This document describes a water irrigation system that uses an Arduino microcontroller board. The system uses soil moisture and temperature sensors to detect the water quantity in agricultural fields. It then uses the Arduino microcontroller to control the irrigation process. The goal is to automate irrigation to reduce water usage and optimize water supply for crops. Key components discussed include the Arduino UNO microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, water level sensors, and a water pump.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
A REAL – TIME IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE USING WSN I...IJCSEA Journal
Agricultural sector is playing vital role in Indian economy, in which irrigation mechanism is of key concern. Our paper aims to find the exact field condition and to control the wastage of water in the field and to provide exact controlling of field by using the drip irrigation, atomizing the agricultural environment by using the components and building the necessary hardware. For the precisely monitoring and controlling of the agriculture filed, different types of sensors were used. To implement the proposed
system ARM LPC2148 Microcontroller is used. The irrigation mechanism is monitored and controlled more efficiently by the proposed system, which is a real time feedback control system. GSM technology is used to inform the end user about the exact field condition. Actually this method of irrigation system has been proposed primarily to save resources, yield of crops and farm profitability.
A STUDY ON DEVELOPING A SMART ENVIRONMENT IN AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION TECHNIQUEijasa
Maintaining a good irrigation system is a necessity in today’s water scarcity environment. This paper describes a new approach for automated Smart Irrigation (SIR) system in agricultural management. Using
various types of sensors in the crop field area, temperature and moisture value of the soil is monitored.Based on the sensed data, SIR will automatically decide about the necessary action for irrigation and also notifies the user. The system will also focus on the reduction of energy consumption by the sensors during communication.
The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate & cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature. The developed irrigation method removes the need for workmanship for flooding irrigation. Efficient water management plays an important role in the irrigated agricultural cropping systems. Time based control mechanism; volume based control mechanism and priority based mechanism can be designed in one system.
AN AMELIORATED METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART PLANT S...AM Publications,India
In India Agriculture is the main profession. Majority of the farmers are dependent on the traditional approach of farming where they have to stay in their lands either for supplying the water to the crops or to monitor the moisture level in the soil and also the growth of plants. There is a possibility of excess water at some part of the land and there is a deficiency of water on the other side. This is one of the major problems to the farmer where he has to continuously monitor the flow of water. In this paper, we are proposing an automated smart plant system which supply the required quantity of water to the land, measures the moisture content in the soil using moisture sensor, and also measures the temperature and humidity in that area using temperature and humidity sensor. The proposed system is developed using hardware devices such as Arduino uno, Sensors, Relay board, Ethernet shield etc. In this system we are using a mobile phone to control all the equipments and devices which are connected in the system and we also send signals to start and stop the device through the mobile phone only.
Smart irrigation systems have become increasingly popular in urban areas, where the need to conserve water resources is critical. These systems are designed to optimize water usage for landscaping and gardening, while also promoting sustainable and efficient irrigation practices.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.