- 60% of citrus production in Pakistan is from Kinnow mandarin, which was created through a cross between a king orange and willow leaf mandarin in 1925.
- Pakistan is the largest producer of Kinnow, contributing 95% of global Kinnow production.
- Major citrus growing areas in Pakistan include districts in Punjab, KPK, Sind and Baluchistan provinces.
Fruits are a rich source of protein (0.69 g) vitamins (vit. A 0.06 mg; vit. B -0.03mg) and minerals like calcium (8 mg), phosphorus (15 mg) and iron (0.5 mg) per 100 grams of pulp. Patharnakh has become the commercial fruit crop of Punjab.
The area under pear is steadily increasing in North India. In Punjab, pear occupies an area of 2147 hectares with an annual production of 42940 tonnes. With the introduction of new promising semi-soft pear cultivars, the area under pear is likely to increase further.
The area under patharnakh increased in past thirty years due to the supply of quality nursery plants propagated on pear root suckers and Kainth seedlings. Now the quality plants of soft pears are being made available to the growers by Punjab Agricultural University nurseries.
Origin and History:
Pyrus species are native to the Northern Hemisphere of the old world. European and West Asian species are native to Eastern Europe and South Western Asia. East and North Asian species (oriental group) are native to Eastern Asia including China, Japan and ManAuria. Patharnakh (Pyrus pyrifolia) (Burm. F. Nakai) originated in China from where Chinese merchants and settlers brought it to Amritsar’s village Harsa Chhina during the time of Lord Kanishka (120-170 AD). From here patharnakh spread to other areas. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Patharnakh is cultivated under the name of Gola pear.Climate and Soil:
Low chilling requiring pears are being cultivated in plains of North India. Cultivars requiring high chilling hours (900-1000) are cultivated at higher hills of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttara Khand.
Soil:
Pear is not very fastidious to its soil requirements. It is being grown from arid irrigated areas of Sirsa-Abohar to loam and clay loam soils of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur. It is doing well in foot hills where soils are light sandy to gravels. It prefers deep well drained loam soils with pH less than 8.5. Alkaline soils are unfit for pear cultivation. The soils with electric conductivity less than 1.5 mm hos/cm, less than 10 percent CaC03 and lime 20 percent are suitable for pear cultivation. High pH soils show iron chlorosis and zinc deficiencies in the pear plants.Rootstock:
Many rootstocks are being used to propagate pear trees. Promising characters of rootstock are given below:
Pear Root Suckers (Pyrus calleryana):
This is a very old rootstock which is in use since the introduction of pear cultivar patharnakh by the Chinese. Initially in rootstock trials at P.A.U. Ludhiana it has been considered to be Pyrus pyrifolia. A sucker was planted in the old orchard of the P.A.U. in 1976.
It grew as a tree quite different from P pyrifolia and did not flower for twenty years, but remained vegetative. Its roots continued to give out rootsuckers, whereas no rootsuckers developed on Pyrus pyrifolia roots. Hence it has been identified as root suckers of oriental pear Pyrus calleryana. Old pear orchards produce root-suckers.
Fruits are a rich source of protein (0.69 g) vitamins (vit. A 0.06 mg; vit. B -0.03mg) and minerals like calcium (8 mg), phosphorus (15 mg) and iron (0.5 mg) per 100 grams of pulp. Patharnakh has become the commercial fruit crop of Punjab.
The area under pear is steadily increasing in North India. In Punjab, pear occupies an area of 2147 hectares with an annual production of 42940 tonnes. With the introduction of new promising semi-soft pear cultivars, the area under pear is likely to increase further.
The area under patharnakh increased in past thirty years due to the supply of quality nursery plants propagated on pear root suckers and Kainth seedlings. Now the quality plants of soft pears are being made available to the growers by Punjab Agricultural University nurseries.
Origin and History:
Pyrus species are native to the Northern Hemisphere of the old world. European and West Asian species are native to Eastern Europe and South Western Asia. East and North Asian species (oriental group) are native to Eastern Asia including China, Japan and ManAuria. Patharnakh (Pyrus pyrifolia) (Burm. F. Nakai) originated in China from where Chinese merchants and settlers brought it to Amritsar’s village Harsa Chhina during the time of Lord Kanishka (120-170 AD). From here patharnakh spread to other areas. In Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, Patharnakh is cultivated under the name of Gola pear.Climate and Soil:
Low chilling requiring pears are being cultivated in plains of North India. Cultivars requiring high chilling hours (900-1000) are cultivated at higher hills of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttara Khand.
Soil:
Pear is not very fastidious to its soil requirements. It is being grown from arid irrigated areas of Sirsa-Abohar to loam and clay loam soils of Amritsar and Hoshiarpur. It is doing well in foot hills where soils are light sandy to gravels. It prefers deep well drained loam soils with pH less than 8.5. Alkaline soils are unfit for pear cultivation. The soils with electric conductivity less than 1.5 mm hos/cm, less than 10 percent CaC03 and lime 20 percent are suitable for pear cultivation. High pH soils show iron chlorosis and zinc deficiencies in the pear plants.Rootstock:
Many rootstocks are being used to propagate pear trees. Promising characters of rootstock are given below:
Pear Root Suckers (Pyrus calleryana):
This is a very old rootstock which is in use since the introduction of pear cultivar patharnakh by the Chinese. Initially in rootstock trials at P.A.U. Ludhiana it has been considered to be Pyrus pyrifolia. A sucker was planted in the old orchard of the P.A.U. in 1976.
It grew as a tree quite different from P pyrifolia and did not flower for twenty years, but remained vegetative. Its roots continued to give out rootsuckers, whereas no rootsuckers developed on Pyrus pyrifolia roots. Hence it has been identified as root suckers of oriental pear Pyrus calleryana. Old pear orchards produce root-suckers.
Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of the plant Zingiber officinale Roso. It originated in
South East Asia and is valued for the dried ginger spice and preserved crystallised ginger.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Ginger is obtained from the rhizomes of the plant Zingiber officinale Roso. It originated in
South East Asia and is valued for the dried ginger spice and preserved crystallised ginger.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
List of fruit and vegetables grown in pakistan a report List of fruit and veg...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
List of fruit and vegetables grown in pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G ,Agriculture Extension KPK Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
Most popular vegetables and fruits to grow in Pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Most popular vegetables and fruits to grow in Pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G ,Agriculture Extension KPK Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
10 high water fruits and veggies A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agr...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
10 high water fruits and veggies A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension and Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
Vegetables suitable for tunnel farming in pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan Forme...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Vegetables suitable for tunnel farming in pakistan By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former D.G ,Agriculture Extension KPK Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
Mango has been grown in India since long and is considered to be king of fruits. Its mention has been made in Sanskrit literature as Amra.
Alexander the great found a mango garden in Indus valley in 327 B.C. Ameer Khurso saint and poet from Turkoman wrote a poem on mango as early as 1330 A.D. Akbar the great (1556-1605) planted one lac mango trees in his bagh, which was named as Lakh Bagh.
Origin:
Vavilov suggested ‘Indo-Burma’ region as the centre of origin of mango. Folklore and religious sites of Indian people are attached to mango. Mango has attained the status of the national fruit of India. It travelled to west; South Africa and Mexico through mango stones. Genus Mangifera contains 49 species of which only 41 are valid. Mangifera indica to which the most of the present Indian cultivars belong is of great importance. Over one thousand varieties have been reported belonging to this genus. Some other genus found growing in India are M. sylvatica; M. caloneura, M. foetida and M. caesia. At present mango is commercially grown in Asia and European countries.
Area and Production:
Mango is commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Punjab and Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Mango cultivated over an area of 2309 thousand hectares with an annual production of 12750 thousand metric tones. India produces quality mangoes; Alphonso is highly liked by the western countries.
In Punjab, mango is being cultivated in whole of the sub-moutane belt comprising Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur Roop Nagar, Fatehgarh Sahib, Mohali and Patiala districts. Now its cultivation has spread to arid canal irrigated areas of northern India.
Uses:
Mango leaves are fed to cattle in the shortage of fodder. Leaves are also used in various ceremonies in Hindu rituals. Mango tree has certain medicinal properties. Its wood is used for furniture making and as fuel. Fruit is a source of vitamin A and C. Mango pulp is laxative in nature and has unique nutritional value.
Fruit is utilized at all stages of development in various ways ranging from chutney, pickles and curries. Ripe fruit is taken after meals. Various types of syrups, nector, jams and jelleys are prepared from the pulp/juice. The stones kernels are fed to pigs. The bark of the wood is useful in the industry.
Botany:
Mango belongs to family Anacardiaceae. Fruit plants such as cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and pistachio nut (Pistacia vera) also belong to this family. Three species of genus Mangifera found in India are Mangifera indica with edible fruits, M. sylvatica with non-edible fruits and M. caloneura.
Mangifira indica (2n = 40). Seedling trees are big is size and can grow over 20 metre high with a same spread. Grafted trees can attain a height of 8-10 metres with a dome shaped top. Mango is evergreen with spreading branches. On road sides seedling trees have erect branches.
Citrus production technology a lecture to Farmer Field School on Citrus par...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Citrus production technology a lecture to ffs participants A Presentation By Mr. Allah dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Ripening.ppt ruit ripening is a natural process in which a fruit goes through...RoselynAdajar
Ripening is a process in fruits that causes them to become more palatable. In general, fruit becomes sweeter, less green, and softer as it ripens. Even though the acidity of fruit increases as it ripens, the higher acidity level does not make the fruit seem tarter. This effect is attributed to the Brix-Acid Ratio.
Fruit ripening is a natural process in which a fruit goes through various physical and chemical changes and gradually becomes sweet, colored, soft, and palatable. Fruit ripening process can also be stimulated by applying artificial fruit ripening agents. Farmers and vendors often use artificial ripening agents to control the rate of fruit ripening. However, because of the potential health hazards related to the ripening agents, artificial fruit ripening process is highly debatable throughout the world.Different fruit ripening agents can be used to ripen fruits artificially and to provide fruits the desired color and taste within a short time. In recent years, the use of artificial fruit ripening agents is becoming much prevalent, the agents being mostly used for commercial purposes, i.e., to make the fruits available to customers during off-season.
atural fruit ripening is a combination of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes [21–24]. It involves coordination of different metabolisms with activation and deactivation of various genes, which leads to changes in color, sugar content, acidity, texture, and aroma volatiles [21, 22, 25]. The change in color during the fruit ripening process is a result of unmasking of pigments by degradation of chlorophyll, synthesis of different types of anthocyanins and their accumulation in vacuoles, and accumulation of carotenoids. Production of complex mixture of volatile compounds, such as ocimene and myrcene, and degradation of bitter principles (diverse groups of plant constituents such as alkaloid and sesquiterpene are linked only by their bitter taste), flavonoids, tannins, and other related compounds enhance the flavor and aroma of the fruit. Sweetness increases because of increased gluconeogenesis (metabolic pathway that generates glucose), hydrolysis of polysaccharides, decreased acidity, and accumulation of sugars and organic acids. Furthermore, textural changes resulting in the softening of fruits occur due to enzyme-mitigated alteration in structure and composition of the cell wall [23, 26, 27]. Through the above changes, fruit becomes ripe with distinctive characteristics: sweet, colored, soft, and palatable.
Artificial fruit ripening and possible health hazards
Ethylene, a hormone naturally produced within fruit, regulates fruit ripening by initiating and/or controlling a series of chemical and biochemical activities [28]; the compound does so by coordinating the genes responsible for activities including increase in the rate of respiration, autocatalytic ethylene production, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid synthesis alongside conversion of starch to sugar, increased a
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
Its about the maturity determination of tropical fruits commonly available in Meghalaya. Also, discuss the various parameters used for harvesting and used for product development. Their brief discussion related to the preparation and associated effects has been discussed.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
5. King (♀) Willow leaf (♂)
(Kin) (ow)
Continu..
X
Kinnow
60% of citrus production is from Kinnow mandarin
The cross made by
Dr Frost (USA)
during 1925
Introduction in Pakistan
1943-44
6. Pakistan the largest producer of Kinnow
Contributes 95 percent in world Kinnow production
(Mahmood and Sheikh, 2006)
Kinnow export:
122760 tonnes Rs. 1985.3 million
(Anonymous,2006-07)
Leading exportable fruit Commodity to
Russian States
Iran
Gulf States
Stiff competition: High quality standards
7. Major Citrus growing areas in Pakistan
Punjab:
Distt. Sargodha, Sahiwal, Lahore, Sialkot, Jhang, Mianwali, Multan, Gujranwala
KPK:
Mardan, Peshawer, Swat, Swabi, Noshera, Hazzara
Sind:
Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah
Baluchistan: Mekran, Sibi and Kech.
8. Botany: Flowering
• Flowering produced on woody twigs of previous year’s spring flush
• May be on younger, summer flush twigs
• Inflorescence is cymose: Terminal flower initiated first and lateral
axillary flower later
• Date and duration of bloom depend upon temperature
• Warmer weather brings opening of flower within few days resulting in
concentrated wave bloom, petal fall and fruit set
9. Flower chracteristics
• Mostly hermaphrodite
• In grapefruit staminate flowers in
addition to hermaphrodite
present
• Petal colour white although pink
colored flower in pummelo
10. Fruit characteristics
• Fruit is special type of berry ‘hesperidium’
• A small secondary fruit (navel) present at styler end
• Fruit composed of
• Pericarp (Peel or Rind)
• Endocarp: edible part of fruit (pulp)
• Peel has two distinctive layers:
• Coloured portion is epicarp (Flavedo)
• Internal, whiter layer is mesocarp (Albedo)
11. Fruit development
• Cell division (Stage I)
• Cell enlargement (Stage II)
• Fruit maturation (Stage III)
22. Major citrus growing varieties of Pakistan
Punjab:
Distt. Sargodha, Sahiwal, Lahore, Sialkot, Jhang, Minwali, Multan,
Gujranwala
NWFP:
Mardan, Peshawer, Swat, Swabi, Noshera, Hazzara
Sind:
Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah
Baluchistan: Mekran, Sibi and Kech.
Sweet
Orange:
Succri,. Mausami, Washington Navel, Jaffa, Red Blood, Ruby Red and
Valencia Late.
Mandarines: Feutrells Early and Kinnow
Grape Fruit: Mash Seedless, Duncan, Foster and Shamber
Lemon: Eureka, Lisbon Lemon and rough Lemon
Lime: Kaghzi Lime and Sweet Lime
23.
24. Climate
• Commercially produces at 1500-2500 feet above sea
• Subtropical fruit
• Most appropriate for regions having no rainfall during fruit maturity
• Temperature 27-35°C
• Withstand small period of cold weather however long spell of cold
weather affects its fruit yield and quality
• Mandarin need
25. Commercial Rootstock
• In Punjab
• Rough lemon (Jatti Khatti)
• In KPK
• Sour orange (Kharna
Khatta)
27. PRE-HARVEST FACTORS
Physiological disorders:
• Potassium deficiency resulting in poor growth.
• Calcium deficiency reduces citrus fruit color.
High temperature stress:
• High temperature stress effect damage to cellular membranes, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
Light intensity:
• Excess solar energy initially results in degradation of the pigmentation in
the affected area.
28. MATURITY ASSESMENT
• Fruit colour:
Golden orange
• Flesh colour
Pale yellow or whitish
• TSS/acid ratio
8 or higher with yellow-orange color at least on 25% of the fruit surface
OR
10 or higher and green-yellow color on 25% or greater of the fruit
surface.
29. Quality Indices
• Color intensity and uniformity
• Firmness, size, shape, smoothness
• freedom from defects including physical damage (abrasions and
bruising), skin blemishes and discoloration, decay, freezing damage,
chilling injury, and insect damage
• Flavor quality is related to soluble solids/acid ratio and absence of off-
flavor-causing compounds including fermentative metabolites.
30. HARVESTING METHOD
• Fruits are harvested by clipping the
stem with the help of sharp clippers
• The stem is cut as short as possible
to avoid mechanical injury.
37. POSTHARVEST HANDLING
Storage Temperature:
• 3-8 ° C up to 3 months depending on cultivar, ripeness of the harvest
and production area.
• Optimum relative humidity: 90-95%.
Responses to Controlled Atmospheres (CA)
• 5-10% O2 and 0-5% CO2 can be useful for delaying senescence and
for firmness.
• Ethylene production rate: <0.1 mL / kg • hr at 20 ° C.
• The fruit can be stored in cold storage at a temperature of 4-5°C and
a relative humidity of 85-90%.
• Exposure to 1-10ppm ethylene for 1-3 days at 20-30°C (68-86°F)
may be used for degreening oranges
45. Control Strategies
• Minimizing physical damage during harvesting and handling.
• Treatment with postharvest fungicides and/or biological antagonists.
Also, heat treatments may be used.
• Prompt cooling and subsequent maintenance of optimum temperature
and relative humidity throughout marketing operations.
• Removal and/or exclusion of ethylene.
• Effective sanitation procedures throughout postharvest handling.
