Hi All, In this Project we have used Arduino Microcontroller and Raspberry pi as processor for automation control of watering of fields and monitor through IOT devices, we have use different sensors like pumps, Humidity sensor, Temperature sensor, digital anemometer to calculate various reading like transpiration and wind velocity to get high productivity in farm fields.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
Drip irrigation system using embedded systems an initiative of saving watereSAT Journals
Abstract Water is one of the basic needs of all living beings. Fresh water is less than 1% on Earth [I] and the usage of water is increasing day by day. Agriculture practices alone requires huge amount of water. In this paper, the basic motive is to save water and prevent wastage of water by using drip irrigation technology. In Drip irrigation the water is poured just above the roots in the form of droplets. Water is given to the roots drop by drop which not only saves water but also prevents the plants from flooding and decaying due to excessive water released by irrigation methods like flood irrigation- border irrigation, furrow irrigation, check basin irrigation [II]. In this paper, microcontroller based drip irrigation method is proposed, which controls, monitors, automatically ON/OFF the water pump and gives feedback. Drip irrigation using embedded systems is one of the most efficient techniques used to save water as well as saving time and energy of the farmers. Using embedded technology in farming practices would ease the farming and farmers will be able to keep check on the crops. Keywords: Drip irrigation, ATmega32 microcontroller, moisture sensors, temperature sensors and GSM Module.
Precision Irrigation: A Method to Save Water and Energy While Increasing Cro...Gary Marks
Precision irrigation provides a means for evaluating a crop’s water requirements and a means for applying the right amount at the right time. Applying precision irrigation practices offers significant potential for saving water, energy, and money. Further, it has the potential to increases crop yield. There is an additional positive environmental impact from precision irrigation in that farm runoff, a major source of water pollution, can be reduced. This paper focuses on the irrigation of California agriculture, which uses nearly 80% of the state’s water and more than ten billion Kilowatt hours of electricity annually. That is enough electricity to power one million typical American households each year. The approximate power plant capacity required to power California irrigation through the months of May through October is 2500 MW, which is equivalent to 250 Min-Nuke power plants running at an average of 10MW each. The carbon footprint associated with the power is approximately six million metric tons of CO2 per year.
Technique smart control soil moisture system to watering plant based on IoT w...journalBEEI
Water scarcity has become the most important challenge facing the world and a source of fear to the global community from the spread of famines due to the lack of agricultural production. For this reason, researchers seek to optimize the use of food resources, including water wealth. This project contributes to the legalization of the use of water resources. One of these methods is to solve the problem of a decrease in water resources, is drip irrigation systems. An affordable system was developed using soil moisture FC-28 hygrometer sensor compatible with arduino uno R3 and sending electrical signals based on voltage difference due to increased or decreased water in the soil to the monitor through the arduino for decision to operate irrigation pumps. The system is controlled by a software that allows the user to know the current state of the soil to choose the type of plant to determine the amount of water and the possibility of adding new types of plants to the program library and other features.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Introduction
System components of automated irrigation system
Preparation of programming schedule
Various types of automation system
Benefits of automized irrigation
Limitations of automized irrigation system
The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate & cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. Efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Time based control mechanism; volume based control mechanism and priority based mechanism can be designed in one system.
Drip irrigation system using embedded systems an initiative of saving watereSAT Journals
Abstract Water is one of the basic needs of all living beings. Fresh water is less than 1% on Earth [I] and the usage of water is increasing day by day. Agriculture practices alone requires huge amount of water. In this paper, the basic motive is to save water and prevent wastage of water by using drip irrigation technology. In Drip irrigation the water is poured just above the roots in the form of droplets. Water is given to the roots drop by drop which not only saves water but also prevents the plants from flooding and decaying due to excessive water released by irrigation methods like flood irrigation- border irrigation, furrow irrigation, check basin irrigation [II]. In this paper, microcontroller based drip irrigation method is proposed, which controls, monitors, automatically ON/OFF the water pump and gives feedback. Drip irrigation using embedded systems is one of the most efficient techniques used to save water as well as saving time and energy of the farmers. Using embedded technology in farming practices would ease the farming and farmers will be able to keep check on the crops. Keywords: Drip irrigation, ATmega32 microcontroller, moisture sensors, temperature sensors and GSM Module.
Precision Irrigation: A Method to Save Water and Energy While Increasing Cro...Gary Marks
Precision irrigation provides a means for evaluating a crop’s water requirements and a means for applying the right amount at the right time. Applying precision irrigation practices offers significant potential for saving water, energy, and money. Further, it has the potential to increases crop yield. There is an additional positive environmental impact from precision irrigation in that farm runoff, a major source of water pollution, can be reduced. This paper focuses on the irrigation of California agriculture, which uses nearly 80% of the state’s water and more than ten billion Kilowatt hours of electricity annually. That is enough electricity to power one million typical American households each year. The approximate power plant capacity required to power California irrigation through the months of May through October is 2500 MW, which is equivalent to 250 Min-Nuke power plants running at an average of 10MW each. The carbon footprint associated with the power is approximately six million metric tons of CO2 per year.
Technique smart control soil moisture system to watering plant based on IoT w...journalBEEI
Water scarcity has become the most important challenge facing the world and a source of fear to the global community from the spread of famines due to the lack of agricultural production. For this reason, researchers seek to optimize the use of food resources, including water wealth. This project contributes to the legalization of the use of water resources. One of these methods is to solve the problem of a decrease in water resources, is drip irrigation systems. An affordable system was developed using soil moisture FC-28 hygrometer sensor compatible with arduino uno R3 and sending electrical signals based on voltage difference due to increased or decreased water in the soil to the monitor through the arduino for decision to operate irrigation pumps. The system is controlled by a software that allows the user to know the current state of the soil to choose the type of plant to determine the amount of water and the possibility of adding new types of plants to the program library and other features.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Introduction
System components of automated irrigation system
Preparation of programming schedule
Various types of automation system
Benefits of automized irrigation
Limitations of automized irrigation system
The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate & cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. Efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Time based control mechanism; volume based control mechanism and priority based mechanism can be designed in one system.
Water is an essential thing for crops and plants in agriculture. In traditional agriculture systems are take large amount of time to watering the crops lands and also have a lots of water wastes. Avoiding these problems drip irrigation systems are introduced. Drip irrigation technique is the best and efficient technique to supply the water to plants/crops in effective manner. In our IoT based smart and automatic drip irrigation system is solve the problems in existing systems and also provide the many features to farmers. This system is using Wemos D1 ESP 8266 which controls all sensors and send and receive the sensing values through the internet. In this paper explains the over view installation, system design and working of system. Shilpa. A"Smart Drip Irrigation System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12888.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/12888/smart-drip-irrigation-system/shilpa-a
This ppt is helpful in learning the Automatic Irrigation System Using IoT-based Sensors to sense the Temperature, Humidity, and Soil Moisture present in the soil and surrounding air.
IOT attracts people and makes people's life easy where people from anywhere can control their all-electric appliances with just one single click.
MQTT is a standardized publish/subscribe Push protocol that was released by IBM in 1999. MQTT was planned to send a data accurately under the long network delay and low- bandwidth network condition.
Hello guys ,
As a passionate learner of c programming language, I have done my one month training in Learning advance features of C from "infomatics" center through very experienced teachers and for the fulfillment of my training i have submit this report .
Happy Reading
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Rural engineering process : Development of farms by automation
1. i
AUTOMATED IOT BASED MICRO-IRRIGATION
SYSTEM USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR SMALL
FARMS OF RURAL INDIA : A PILOT STUDY
A
Rural Engineering Project Report
Submitted in partial fullfillment for the requirement of
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
by
Shashank Kapoor
Guru Prasad
Harshit Satsangi
Mradul Kumar
Rajat Garg
Rajneesh Kharwar
Shivanshu Sharma
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
Dayalbagh, Agra-282005
2018-19
2. ii
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project work reported in this report entitled
‘Automated IOT based Micro-irrigation System using Machine
Learning for Small Farms of Rural India: A Pilot Study’ submitted by
Shashank kapoor, Harshit Satsangi, Rajat Garg, Mradul Kumar,
Shivanshu Sharma, Guru Prasad, Rajneesh Kharwar, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology to the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, is a record of the
bonafide work carried out under my supervision. Further to the best of my
knowledge and belief the matter embodied in this report has not been
submitted elsewhere and/or to any other University/Institute for the award of
any degree or diploma.
Dayalbagh
16.04.2019
(Dr. S. K. GAUR)
Supervisor
Professor in the Faculty of Engineering
Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
4. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record our appreciation and deep gratitude to the people
without whose support this REP Project would never see the light today. I
wish to express our propound sense of gratitude to Prof. K.Hansraj , Dean,
Faculty of Engineering, D.E.I. for his guidance, encouragement, and for all
facilities to complete this project. I have immense pleasure in expressing
thanks and deep gratitude to my guide Prof. S. K. Gaur, Department of
Mechanical Engineering, D.E.I. for his guidance throughout this project.
5. iv
ABSTRACT
Adopting an optimized irrigation system has become a necessity due to
the lack of the world water resource. The system has a soil-moisture
sensor. This project focuses on a smart irrigation system which is cost
effective. Automation allows us to control various appliances
automatically. The objective of this project is to control the water supply
to each plant automatically depending on values of soil moisture sensors.
Mechanism is done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes are inserted
in soil.
Automatic irrigation scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable in
water use efficiency with respect to manual irrigation based on direct soil
water measurements. The aim of the implementation is to demonstrate
that the automatic irrigation can be used to reduce water use. The
implementation is an automated irrigation system that consists of a soil
moisture sensor which senses the soil humidity and automatically waters
the field.
6. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE........................................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................2
1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2
2 Proposed System ..................................................................................................................................2
3 Objectives..............................................................................................................................................3
4 Various definitive terms:.....................................................................................................................4
15. Advantages.........................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ............................................................................14
1 SYSTEM DESIGN: ...........................................................................................................................14
3.2 Data Flow Diagram.........................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM COMPONENTS..............................................................................................17
CHAPTER 5: System Development and Performance..........................................................................22
1. SOFTWARE TOOLS.......................................................................................................................22
2 CODE SNIPPETS..............................................................................................................................23
WEATHER DATA:..............................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE ...................................................................31
Project Costing:.....................................................................................................................................32
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................33
7. 1
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NUMBER
DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER
1
Evaporation and Transpiration
2
2 Water loss through the process of evotranspiration 3
3 Rasberry pi 3 Model B 12
4 Schematic diagram of a Rasberry pie 3 model B 14
.
5 Soil Moisture Sensor
15
16X2 LCD 15
6
The model for the proposed system 17
7
8 Data Flow Diagram 18
8. 2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction
In the present era, the farmers in India mostly irrigate their lands manually because of
their more land holdings. This process sometimes consumes more water. Automatic irrigation
scheduling consistently has shown to be valuable in water use efficiency with respect to
manual irrigation based on direct soil water measurements. Irrigation of plants is usually a
very time-consuming activity which has to be done in a reasonable amount of time; it
requires a large amount of human resources. All the steps were executed by humans
traditionally.
Nowadays, some systems use technology to reduce the number of workers and to
reduce the time required to water the plants. With such systems, the control is very limited
and many of the resources are still wasted. Water is one of these resources which is used
excessively. Mass irrigation is the method which is used to water the plant. This method
represents massive losses since the amount of water given exceeds the plants’ needs. The
excess water gets discharged by the holes of the pots, or it percolates through the soil in the
fields. In addition to the excess cost of water, labour is becoming more and more expensive.
2 Proposed System
The proposed irrigation system makes the efficient use of water. Water is fed to the
plant whenever there is need. There already exist irrigation systems which water plants on the
basis of soil humidity, pH value of soil, temperature and light. Wherever these parameters are
required in big agricultural fields their productivity of the crop matters.
This system also presents an smart drip irrigation system to water plants using
devices like raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers and also the user gets the status time to
time.
9. 3
3 Objectives
The objectives of the project is to design a smart drip irrigation system to water plants with
the use of devices like raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers. Python programming language
is used for automation purpose.
This system also contributes an efficient and fairly cheap automation irrigation system.
System once installed has no maintenance cost and is easy to use. Environment parameters
monitoring system based on wireless communication technology has been developed to
control remotely, which realizes the measurement of temperature, rain fall, soil parameters.
Monitoring system based on wireless communication technology has been developed to
control remotely, which realizes the measurement of temperature, rain fall, soil parameters.
(Image source: Wikipedia.cpm/evapotranspiration)
Fig 1.1 Evaporation and Transpiration
10. 4
4 Various definitive terms:
Some technical terms and their definitions which have been used in the
course of the work are described below.
4.1 Evaporation, Transpiration and Evapotranspiration:
In a cropped field water can be lost through two processes. Water can be lost from the soil
surface and wet vegetation through a process called evaporation (E), whereby liquid water is
converted into water vapour and removed from the evaporating surface. Energy is required to
change the state of the molecules of water from liquid to vapour. The process is affected by
climatological factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed.
Where the evaporating surface is the soil surface, the degree of shading of the crop canopy
and the amount of water available at the evaporating surface are the other factors that affect
the evaporation process. 2. The second process of water loss is called transpiration (T),
whereby liquid water contained in plant tissues vaporizes into the atmosphere through small
openings in the plant leaf, called stomata. Transpiration, like direct evaporation, depends on
the energy supply, vapour pressure gradient and wind. Hence solar radiation, air temperature,
air humidity and wind terms should be considered when assessing transpiration. The soil
water content and the ability of the soil to conduct water to the roots also determine the
transpiration rate, as do waterlogging and soil salinity. Crop characteristics, environmental
aspects and cultivation practices also have an influence on the transpiration. The combination
of these two separate processes, whereby water is lost on one hand by evaporation from the
soil surface and on the other hand by transpiration from a plant, is called evapotranspiration
(ET). Evaporation and transpiration occur simultaneously and there is no easy way of
distinguishing between the two processes. When the crop is small evaporation is the main
process, but once the crop is fully grown and completely covers the ground transpiration
becomes the dominant process. It has been estimated that at crop sowing 100% of the total
ET comes from evaporation, while at full crop cover evaporation accounts for about 10% of
ET and transpiration for the
remaining 90%.
11. 5
Image source: Wikipedia.cpm/evapotranspiration)
Fig 1.2. Water loss through the process of evapo-transpiration
5. Factors affecting crop evapotranspiration:
The main factors affecting evapotranspiration are climatic parameters, crop characteristics,
management practices and environmental aspects. The main climatic factors affecting
evapotranspiration are solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed. The crop
type, variety and development stages affect evapotranspiration. Differences in crop resistance
to transpiration, crop height, crop roughness, reflection, canopy cover and crop rooting
characteristics result in different evapotranspiration levels in different types of crops under
identical environmental conditions. Factors such as soil salinity, poor land fertility, limited
use of fertilizers and chemicals, lack of pest and disease control, poor soil management and
limited water availability at the root zone may limit the crop development and reduce
evapotranspiration. Other factors that affect evapotranspiration are groundcover and plant
density. Cultivation practices and the type of irrigation system used can alter the
microclimate, affect the crop characteristics or affect the wetting of the soil and crop surface.
All this affect evapotranspiration.
6. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) :
The evapotranspiration from a reference surface not short of water is called the reference
crop evapotranspiration and is denoted by ETo. The reference surface is a hypothetical grass
reference crop with specific characteristics. The concept of ETo was introduced to study the
evaporative demand of the atmosphere independently of crop type, crop development stage
and management practices. As water is abundant at the evapotranspiring surface, soil factors
do not affect evapotranspiration. Relating evapotranspiration to a specific surface provides a
reference to which evapotranspiration from other surfaces can be related. It removes the need
to define a separate evapotranspiration level for each crop and stage of growth. The only
factors affecting ETo are climatic parameters. As a result, ETo is a climatic parameter and
can be computed from weather data. ETo expresses the evaporative demand of the
atmosphere at a specific location and time of the year and does not consider crop and soil
factors.
12. 6
7. Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions
The crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions, denoted as ETc, is the
evapotranspiration from disease-free, well-fertilized crops, grown in large fields under
optimum soil water conditions and achieving full production under the given climatic
conditions. The values of ETc and CWR (Crop Water Requirements) are identical, whereby
ETc refers to the amount of water lost through evapotranspiration and CWR refers to the
amount of water that is needed to compensate for the loss. ETc can be calculated from
climatic data by directly integrating the effect of crop characteristics into ETo. Using
recognized methods, an estimation of ETo is done. Experimentally determined ratios of ETc/
ETo, called crop coefficients (Kc), are used to relate ETc to ETo as given in the following
equation:
Equation 1:
ETc = ETo x Kc
Where:
ETc = Crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kc = Crop coefficient
8. Crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions
The crop evapotranspiration under non-standard conditions, ETc adj, is the
evapotranspiration from crops grown under management and environmental conditions that
differ from the standard conditions. When cultivating crops in the field, the real crop
evapotranspiration may be different from ETc due to non-optimal conditions such as
occurrence of pests and diseases, soil salinity, poor soil fertility and waterlogging. ETc adj is
calculated by using a water stress coefficient (Ks) and/or by adjusting Kc for all kinds of
other stresses and environmental constraints on crop evapotranspiration. The calculation
procedures for ETc adj will not be covered in this Module.
9. Crop water and irrigation requirements
Crop water requirements (CWR) encompass the total amount of water used in
evapotranspiration. FAO (1984) defined crop water requirements as ‘the depth of water
needed to meet the water loss through evapotranspiration of a crop, being disease-free,
growing in large fields under non restricting soil conditions, including soil water and fertility,
and achieving full production potential under the given growing environment’. CWR is equal
13. 7
to ETc and will be dealt with in Chapter 4. The use of computer programmes for the
estimation of ETcor CWR is explained in Chapter 6. Irrigation requirements (IR) refer to the
water that must be supplied through the irrigation system to ensure that the crop receives its
full crop water requirements. If irrigation is the sole source of water supply for the plant, the
irrigation requirement will always be greater than the crop water requirement to allow for
inefficiencies in the irrigation system. If the crop receives some of its water from other
sources (rainfall, water stored in the ground, underground seepage, etc.), then the irrigation
requirement can be considerably less than the crop water requirement.
10. Irrigation scheduling
Once the crop water and irrigation requirements have been calculated, the next step is the
preparation of field irrigation schedules. Three parameters have to be considered in preparing
an irrigation schedule: The daily crop water requirements. The soil, particularly its total
available moisture or water-holding capacity The effective root zone depth Plant response to
irrigation is influenced by the physical condition, fertility and biological status of the soil.
Soil condition, texture, structure, depth, organic matter, bulk density, salinity, sodicity,
acidity, drainage, topography, fertility and chemical characteristics all affect the extent to
which a plant root system penetrates into and uses available moisture and nutrients in the soil.
Many of these factors influence the water movement in the soil, the waterholding capacity of
the soil, and the ability of the plants to use the water. The irrigation system used should
match all or most of these conditions. The estimated values for available water-holding
capacity and intake are shown as broad ranges in this Module. The values in local soil
databases need to be continuously refined to fit the actual field conditions. In the field, the
actual value may vary from site to site, season to season and even within the season. Within
the season, it varies depending on the type of farm and tillage equipment, number of tillage
operations, residue management, type of crop and water quality.
Soils to be irrigated must also have adequate surface and subsurface drainage, especially in
the case of surface irrigation. Internal drainage within the crop root zone can either be natural
or from an installed subsurface drainage system.
11. Estimating reference crop evapotranspiration
The FAO Penman-Monteith method is now the sole recommended method for calculating
ETo and this method, its derivation and the required meteorological data are presented.
However, because of its practical value, the Pan Evaporation method is still in use in some
parts of Southern Africa and will therefore be briefly presented.
14. 8
12. The need for a standardization
ETo calculation method ETo can be calculated from meteorological data. Several empirical
and semi-empirical methods have been developed over the last 50 years to estimate reference
crop evapotranspiration from climatic variables. Some of the methods that have been
developed are the Blaney-Criddle, Radiation, Modified Penman and Pan Evaporation
methods. The different methods catered for users with different data availability and
requiring different levels of accuracy. In all four methods the mean climatic data for a 10-day
or a 30-day period are used. ETo is expressed in mm/day, representing the mean daily value
for the period under consideration. Details of these methods are given in FAO (1984). The
development of more accurate methods of assessing crop water use together with advances in
science and research revealed the weaknesses in the above-mentioned four methodologies.
The performances of the methods were analyzed for different locations and it became evident
that the methods do not behave the same way in different locations around the world.
Deviations from computed to observed values were often found to exceed the values
indicated by researchers. For example, the Modified Penman method was frequently found to
overestimate ETo by up to 20% for low evaporative demands. The other three methods
showed variable adherence to the reference crop evapotranspiration standard of grass. This
revealed the need for formulating a standard and more consistent method for calculating ETo.
In May 1990, FAO organized a consultation of experts, scientists and researchers to review
the methodologies on the calculation of crop water requirements and to advise on the revision
and updating of the procedures. As an outcome of this consultation, the FAO Penman-
Monteith method is now recommended as the sole standard method for the definition and
calculation of the reference crop evapotranspiration. It has been found to be a method with a
strong likelihood of correctly predicting ETo in a wide range of locations and climates. The
method provides values that are more consistent with actual crop water use worldwide. In
addition, the method has provisions for calculating EToin cases where some of the climatic
data are missing. The use of older FAO or other reference evapotranspiration calculation
methods is no longer advisable.
15. 9
13. Pan Evaporation method
Despite the FAO Penman-Monteith being the sole recommended method for calculating ETo,
the Pan Evaporation method is still widely used in some parts of East and Southern Africa.
This is mainly because the method is very practical and simple, which appeals to many
farmers and practitioners. For this, a description of the method is given below.
14. Pan evaporation
The evaporation rate from pans filled with water can be easily determined. In the absence of
rainfall, the amount of water evaporated during a given period corresponds to the decrease in
water depth in the pan during the given period. Pans provide a measurement of the combined
effect of radiation, wind, temperature and humidity on an open water surface. The pan
responds in a similar manner to the same climatic factors affecting crop transpiration.
However, several factors produce differences in the loss of water from a water surface and
from a cropped surface. Despite the difference between pan evaporation and reference crop
evapotranspiration, the use of pans to predict ETo for periods of 10 days or longer is still
practiced. The measured evaporation from a pan (Epan) is related to the reference crop
evapotranspiration (ETo) through an empirically derived pan coefficient (Kp) as given in the
following equation from FAO (1998a):
Equation 2
ETo = Kp x Epan
ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)
Kp = Pan coefficient
Epan = Pan evaporation (mm/day)
15. Advantages
Moisture within the root zone can be maintained at field capacity.
Water distribution is highly uniform.
Labour cost is less than other irrigation methods.
Fertilization can easily be included with minimal waste of fertilizers.
Consumption of water as well as electricity is reduced to an significant amount.
16. 10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Related Work
After the research in the agricultural field, researchers found that the yield of
agriculture goes on decreasing day by day. Use of technology in the field of agriculture plays
important role in increasing the production as well as in reducing the extra man power
efforts, water requirement and fertilizer requirement.
Bennis, H. Fouchal, O. Zytoune, D. Aboutajdine, [1] represented the Model includes soil
moisture, temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the irrigation operations. Specifically,
we take into account the case where a system malfunction occurs, as when the pipes burst or
the emitters block. Also, we differentiate two main traffic levels for the information
transmitted by the WSAN, and we use an adequate priority-based routing protocol to achieve
high QoS performance. Simulations conducted over the NS-2 simulator show promising
results in terms of delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), mainly for priority traffic.
Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina et al. [2] represented in this paper the
System has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture & temperature sensors placed in
root zone of plants. Gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and
transmits data to a web application. An algorithm was developed with threshold values of
sensors that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water quantity.
Sangamesh Malge, Kalyani Bhole, [3] represented in this paper a Small embedded system
device (ESD) which takes care of a whole irrigation process. The PIC18F4550
microcontroller interfaced with GSM module works as a brain and several sensors like
temperature, level and rain works as eyes of this ESD. If and only if eyes of the ESD see all
parameters are within a safe range, the PIC18F4550 starts irrigation process by starting the
irrigation pump. The farmer gets time to time feedback from ESD through SMS about the
action that has taken place by PIC18F4550.
Nikhil Agrawal, Smita Singhal, [4] represented the commands from the user are processed
at raspberry pi using python programming language. Arduino microcontrollers are used to
receive the on/off commands from the rasperry pi using zigbee protocol. Star zigbee topology
17. 11
serves as backbone for the communication between raspberry pi and end devices. Raspberry
pi acts a central coordinator and end devices act as various routers.
Pravina B. Chikankar, Deepak Mehetre, Soumitra Das, [5] represented In the research field of
wireless sensor network power efficient time is major issue which can be overcome by using
ZigBee technology. The main idea is to understand how data travels through wireless
medium transmission using WSN and monitoring system. Design of an irrigation system
which is automated by using controllable parameter such as temperature, soil moisture and
air humidity because they are the important factors to be controlled in PA (Precision
Agriculture).
Sneha Angal, [6] represented the paper which presents a home automation system which is
based on Raspberry pi, Arduino microcontrollers, and zigbee and relay boards to water
plants. Raspberry pi acts as the control block in the automatic irrigation system to control the
flow of motor.
The commands from the Arduino are processed at raspberry pi. Zigbee module is used for
communication between the Raspberry pi and Arduino. This paper presents an efficient and
fairly cheap automation irrigation system. By using moisture sensor we will make the
irrigation system smart and automated. System once installed has no maintenance cost and is
easy to use.
Bhagyashree K.Chate , Prof.J.G.Rana , [7] developed a smart irrigation monitoring system using
raspberry pi.Focus area will be parameters such as temperature and soil moisture. This
system will be a substitute to traditional farming method. We will develop such a system that
will help a farmer to know his field status in his home or he may be residing in any part of
the world. It proposes a automatic irrigation system for the agricultural lands. Currently the
automation is one of the important role in the human life.
It not only provides comfort but also reduce energy, efficiency and time saving. Now the
industries are use automation and control machine which is high in cost and not suitable for
using in a farm field. So here it also designs a smart irrigation technology in low cost which
is usable by Indian farmers. Raspberry pi is the main heart of the whole system.
An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops.
Automation allows us to control appliances automatically. The objectives of this paper were
to control the water motor automatically, monitor the plant growth using webcam and we can
also watch live streaming of farm on android mobiles by using wi-fi.
18. 12
Suprabha Jadhav1, Shailesh Hambarde, [8] Nowadays, adopting an optimized irrigation system
has become a necessity due to the lack of the world water resource. The system has a
distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors.
This project focuses on a smart irrigation system which is cost effective. As the technology is
growing and changing rapidly, Wireless sensing Network (WSN) helps to upgrade the
technology where automation is playing important role in human life. Automation allows us
to control various appliances automatically.
DC motor based vehicle is designed for irrigation purpose. The objectives of this paper were
to control the water supply to each plant automatically depending on values of temperature
and soil moisture sensors. Mechanism is done such that soil moisture sensor electrodes are
inserted in front of each soil. It also monitors the plant growth using various parameters like
height and width. Android app.
Nikhil Agrawal , Smita Singhal [9] represented in the paper, a design for home automation system
using ready-to-use, cost effective and energy efficient devices including raspberry pi, arduino
microcontrollers, xbee modules and relay boards. Use of these components results in overall
cost effective, scalable and robust implementation of system.
The commands from the user are processed at raspberry pi using python programming
language. Arduino microcontrollers are used to receive the on/off commands from the
rasperry pi using zigbee protocol.Star zigbee topology serves as backbone for
thecommunication between raspberry pi and end devices.Raspberry pi acts a central
coordinator and end devices act as various routers.
Low-cost and energy efficient drip irrigation system serves as a proof of concept. The design
can be used in big agriculture fields as well as in small gardens via just sending an email to
the system to water plants. The use of ultrasound sensors and solenoid valves make a smart
drip irrigation system. The paper explains the complete installation of the system including
hardware and software aspects.
Gajjala Ashok, Gogada Rajasekar,[10] In this paper proposes a design for home automation
system using ready-to-use, cost effective and energy efficient devices including raspberry pi,
arduino microcontrollers, xbee modules and relay boards. Use of these components results in
overall cost effective, scalable and robust implementation of system.
19. 13
The sensor data were uploaded in to cloud by raspberry pi using python programming
language. Arduino microcontrollers used to transmit the sensor data to the raspberry pi using
zigbee protocol. Star zigbee topology serves as backbone for the communication between
raspberry pi and end devices. Raspberry pi acts a central coordinator and end devices act as
various routers. Low-cost and energy efficient drip irrigation system serves as a proof of
concept.
The design can be used in big agriculture fields as well as in small gardens and water plants.
The use of ultrasound sensors and solenoid valves make a smart drip irrigation system. The
paper explains the complete installation of the system including hardware and software
aspects.
20. 14
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
1 SYSTEM DESIGN:
In order to achieve the objective to automate a small micro-irrigation system ( small movable
single row 2-sprinkler system) has been used and the framework of the system is conceptualized as
in the Figure 3.1 below :
Fig. 3.1 The System for the design
The webcam is interfaced to Raspberry Pi via Wi-Fi module. Raspberry Pi is the heart of
the system. The Raspberry Pi Model B+ incorporates a number of enhancements and new
features. Improved power consumption, increased connectivity and greater IO are among
the improvements to this powerful, small and lightweight ARM based computer. The
Raspberry Pi cannot directly drive the relay.
The connections and circuitry of the IOT based irrigation system was also developed
during the process. The step by step process of the formation of the project is also depicted
in plates 3.1, 3.2 & 3.3 respectively.
21. 15
Plate 3.1. hardware arrangement of Raspberry Pi with Display Unit
Plate 3.2. preparing the hardware for testing
22. 16
Plate 3.3. Monitoring voltage transfer while performance
It has only zero volts or 3.3 V. We need 12V to drive electromechanical relay. In
that case we need a driver circuit. The driver circuit take the low-level input and give
the12V amplitude to drive the relay which operates at 12V. We are using here UNL 2003
for driving the relay.
Across the relay there are 3 connection R,Y,B so we are using here 3 relay to
switch on induction motor LAN port is used for internet connectivity. Soil moisture sensor
is connected to Raspberry Pi board through comparator circuit. soil moisture sensor gives
a resistance variation at the output. That single is applied to the comparator and signal
conditioning circuit. The signal conditioning circuit has potentiometer to decide the
moisture level above which the output of comparator goes high. That digital signal is given
to the raspberry pi board. If the soil moisture value is above the moisture level then the 3
phase induction motor will be off, whereas if the moisture level is low motor will be on
through the relay.LDR is used for controlling light automatically, at night light will be ON
automatically so that we can observe our farm at night also using mobile phone.
3.2 Data Flow Diagram
Data flow diagram depicts the working of Raspberry pi using various sensors. The flow of
data with the help of Wi-Fi module and mobile which informs the farmer about the soil
moisture.
Fig.3.2 Data flow diagram
23. 17
CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1 System Description
The two major kinds of system requirements are hardware and software requirements.
Hardware consists of Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi, Water Pump, Jump Wires, Bread Board,
Motor driver, Laptop, and Mobile phone while the software units incapsulates Juice SSH
application, Arduino application, on Python platform for programming Raspberry Pi. The
details of these are given below.
Rasberry pie 3 model B
Fig. 4.1 Rasberry pi 3 Model B
Product
Description
The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B is the third generation Raspberry Pi.
This powerful credit-card sized single board computer can be
used for many applications and supersedes the original
Raspberry Pi Model B+ and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B. Whilst
maintaining the popular board format the Raspberry Pi 3 Model
B brings you a more powerful processer, 10x faster than the first
generation Raspberry Pi. Additionally it adds wireless LAN &
Bluetooth connectivity making it the ideal solution for powerful
designs.
RS Part Number 896-8660
Specifications:
Processor Broadcom BCM2387 chipset.
1.2GHz Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53
802.11 b/g/n Wireless LAN and Bluetooth 4.1
(Bluetooth Classic and LE)
24. 18
GPU Dual Core VideoCore IV® Multimedia Co-Processor.
Provides Open GL
ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated OpenVG, and 1080p30
H.264 high-profile
decode.
Capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24GFLOPs with
texture filtering and
DMA infrastructure
Memory 1GB LPDDR2
Operating Boots from Micro SD card, running a version of the
Linux operating system or
System
Windows 10 IoT
Dimensions 85 x 56 x 17mm
Power Micro USB socket 5V1,
2.5A
Connectors:
Ethernet 10/100 BaseT Ethernet socket
Video Output HDMI (rev 1.3 & 1.4
Composite RCA (PAL and NTSC)
Audio Output Audio Output 3.5mm jack, HDMI
USB 4 x USB 2.0 Connector
GPIO Connector 40-pin 2.54 mm (100 mil) expansion header: 2x20
strip
Providing 27 GPIO pins as well as +3.3 V, +5 V and
GND supply lines
Camera Connector 15-pin MIPI Camera Serial Interface (CSI-2)
Display Connector Display Serial Interface (DSI) 15 way flat flex cable
connector with two data
lanes and a clock lane
Memory Card Slot Push/pull Micro SDIO
Key Benefits • Low cost • Consistent board format
• 10x faster processing • Added connectivity
Key Applications
• Low cost PC/tablet/laptop • IoT applications
• Media centre • Robotics
26. 20
2. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
Sensors are the device which converts the physical parameter into the electric signal. The
system consists of soil moisture sensor. The output of sensor is analog signal, the signal is
converted into digital signal and then fed to the processor. The moisture sensor is used to
measure the moisture content of the soil. Copper electrodes are used to sense the moisture
content of soil. The conductivity between the electrodes helps to measure the moisture
content level[.
Fig. 4.3 Soil Moisture Sensor
3. LCD DISPLAY
LCD modules are yet commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason being its
cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have come across
these displays in our day to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators. The appearance and
the pinouts have already been visualized above now let us get a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is the 16×2
LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character will be made of
5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in the below picture.
Fig.4.4 16x2 LCD
27. 21
4. FEATURES
• Operating Voltage is 4.7V to 5.3V
• Current consumption is 1mA without backlight
• Alphanumeric LCD display module, meaning can display alphabets and numbers.
5. POWER OF SUPPLY
One of the most exciting updates/upgrades of the new Model B+ is a fancy new power
supply. The power supply is what takes the micro USB port voltage and creates the 5V
USB, 3.3V, 2.5Vand 1.8V core voltages. The 3.3/2.5/1.8 are for the processor and
Ethernet.
28. 22
CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND
PERFORMANCE
This includes the details about technologies used for the implementation of this projectand
control flow of all the modules and sub modules.
1. SOFTWARE TOOLS
Software tools helps in building the project as per the aim. Following are the software tools
used for the project-
1.1. ARDUINO:
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has
gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-
source, which means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This
guide is for students in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for
the first time. For advanced Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources. The
Arduino project was started in Italy to develop low cost hardware for interaction design.
1.2. RASPBERRY PI PLATFORM & PYTHON PROGRAMMING:
Raspberry Pi is a low-cost computing platform. The goal of the Raspberry Pi Foundation is to
make computing available to everyone globally to help them to learn programming. Since its
initial release in 2012, the Raspberry Pi has seen several enhancements in terms of the
amount of RAM, CPU power, peripheral support, and support for networking protocols; yet,
it has managed to hold on to its original US$ 35 price tag .
The latest version, Raspberry Pi 3, was announced in February 2016. It comes with a 1.2GHz
64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU, 1GB RAM, built-in wireless/Bluetooth support and much to
program them using a variety of programming tools/environments. In this article, let’s get
started with programming on the Raspberry Pi using one of the most popular languages in the
world, Python.
The Raspberry Pi has been nothing short of a revolution in introducing millions of people
across the world to computing and being one of the drivers behind introducing computer
29. 23
programming to everyone. It has powerful enough hardware to get started with programming
and the US$ 35 price tag is hard to beat.
The makers of Raspberry Pi have also paid special attention to ensuring that barriers to
getting started are minimal. The recommended Linux distribution for Raspberry Pi, Raspbian,
comes bundled with multiple programming languages and IDEs so that you are ready to go
from the time you power on the mini development board.
Python, on the other hand, is one of the most popular languages in the world and has been
around for more than two decades. It is heavily used in academic environments and is a
widely supported platform in modern applications, especially utilities, and desktop and Web
applications. Python is highly recommended as a language that is easy for newcomers to
program. With its easy-to-read syntax, the introduction is gentle and the overall experience
much better for a newbie.
The latest version of the Raspbian OS comes bundled with both Python 3.3 and Python 2.x
tools. Python 3.x is the latest version of the Python language and is recommended by the
Raspberry Pi Foundation too.
2 CODE SNIPPETS
// Include the libraries we need
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
// All define components
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS A1
#define humedad A3
#define temp A2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
#define minu 60000
30. 24
// Setup libraries variables
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DHT dht(temp, DHTTYPE);
SoftwareSerial mySerial(13, 10); // RX(DONT CARE) , TX (Pycom Serial Communication)
// DallasTemperature sensors definition
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
/*
* The setup function. We only start all sensors here
*/
void setup(void)
{
mySerial.begin(9600);
Serial.begin(9600);
sensors.begin();
dht.begin();
}
/*
* Main function, get all the sensor data
*/
void loop(void)
{
sensors.requestTemperatures();
int hume = analogRead(humedad);
int hum = map(hume, 0, 1023, 0, 950);
int humes = -(hum*100)/950;
int h = int(dht.readHumidity());
int t = int(dht.readTemperature());
int hica = int(dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h,false));
int te = int(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0)); // Send the command to get temperatures
31. 25
int hice = int(dht.computeHeatIndex(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0),
((hum*100)/950),false));
// Serial Strings Declaration
String dte;
String dhume;
String dhe;
String dta;
String dhuma;
String dha;
// These conditional forces the serial string to have the format of two digits for each value
if (te < 10)
{
dte=String(0)+String(te);
}
else
{
dte=String(te);
}
if (humes < 10)
{
dhume=String(0)+String(humes);
}
else
{
dhume=String(humes);
}
if (hice < 10)
{
dhe=String(0)+String(hice);
32. 26
}
else
{
dhe=String(hice);
}
if (t < 10)
{
dta=String(0)+String(t);
}
else
{
dta=String(t);
}
if (h < 10)
{
dhuma=String(0)+String(h);
}
else
{
dhuma=String(h);
}
if (hica < 10)
{
dha=String(0)+String(hica);
}
else
{
dha=String(hica);
}
mySerial.print(dte+dhume+dhe+dta+dhuma+dha); // We send sensor data by serial to
pycom
Serial.println(dte+dhume+dhe+dta+dhuma+dha); // This serial string is only for debugging
delay(6*minu); // Update Frecuency Sensor Values, in this case 6 minutes, 120 data by day
}
36. 30
CHAPTER 7: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the system are as shown below :
Hardware Part
In this work, we successfully develop a system that can help in an automated irrigation
system by analyzing the moisture level of the ground. The smart irrigation system proves to
be a useful system as it automates and regulates the watering without any manual
intervention. The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners.
Figure 7.1 The model for the proposed system
The moisture sensors and temperature sensor measure the moisture level (water content) and
temperature of the different plants. If the moisture level is found to be below the desired
level, the moisture sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board which triggers the Water
Pump to turn ON and supply the water to respective plant. The system may be further
extended for outdoor utilization.
37. 31
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
CONCLUSION
Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately increase profit.
The automated irrigation system is feasible and cost effective for optimizing water
resources for agricultural production.
The system would provide feedback control system which will monitor and control all
the activities of irrigation system efficiently.
FUTURE WORK
This Smart irrigation proves to be the system automates for irrigation system and regulates
water for irrigation is done without manual Using this system, solenoid valves and relay board
can be controlled remotely which opens the opportunities to control the water flow as well as
the electrical flow.
Irrigation system is automated with depends on sensor Report the pump is operated by the
weather condition by soil, rain and temperature conditions the water pump will work and by
wireless zigbee the data is communicate and the sensor readings are uploaded into cloud
network by Wifi technology.
38. 32
Project Costing:
We need the following items for the fulfillment of our project, convert it into real time application.
S.No. Item Qty Price Total Price
1. Raspberry pie B+ 1 509 600
2. LDR 5 251 1255
3. Male Header Pins 1 strip 102 102
4. Female Header Pins 1 strip 102 102
5. 100X160 mm PCB 1 205 205
6. Wire 2 m 45 90
7. Sink Tube 1m 55 55
8. DHT11 Humidity Sensor 5 150 750
9. Relay 5 179 895
10. Small Pump 5 550 2750
11. Temperature Sensor 5 450 2250
12. Zip tie 1 pack 350 350
13. 9 Volt Battery 5 45 225
14. 9 volt battery connector 2 20 40
15. Bluetooth 1 558 558
Extra i.e tape,soldering iron,glue 200 600
Total 10,827
39. 33
REFERENCES
[1] I. Bennis, H. Fouchal, O. Zytoune, D. Aboutajdine, “Drip Irrigation System using Wireless
Sensor Networks” Proceedings of the Federated Conference on Computer Science.
[2] Joaquín Gutiérrez, Juan Francisco Villa-Medina, Alejandra Nieto-Garibay, and Miguel
Ángel Porta- Gándara, “Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and
GPRS Module,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 63, no. 1, January
2014.
[3] Sangamesh Malge, Kalyani Bhole, “Novel, Low cost Remotely operated smart Irrigation
system" 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC) College
of Engineering Pune, India. May 28-30, 2015
[4] Nikhil Agrawal, Smita Singhal, “Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry pi and
Arduino” International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation
(ICCCA2015) .
[5] Pravina B. Chikankar, Deepak Mehetre, Soumitra Das, “An Automatic Irrigation System
using ZigBee in Wireless Sensor Network,” 2015 International Conference on Pervasive
Computing (ICPC).
[6] Sneha Angal “Raspberry pi and Arduino Based Automated Irrigation System”
International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 5 Issue 7, July 2016
[7] Bhagyashree K.Chate , Prof.J.G.Rana , “Smart irrigation system using Raspberry pi
“International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 2016,
40. 34
[8] Suprabha Jadhav1, Shailesh Hambarde,” Android based Automated Irrigation System using
Raspberry Pi”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Volume 5 Issue 6, June
2016
[9] Nikhil Agrawal , Smita Singhal “Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry pi and
Arduino” International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation
(ICCCA2015)
[10] Gajjala Ashok, Gogada Rajasekar, “ Smart Drip Irrigation System using Raspberry Pi and
Arduino” International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology for Technology,2016