The document discusses various aspects of citrus production including suitable soil types, propagation methods, grafting techniques, planting systems, irrigation methods, common diseases, physiological disorders, harvesting, packing, and postharvest handling of kinnow. It provides information on soil requirements, asexual and sexual propagation, recommended spacing, common diseases like scab and canker, and strategies to control postharvest diseases and disorders.

1. Soil
 Wide range of soil including Deep sandy loam, clay and clay
loam soil
 Very heavy, sandy, alkaline and waterlogged soils not suitable
 Thrive best in sandy loam or loamy soils
 Tolerate pH range of 5.5-8.5
 Soil type correlated to rootstock
 Punjab………………….Rough lemon
 KPK………………………..Sour orange

2. Propagation
 Asexual methods
 Sexual methods
 Rootstock propagated sexually by seed
 Seeds germination percentage
 Rough lemon 70-80%
 Sour orange 60%
 Seeds sown on seedbed in September or Feb-Mar
 Ready for transplanting after 6-12 months
 1-year after transplanting seedlings are ready to transplant

3. Grafting and Budding
 Budding and grafting done during active growth period
 Spring or Autumn
 T-Budding
 T-Grafting
Scion
 Mature wood with white streaks
Cutting…………….Sweet lime
Layering…….Kaghzi Lime

4. Planting system and planting time
 Planting time Spring and autumn
 Spring March-April
 Autumn August-September
 Commonly plated in square system (21 or 18 feet)
 High density citrus plantation (14 feet)
 However rectangle system and hexagonal system also
followed in some area
 No. of plant per acre

5. Irrigation time

6. Irrigation methods
 Flood
Border
Basin
Modified basin
Furrow
 Drip

7. Modified basin system

8. Drip irrigation

21. Diseases of citrus
1. Citrus scab
2. Citrus wither-tip / Dieback
3. Citrus greening
4. Citrus canker

22. Citrus scab (Elsinoë fawcettii)
 Fungal disease
 Spores are dispersed to healthy tissues by water splash
 Infects young shoots, leaves, and fruits
of susceptible cultivars
 The yield and quality of juice can be reduced
in highly susceptible cultivars (sour orange)
 Copper based fungicides

23. Citrus wither-tip/ dieback (Colletotrichum
gloeosporiodes)
 Fungal disease
 Aerial parts
 Wilting of branches from tip towards base
 Leaf fall and in severe cases tree is killed
Management
Cutting of affected portion
Application of copper based fungicides

24. Citrus greening (Huanglongbing)
Candidatus Liberibacter africanus
CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus
Candidatus Liberibacter americanus
 Bacterial disease
 Vector Asian citrus psyllid
 Leaves of newly infected trees develop a
blotchy mottle appearance.
 Control of the disease is based on
planting HLB-free citrus germplasm
 Eradication of infected citrus plants
 Control of the vector with systemic insecticides

25. Citrus canker (Xanthomonas compestris pv
citri)
 Bacterial disease
 Symptoms appear on leaves, branches and fruit
 Small yellowish spots on leaf
 These spots were turned hard and brown
 Kaghzi lime, grapefruit and lemons are very susceptible
 Management
 Healthy nursery
 Control of insect vector
 Spray of Bordeaux mixture

26. Chemical control

27. Physiological problems
 Alternate bearing
 Fruit drop
 Granulation
 Unfruitfulness

28. Alternate bearing
 Habit of bearing heavy crop in one year and very little or not at
all in the second year
 On-year and Off-year
 Mandarin
 Kinnow, Wilking
 Sweet orange
 Valencia Late, Washington Navel
 Grapefruit
 Marsh seedless
Management
• Improving the C:N ratio
• Heavy manuring during off-year
• Thinning of fruit during on-year
• Delayed and early harvest during off- and on-
year, respectively

29. Fruit drop
1. Flower drop
2. Pearl drop
3. June or young fruit drop
4. Pre-mature drop
 Management
 Spraying growth regulators
 Gibrellic acid
 2,4-D (2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid)
 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid
 NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid)

30. Granulation
 Characterized by enlarged, hardened and dry juice vesicles
 Large fruit are more prune to granulation than smaller fruit
 Delayed harvest also increases the intensity of granulation
 Frequent irrigation also intensify this disorder
 Mosambi, Valencia Late, Washington Navel and Fuetrell’s
Early
 Management
 Spot picking
 Spray of 2,4-D

31. Unfruitfulness
 Citrus do not produce a commercial crop for many years
 Incompatibility
 Heterostyly
 Ovule abortion
 Hormonal or nutritional imbalance
 Management
 Root pruning
 Ringing of main branches
 Exposure of tree to drought stress or withholding nutrition
• Climatic conditions also
affect the tree physiology

32. FLOW CHART OF KINNOW

33. PRE-HARVEST FACTORS
Physiological disorders:
 Potassium deficiency resulting in poor growth.
 Calcium deficiency reduces citrus fruit color.
High temperature stress:
 High temperature stress effect damage to cellular membranes, proteins,
and nucleic acids.
Light intensity:
 Excess solar energy initially results in degradation of the pigmentation in
the affected area.

34. MATURITY ASSESMENT
 Fruit colour:
Golden orange
 Flesh colour
Pale yellow or whitish
 TSS/acid ratio
8 or higher with yellow-orange color at least on 25% of the fruit
surface
OR
10 or higher and green-yellow color on 25% or greater of the fruit
surface.

35. Quality Indices
 Color intensity and uniformity
 Firmness, size, shape, smoothness
 freedom from defects including physical damage (abrasions and
bruising), skin blemishes and discoloration, decay, freezing damage,
chilling injury, and insect damage
 Flavor quality is related to soluble solids/acid ratio and absence of
off-flavor-causing compounds including fermentative metabolites.

36. HARVESTING METHOD
 Fruits are harvested by clipping the
stem with the help of sharp clippers
 The stem is cut as short as possible
to avoid mechanical injury.

37. PACKING
 Jute bag
 Wooden boxes
 Cardboard boxes

38. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Dumping Washing Surface Drying
Waxing and
Fungicide Application
Surface Drying Surface Drying

39. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Stamping Individual Fruits Volumetric Sizer Machine Vision (Electronic) Sizer
Sorted Under UV Light to Eliminate Defects Sorting Into Quality Grades Sorting By Quality

40. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Fruit Destined For Juice Plant Hand Packing
Citrus Fruits
Pattern Packer -1

41. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Pattern Packer -2 Packing Into Consumer Bags

42. Citrus Packinghouse Operations
Packed Boxes May Be Slightly Vibrated
to Settle Fruits With the Box
Palletized Boxes In Storage Room

43. POSTHARVEST HANDLING
Storage Temperature:
 3-8 ° C up to 3 months depending on cultivar, ripeness of the harvest
and production area.
 Optimum relative humidity: 90-95%.
Responses to Controlled Atmospheres (CA)
 5-10% O2 and 0-5% CO2 can be useful for delaying senescence and
for firmness.
 Ethylene production rate: <0.1 mL / kg • hr at 20 ° C.
 The fruit can be stored in cold storage at a temperature of 4-5°C and
a relative humidity of 85-90%.
 Exposure to 1-10ppm ethylene for 1-3 days at 20-30°C (68-86°F)
may be used for degreening oranges

44. Physiological disorders
 Chilling injury
 Stem-end rind breakdown
 Rind staining.
 Oil spotting (Oleocellosis)

45. Chilling injury Stem-end rind breakdown
Physiological disorders

46. Physiological disorders
Rind staining.Oil spotting (Oleocellosis)

47. Postharvest diseases
 Green mold
 Blue mold
 Phomopsis stem-end rot
 Stem end rot
 Brown rot
 Sour rot

48. Green mold Blue mold
Postharvest diseases

49. Brown rot Phomopsis stem-end rot
Postharvest diseases

50. Sour rot Stem end rot
Postharvest diseases

51. Control Strategies
 Minimizing physical damage during harvesting and handling.
 Treatment with postharvest fungicides and/or biological antagonists.
Also, heat treatments may be used.
 Prompt cooling and subsequent maintenance of optimum temperature
and relative humidity throughout marketing operations.
 Removal and/or exclusion of ethylene.
 Effective sanitation procedures throughout postharvest handling.