Role of Etylene in Postharvest Technology
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Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many processes in plants including fruit ripening. It is produced through the Yang cycle which converts methionine to ethylene via S-adenosylmethionine and ACC. Ethylene triggers gene expression changes and promotes fruit ripening. Exposing climacteric fruits to low levels of ethylene for at least 12 hours induces ripening. Ethylene treatment is used postharvest for de-greening, sprout inhibition, flower induction, and accelerating fruit ripening. There are different methods for applying ethylene including shot systems, flow-through systems, and using ethylene generators, ethephon, calcium carbide, or enclosure with ripe fruit.
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The LoggerDaisy RipeSENSE module monitors ethylene and carbon dioxide levels to help control fruit ripening in storage by detecting the climacteric rise in ethylene production and respiration that signals ripening, and the software allows users to set alarms and receive alerts on ethylene peaks to optimize ripening conditions.
Ethylene
Ethylene is a plant hormone with the formula C2H4. It serves to stimulate or regulate fruit ripening, flower opening, and leaf shedding in plants. Ethylene was first discovered in 1864 to cause abnormal plant growth when released from street lamps. It has since been shown to induce various responses in plants like seed germination, fruit ripening, growth inhibition, abscission, flowering, and formation of adventitious roots and root hairs. Ethylene is biosynthesized from methionine and its effects are mediated by binding to a receptor and modulating gene expression.
Ethylene
Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many processes in plants including fruit ripening, flower and leaf senescence, and stress responses. It was discovered in 1864 that gas leaks caused abnormal plant growth and was later identified as the hydrocarbon ethylene. Ethylene is produced from methionine through various intermediates and binds to receptors in plants to trigger gene expression changes and physiological responses. Some key effects of ethylene include stimulating fruit ripening, inducing leaf and flower abscission, breaking seed and bud dormancy, and causing the "triple response" in seedlings.
Ethylene
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
Ethylene
1. Ethylene is a plant hormone that influences many aspects of plant growth and development. It plays an important role in fruit ripening.
2. Ethylene's effects on plants were observed as far back as ancient Egypt, China, and India, where smoke or burning materials were used to stimulate ripening.
3. Ethylene is produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. It is involved in processes like stimulating seed germination, root and shoot growth, flowering, leaf and fruit drop, and fruit ripening.
FORM-4-16-PLANT-RESPONSES.pptx
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Ethylene effect on fruits and vegetables - By Maha Hussien
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Role of Etylene in Postharvest Technology
- 1. 6/11/2015 1 Ethylene in Postharvest Technology Part-I Introduction • A potent plant growth regulator • Produced by almost all parts of higher plants, although the rate of production depends on the type of tissue and the stage of development. • Meristematic regions and nodal regions • Increases during leaf abscission and flower senescence, as well as during fruit ripening Role of ethylene • The concerted expression and/or suppression of these genes bring about morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in plants in diverse events such as seed germination, abscission, fruit ripening, senescence, and various kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. • It has the ability to evoke several responses in plants by switching on or off hundreds of genes to affect a process • mediated by ethylene or other stimuli may evoke response through ethylene. Therefore, genes that express or suppress in presence of ethylene may roughly be termed as ethylene- responsive genes Changes during fruit ripening: Climacteric fruit
- 2. 6/11/2015 2 Ethylene Biosynthesis during fruit ripening • The amino acid methionine is the precursor of ethylene, and ACC (1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) serves as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. • Ethylene production in fruits results from methionine through the Yang Cycle • Met AdoMet ACC Ethylene • Where • Met = methionine • AdoMet = S-Adenosyl-methionine • ACC = 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid Postharvest Uses of Ethylene • Flower and sprout induction • Stimulation of pineapple flowering • Narcissus bulb treatment with ethylene for a few hours just after lifting induces almost 100% flowering • The treatment of ethylene enhances the sproutingof seed potatoes • Care should be made that this treatment should not prolongs as it leads to inhibition of their extension growth. • Shuck loosening and fruit release • Pre-harvest application of Ethylene releasing chemicals (ethephon) induces shuck loosening and improves harvest efficiency • Chlorophyll destruction • Ethylene treatment results in rapid loss of chlorophyll,the green colour of leaves and unripe fruit • De-greening of citrus • Orange colour is revealed as the chlorophyll is destroyed during ethylene treatment • Ethylene treatment is used to accelerate the curing of tobacco Fruit ripening • Concentration • Concentration of ethylene for ripening various commodities vary • Mostly required in the range of 0.1 to 1 ppm • Exposure time • Depends upon on commodity nature • For climacteric fruit at least 12 hours of exposure time is needed
- 3. 6/11/2015 3 Technical consideration for fruit ripening • The effective, uniform and faster ripening depend upon • Type of fruit • Maturity stage • Temperature and RH of ripening room • Ethylene concentration • Duration of exposure • Optimal ripening conditions for fruit • Temperature 18-25 °C • RH 90-95% • Ethylene concentration 10-100 ppm Ethylene treatment systems • Several methods are used to provide the proper ethylene concentration in the ripening room 1- The ‘Shot’ system • In this system a measured quantities of ethylene are introduced into ripening room at regular interval • The shots may be applied by weight or by flow 2-The trickle or Flow-through system • The ethylene is applied into room continuously rather than intermittently • In this system • To prevent a buildup of CO2 • After every 6 hours, fresh air is drawn • The air is vented through a small exhaust port SOURCES OF ETHYLENE 1. Explosion-proof ethylene mixtures 2. Ethylene generators 3. Ethephon 4. Calcium carbide 5. Ripe fruit
- 4. 6/11/2015 4 1-Explosion-proof ethylene mixtures • Mixtures of ethylene with inert gas (CO2) • The proportion of inert gas should be such that at high concentrations of ethylene 2-Ethylene generators • A liquid produces ethylene when heated in presence of a catalyst • The liquid comprises of ethanol and agents • C2H5OH –H2O C2H4 3- Ethephon Ethephon (2-chloroethane phosphonic acid) • Strongly acidic in water • At above pH 5 hydrolyse to liberate ethylene • Commercially available form are Ethrel, Florel, Cepa • Applied as pre-harvest spray 3-CalciumCarbide • A grayish solid • When hydrolyzed produces acetylene • Acetylene contain traces of ethylene • CaC2 wrapped in newspaper • 4- Ripe fruit • Enclosing the unripe fruit with other fruit that are already ripe • Used in very small scale