Roses are a popular ornamental plant grown for their flowers. There are over 30,000 species of rose worldwide, with over 11,000-12,000 found in Pakistan. Roses have cultural and symbolic meanings and have been cultivated for thousands of years. They are used for cut flowers, perfumes, jams, and medicine. Proper growing conditions include well-drained soil, sunlight, watering, mulching, and pruning. Major rose pests and diseases include black spot, powdery mildew, aphids, and thrips. The Netherlands is the world's leading rose exporter.

2. Introduction
• Kingdom: Plantae
• Class: Magnoliopsida
• Family: Rosaceae
• Genus: Rosa

3. • Roses are the most popular cut-flower world
wide.
• The rose has been a symbol of love, beauty,
even war and politics.
• More than 30000 species of rose exist in world.
Out of these 30000, in Pakistan 11000 to 12000
are present.
• Rosaceae is the third largest plant family in both
world distribution and economic importance.

4. History
• The rose is one of the most admired and universally
recognizable flowers in existence.
• The rose has a long heritage in literature, art, movies,
history, and sports.
• According to fossil evidence, the rose is 35 million years
old.
• Garden cultivation of the rose began about 5,000 years
ago, probably in China.
• It wasn’t until the late 18th century that cultivation of
roses were introduced to Europe from China.

5. Importance and Uses
• Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for
their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors.
• Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for
other utilitarian purposes such as game cover.
• Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and
commercial cut flowers.
• Rose perfumes are made from attar of roses or rose oil.
• Rose water, made as a byproduct of rose oil production.
• Rose hips are occasionally made into jam, jelly, and
marmalade.
• Roses are also used in herbal and folk medicine.

6. Rose Color Meaning
• Red ~ Love, Passion, Respect, Courage
• White ~ Innocence, Purity, Secrecy
• Yellow ~ Joy, Friendship
• Coral ~ Desire
• Light Pink ~ Grace, Gladness, Joy
• Dark Pink ~ Thankfulness
• Lavender ~ Enchantment, Love at first Sight
• Orange ~ Fascination

7. Climate
• Day temperature of 25°C and a night
temperature of 10°C, are good for high quality
roses.
• The optimum temperature for standard carnation
is 15°–20°C.
• Clay soils, warm temperatures are always
preferred.
• The site chosen should be free from weeds,
nematodes or soil-borne pathogens.

8. Planting
• Roses require loamy, well drained soil.
• They are planted in the circular pits about 60- 90
cm across and 60 -75 cm deep.
• Remove all the broken and bruised leaves while
planting the plant.
• Roses require atleast six hours of direct sunlight
for the growth.
• The best time to plant the Rose plants rests
between September to October.

9. Cont…
• The rose plant needs cutting from time to time. It
requires manures and fertilizers at the time of
planting.
• Watering: Rose should be given one or two deep
soaks per week to encourage deep rooting and
drought resistance.
• Mulching is also done for protection against hot
sun and to keep the weeds down. Example:
Bark mulch, peat moss, well rotted compost
etc…

10. Pruning
• The best time to prune is in the early spring just
as you see the new growth beginning to bud.
Pruning is done to:
• Encourage new growth and bloom
• Remove dead wood
• Improve air circulation
• Shape the plant

11. There are 3 methods of Pruning:
• Hard Pruning
• Moderate Pruning
• Light Pruning

12. Classification of Roses
Roses are divided into three classes:
• Species Roses
• Old Garden Roses
• Modern Roses

13. Types of Roses
• Hybrid Tea Roses
• Floribunda
• Grandifloras
• Modern Shrub Roses
• Climbing Roses
• Miniature Roses

14. Floribunda
• Known for its large
clusters of medium sized
blooms that cover the
rose bush all season
long.
• The plant is generally
hardy and easy to grow
and maintain.
• It usually grows to about
3 feet tall.

15. Grandifloras
• They are similar to
hybrid teas.
• It has a unique ability
to grow clusters of
large hybrid tea-type
flowers on strong
straight stems.
• Plants are large and
grow to about 6-9 feet
tall.

16. Propagation
• Seeds
• Cuttings
• Layering
• Grafting

17. Diseases
• Black Spot
• Botrytis
• Powdery Mildew
• Rust
• Rose Mosaic

18. Black Spot
• It is caused by the fungus Diplocarpon rosae.
• The spots, which may be as much as 12mm
across, are generally circular and have an
irregular edge often with a yellow halo.
• Spray of Thiophanatemethyl(0.1%) is effective
for its control.

19. Powdery Mildew
• It is caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca
pannosa.
• This disease can cause young leaves to curl and
turn purple. Young canes may be distorted and
dwarfed.
• It can be controlled by the lime- sulphur spray.

20. Pests
• Aphids
• Two Spotted Mite
• Thrips
• Root Knot Nematode

21. Aphids
• Aphids are soft bodied
insects 1-2mm long. Often
green but occasionally light-
brown.
• They feed on the sap of the
plant by piercing the plant
cells via a proboscis.

22. Thrips
• Thrips are slim-winged insects
1mm in length, resembling fine
black slivers of wood.
• Flowers are often left looking
bruised and lustreless.

23. World Leading Rose Exporters
• The Netherlands, with about 8000 hectares of land
under Rose cultivation, is the global leader in Rose
cultivation.

24. Post Harvest Handling
• 1. Grading
• 2. Leaf Removal
• 3. Bunching
• 4. Recutting
• 5. Hydration
• 6. Special Treatments
• 7. Packing
• 8. Precooling
• 9. Cold Storage
• 10. Delivery to Market