosterol
• Starch
• Protein
• Bitter principles (glycyramarin) – highly present in the
outer root tissue
24. Pharmaceutical uses of liquorice
• Flavouring agent
• Demulcent
• Mild expectorant
• Treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis & Addison’s disease
• Exhibit Spasmolytic and anti-ulcerogenic activity
• Symptomatic relief from peptic ulcer pain
• Glycyrrhizin enhances skin penetration
Excessive consumption of liquorice leads to
hypertension and hypokalaemic alkalosis
25. Primula Root
Primula root BP/EP consists of the dried rhizome and root of
Primulaveris (L.) (cowslip) or P. elatior Hill. (oxlip), family
Primulaceae.
P. elatior is differentiated by the possession of groups of pitted
sclereids.
Constituents include a mixture of triterpenoid saponins of the oleane
type (5–10%) and phenolic glycosides such as primulaverin
(primulaveroside).
The latter, by enzyme hydrolysis during the drying process, forms the
disaccharide primeverose and methyl 5-methoxysalicylate, the latter
being responsible for the odour of the drug.
Primula root, like senega, is used as an expectorant for the treatment of
bronchial conditions.
26. Quillaia Bark
Quillaia bark (Soap Bark, Panama Wood, Quillaia)
is the dried inner bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina
and of other species of Quillaja (Rosaceae).
The generic name is derived from the Chilean word
quillean, to wash, from the use made of the bark.
The powdered drug is very sternutatory and
produces an abundant froth when shaken with water.
Taste, acrid and astringent.
27. Constituents of Quillaia Bark
A mixture of saponins on hydrolysis yield the principal
sapogenin quillaic acid (hydroxygypsogenin) and gypsogenin
together with sugars, uronic acids and acyl moieties.
Di- and tri-saccharides are attached at C-3 and various
complex oligosaccharides at C-28, the fucosyl moiety of
which may be substituted with C9-aliphatic acids or an O-
acetyl group
Quillaia contains about 10% of saponins, BP ethanol (45%)-
soluble extractive not less than 22.0%, and also sugars, starch
and calcium oxalate.
28. Quillaia is used as an emulsifying agent,
particularly for tars and volatile oils
29. CARDIOACTIVE DRUGS
These drugs contain C23 or C24 steroidal glycosides which
exert on the failing heart a slowing and strengthening effect.
They are commonly glycosides of various Digitalis species.
Plants cardiac glycosides appear to be confined to the
Angiosperms.
The heart-arresting properties of these glycosides also render
them most effective as arrow poisons and a number of tropical
plants are better-known in this respect than for their medicinal
use.
30. Structure of glycosides
Two types of genin may be distinguished according to whether
there is a five-or six-membered lactone ring.
32. Biogenesis od cardiac glycosides
Aglycones of the cardiac glycosides are derived from acetate-
mevalonic acid pathway
The final molecules arise from a condensation of a C21 steroid with C2
unit (the source of C-22 and C-23)
Bufadienolides are condensation products of a C21 steroid and a C3
unit
Progesterone, which is formed with cardiac glycosides, in Digitalis
lanata as a result of feeding pregnenolone, is itself a precursor of the
cardiac glycosides.
A key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cardiac glycosides is progesterone
5β-reductase. This enzyme is also involved in the production of animal
steroids
33.
34.
35.
36. Common sugars in cardiac glycosides
Glucose is the most effective precursor of digitoxose and of the sugar
side-chain of the Nerium oleander glycosides.
37. Cardenolides
Cardenolides are the more common and are particularly
abundant in the Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae family.
Some can be found in Liliaceae (e.g. Convallaria), and in the
Ranunculaceae, Moraceae, Cruciferae, Sterculiaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Tiliaceae, Celastraceae, Leguminosae and
Scrophulariaceae family.
Most important cardio-active glycosides medicinally.
All the medicinal preparations are derived from natural
sources.
38. Digitalis leaf (Purple Foxglove leaf)
Consists of the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea L. (fam. Scrophulariaceae).
It is required to contain not less than 0.3% of total cardenolides calculated as
digitoxin.
Digitalis grows readily from seed. In the wild state it is usually found in semi-
shady positions.
It grows well in sandy soil, provided that a certain amount of manganese is
present, this element being apparently essential and is always to be found in
the ash.
Either first- or second-year leaves are permitted by the pharmacopoeias.
Pharmacological activity of leaves increases during the course of a day to
reach a maximum in the early afternoon.
Leaves should be dried as rapidly as possible at a temperature of about 60°C
and subsequently stored in airtight containers protected from light. Their
moisture content should not be more than about 6%.
40. Constituents of digitalis
Primary glycosides
• Purpurea glycoside A
• Purpurea glycoside B
• Glucogitaloxin
Purpurea glycoside A is formed last and eventually becomes the major
component at 50% of the total glycoside mixture.
All possess at C-3 of the genin a linear chain of three digitoxose sugar
moieties terminated by glucose.
On drying , purpurea glycoside A, purpurea glycoside B and
glucogitaloxin undergo enzyme degradation by loss of the terminal
glucose to yield digitoxin, gitoxin and gitaloxin, respectively.
Main active component of dried drug = …………………………
Principal components of fresh
leaves.
41. Constituents of digitalis [2]
Other glycosides include verodoxin, involving the same genins
contain digitalose and glucose; they exist as mono- and
diglycosides.
Verodoxin is claimed to have a toxicity of three times that of
gitaloxin.
Digitalis purpurea leaves also contain anthraquinone derivatives,
which include: 1-methoxy-2-methylanthraquinone, 3-methoxy-2
methylanthraquinone, digitolutein (3-methylalizarin-1-
methylether), 3-methylalizarin, 1,4,8-trihydroxy-2-methyl-
anthraquinone.
42. Constituents of digitalis [3]
The seeds of D. purpurea contain different glycosides from those
of the leaves.
When extracted and standardized, they are known as ‘Digitalin’
(Digitalinum Purum Germanicum or amorphous Digitalin).
This consists of the physiologically active ‘digitalinum verum’,
with other water-soluble glycosides, including the
saponins digitonin and gitonin.
43. Constituents of digitalis [4]
Acetylated side-chain glycosides of Digitalis purpurea
Aglycone and sugar components of digitalis leaves
44. Actions and uses of digitalis drugs
Digitalis preparations are mainly used for their action on cardiac
muscle.
Digitalis probably acts in competition with K+ ions for specific
receptor enzyme (ATPase) sites in the cell membranes of cardiac
muscle
The clinical effect in cases of congestive heart failure is to increase the
force of myocardial contraction (the positive inotropic effect) resulting
in a complete emptying of the ventricles.
As a result of depression of conduction in the bundle of His, the
atrioventricular conduction time is increased, resulting in an extended
P–R interval on the electrocardiogram.
Digitalis glycosides are also used to control supraventricular (atrial)
cardiac arrhythmias.
The diuretic action of digitalis, important in the treatment of dropsy,
arises from the improved circulatory effect
45. Other sources of cardenolide glycosides
Digitalis Lanata Leaf (Fam. Scrophulariaceae)
47. Strophanthus gratus seeds contain 4–8% of ouabain (G-
strophanthin), a rhamnose glycoside more stable than those
present in other species
Strophanthus sarmentosus seeds yield a number of glycosides
with sarmentogenin as the aglycone.
Other sources of cardenolide glycosides [2]
48. Other sources of cardenolide glycosides [3]
Nerium oleander (fam. Apocynaceae) and related species contain
glycosides having a similar action to that of digitalis. They are
commonly known as Oleander glycosides
The principal constituents of the leaves are oleandrin and digitalinum
verum. Oleandrin is the monoside, comprising oleandrigenin (16-
acetylgitoxigenin) and l-oleandrose.
Others areuzarigenin glycosides, Adynerigenin.
The leaves also contain gitoxigenin and digitoxigenin glycosides.
nerizoside, neritaloside and odoroside-H have also been isolated.
Nerium odorum contains oleandrigenin-β-d-glucosyl-β-d-diginoside
and gentiobiosyloleandrin.
50. Other sources of cardenolide glycosides [5]
Thevetia peruviana (T. neriifolia) fam.Apocynaceae
Also known as the yellow oleander, its seeds are a rich source
of the glycoside thevetin A.
On partial hydrolysis and the loss of two glucose units,
thevetin A yields peruvoside (cardioactive). Peruvoside
consists of L-thevetose linked to the aglycone cannogenin.
Thevetin is useful in cases of mild myocardial insufficiency
and where digitalis intolerance exists.
Oleander ingestion causes many cases of poisoning world-
wide
52. BUFADIENOLIDES
The bufadienolides are less widely distributed in
nature than are the cardenolides.
They are found in some Liliaceae and
Ranunculaceae, and in the toad venoms the genins
are partly free and partly combined with suberyl
arginine.
Therapeutically they find little use as cardioactive
drugs because of their low therapeutic index and
their production of side effects.
53. Squill
Squill BP consists of the dried sliced bulbs of Drimia maritima
(L.) Stearn [Urginea maritima (L.) Baker], Liliaceae collected
after the plant has flowered and from which the membranous
outer scales have been removed.
Red squill, which is also derived from a variety of U. maritima, is
collected in Algiers and Cyprus, and differs from the white in
containing red anthocyanin pigment and the glycoside
scilliroside.
Constituents are crystalline glycoside, scillaren A, and an
amorphous mixture of glycosides, scillaren B. Scillaren A, the
most important constituent of squill, is readily hydrolysed by an
enzyme scillarenase or by acids.
54. Hydrolysis of Scillaren A
Note
In small doses the drug promotes mild gastric irritation causing a reflex
secretion from the bronchioles.
It is for this expectorant action that it is widely used; in larger doses it causes
vomiting.
56. Chemical Tests for Steroid and Triterpenoid Glycosides
Antimony trichloride test
Alcoholic extract of drug was
evaporated to dryness and
extracted with CHCl3.
Add saturated solution of
SbCl3 in CHCl3 containing
20% acetic anhydride.
Formation of pink colour on
heating indicates presence of
steroids and triterpenoids.
57. Chemical Tests for Cardiac Glycosides
Keller-kiliani test
To the alcoholic extract of drug equal volume of water and 0.5 ml of strong lead acetate
solution was added, shaked and filtered.
Filtrate was extracted with equal volume of chloroform. Chloroform extract was
evaporated to dryness and residue was dissolved in 3 ml of glacial acetic acid followed
by addition of few drops of FeCl3 solution.
The resultant solution was transferred to a test tube containing 2 ml of conc. H2SO4.
Reddish brown layer is formed, which turns bluish green after standing due to presence
of digitoxose.
Legal test
To the alcoholic extract of drug equal volume of water and 0.5 ml of strong lead acetate
solution was added, shaked and filtered. Filtrate was extracted with equal volume of
chloroform and the chloroform extract was evaporated to dryness.
The residue was dissolved in 2 ml of pyridine and sodium nitropruside 2 ml was added
followed by addition of NaOH solution to make alkaline. Formation of pink color in
presence of glycosides or aglycon moiety.
58. Other steroids
• The phytosterols (e.g. stigmasterol and sitosterol)
• Steroidal alkaloids in which the nitrogen may be either cyclic
or noncyclic
• Read more about other steroids of pharmaceutical
importance