This document provides an overview of the flower Anthurium. It discusses the plant's characteristics, classification, structure, cultivation requirements including climate, soil, propagation methods, and common pests and diseases. Anthurium is native to South America and is commonly grown as a cut flower, potted plant, or for floral arrangements. It requires warm temperatures between 20-28°C and high humidity levels to thrive.

1. Anthurium

2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CHARACTERISTICS
3. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
4. STRUCTURE OF ANTHURIUM
5. SOME KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FLOWER
6. CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES
7.USE OF ANTHURIUMS
8. ORIGIN
9.DISTRIBUTION
10. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
11. CLIMATE
12. PROPAGATION
13. LAND PREPARATION
14. MANURE
15.FERTILIZER
16. PLANTING
17. IRRIGATION
18. CULTURAL OPERATION
19. PLANT GROWTH REGUL

3. 20. DISEASE
21. PESTS
22. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
23. HARVESTING
24. POST HARVEST HANDLING
25. PACKAGING
26. STORAGE
27. GRADING
28. REFERENCES

4. INTRODUCTION
• Anthurium is originated in South America
(Columbia).
• It is used as cut flower, potted flowering and foliage
plant as well as for flower arrangements.
• The word ‘Anthurium’ denotes it’s tail like spadix
in the center of spathe.
• It is from two Greek word ‘Anthos’ – meaning
Flower and ‘Oura’ meaning tail .

5. • World trade is 2nd I.e just next to orchid’s
among the tropical Flowers.
• Cut flower are mainly produced at Coorg
in Karnataka, Kerala,Yercurd in Tamil
Nadu.
• Since the mid 1980’s its popularity has
increased dramatically and has now become a
popular addition to many foliage growers.

6. CHARACTERIST
ICS• Anthurium are semi – terrestrial and
perennial plants with creeping arborescent
stem .
• It is herbaceous plants.
• Leaves are large, carried on long
petioles and have a heart shaped
appearance.
• They are shiny and dark green with
tender leaves varying in colour from light
green to deep reddish brown.
• Anthurium blooms throughout the year,
one bloom arising from the axil of every
leaf.

7. • Ovary is 2 – celled with 1-2 ovules
and fruit are berry.
• The fruits develop from the flower on the
spadix.
• They juicy Barrie’s varying in colour,
usually containing two seeds.
• It is also known as Flamingo flower or
Flamingo lily, Tail flower,Laceleaf.
• It is a slow grower production only 8
leaves a year.
It is the National flower of Mauritius .
• The economic life span of anthurium is
around 6-8 years.

8. • The basic chromosome number of
anthurium is n= 15 and 16, 22.
• Commercial propagated micro propagation and
other method by cutting ,seed,division .
• Resistant to common disease and pests.

9. SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
• Genus – Anthurium
schott• Species – About (1000) species
• Botanical Name – Anthurium
spp.• Family - Araceae
Anthurium spp

10. STRUCTURE OF ANTHURIUM

11. SOME KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT FLOWER

12. CULTIVATION/VARITIES
• The genus Anthurium consists
of 500-600 known species.
• But only three species are
suitable for cultivation.
• Anthurium andreanum
• A. scherzerianum
• A. crystallinum

13. Anthurium andreanum
• It has got wide range of colours from
white to deep red and is mainly due to
the hybridisation among the following
species.
• Anthurium andreanum
• Anthurium lindenianum
• Anthurium ornatum and Anthurium
nymphaefolium

14. • Anthurium scherzerianum
• It is native of Costa Rica and is known as “Flamingo
Flower” .• Floral axis is peculiar ly ( I.e. candle)
curved.
• It requires low temperature and is popular as a pot
plant.

15. OTHER SPECIES
NAME
• Anthurium crystallinum
• A. aemulum
• A. amnicola
• A. andicola
• A. grandifolium
• A. pentaphyllum
• A. hygrophyilum
• A. spathiphyllum
• A. clarinervium

16. VARIETY

18. USE OF ANTHURIUM
FLOWERS• Wedding decoration
• Event management – Birthday
Anniversary• Government sponsored conference
• Visit of VIP'S
• Corporate office decoration
• Star Hotels
• Home decoration

19. ORIGIN
• Anthurium is the native to the Colombia,
Peru,Central and South Africa.
• Most anthurium species are native of tropical rain
forest and are primarily epiphytic in nature.

20. DISTRIBUTION
• In Malaysia, anthurium is mostly grown
in Pahang (Cameron highlands)
• The Netherlands is the chief supplier
of anthurium in the Europe market.
• Hawaii covers 60% exports share of
Japan and rest of the west coast of the
USA.• Mauritius is one the important producer
of anthurium and it exports to Japan and
Italy.
• In India, anthurium is commercial grown in Kerala,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,West Bengal, Maharashtra, and
north east India.• Kerala is identified as the most desirable place for
growing anthurium.

21. BOTANICAL
DESCRIPTION• It is herbaceous,semi terrestrial and perennial.
• It is a slow grower producing only 8 leaves a
year.
• The flower of commerce in Anthurium refers to
modified leaves called spathe and hundreds of small
spirally arranged real bisexual flowers are arranged
on a pencil like structure called spadix.
• Bloom arises from the leaf axil and for
every leaf one flower is produced.

22. CLIMATE
• Temperature is important factor
regulating the growth of the anthurium
plants.
• Anthurium thrive best with day
temperature of 25-28°C and night tempera
of 18-20°C.
• Temperature above 32°C may cause foliar
burning,faded flower colour and reduced
flower life.
• Optimum temperature for flower
development is 20°C.

23. Light-
• Generally, most anthurium types grow
well at light intensities from 1500 to
2500 foot candles.
• A. scherzerianum cultivars grow best at light
intensities between 1000 foot candles.
HUMIDITY-
• Relative humidity of 80% is ideal for
anthurium.
• A range of 70-75% influences the growth
of anthurium.

24. SOIL
• Soil influences the plants as it determines the pH and salinity level of
irrigation water.
• The optimum range of soil or media is from 5.5-6.0 .
• Locally available raw material such as compost,leaf mould, cattle
manure, coconut husk, tile pieces, sand and coir dust may be used
to prepare a suitable medium.
• High organic, well aerated medium with good water retention capacity
and drainage is used for growing anthurium.
• Raw material may be used in the proportion of leaf mould/compost
(half decayed), cattle manure and sand in 4:2:1, respectively.
• Coconut husk cut into 2.5 cm square pieces mixed with tile pieces at
a ratio of 1:1 or coir dust and sand at 1:1 may be used instead of
leaf mould and cattle manure.

25. PROPAGATION
• Anthuriums are generally propagated through seed,
division and cutting and micro propagation is employed
as commercial method for production of planting
material.
Seed -

26. DIVISION

28. DIVISION

29. MICROPROPAGATIO
N

30. LAND PREPARATION
• Bed culture is recommended for commercial
plantation rather than growing them in pots .
• Thus flay land is preferred for the construction of
beds.
• However,if land is sloppy, terracing should be
recommended prior to preparing beds.
• Beds should be dug 60-90cm deep and the bottom
overlaid with medium sizes pieces of tile or charcoal to
enhance drainage.
• The beds are then filled with the growing media
consisting of leaf mould, cattle manure and sand mixed
together as explained (in soil) above.

31. • Every year this media should be topped
up either with half decayed leaf mould
or the same mixture.

32. MANURE
• For better growth of the plants manuring with dried
cowdug lumps once in a month during the period
other than rainy season is followed.
• In rainy, season application of cowdug causes
excess of water retention thereby favouring
development of fungal growth and mould leading
to danger for plant survival.
• Therefore, in rainy season instead of
cowdug,powdered goatv manure is fortified with 2-3
g dolomite per pot.

33. FERTILIZERS
• Fertilization is done by means of foliar applications up
to age of four month.
• Fertilizer like NPK in ratio of 30:10:10 may be
sprayed at 0.05% as a foliar applications twice a
week.• In later stages it should be sprayed at 0.5% once a
week.
• When plants are one year old even 1% spray of
fertilizer (17:17:17 NPK) at fortnightly interval gives
better results.• Calcium.magnesium and sulphur are other important
elements required in anthuriums nutrition.

34. • Split application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium at 30,20 and
50 g/m square / year,3,6 and 9 months after planting increased
number of suckers, stalk lwnth, and width of spayhe, numbers of
flowers per plant, improved flower weight and gave early flowering.

35. PLANTING
• About 8-10 month old plants are planted at the
rate of 50,000 plants per ha.
• Plants can be spaced at 30×30 cm triangular
spacing leading to increase of 15% in plants in the
same land area.
• Plants may be prunned down to four leaves per
plant.
• Closer planting would required the continuous
maintenance of 3-4 leaves per plant at all times.

36. FOR POT
• Anthuriums are planted in earthen pots,
when grown at small scale.
• A pot size of 25-30 cm with two holes at
bottom is generally preferred.
• A study showed that the flower quality character
like spathe length, spathe width, spadix length
and flower stalk length improved when they
were grown under 75% of shade with the media
leaf mould and cocopeat.

37. FOR BED
• A bed of 1.20 m is appropriate with at
least 0.80 m wide path.
• The bed should have a good
drainage system with around 0.03%
.• The layer of growing media should be of
20cm.
• A wire is tied around the bed to
protect the flowers that can be
damaged when come along the path.

38. Prepare the bed Planted the plants

40. IRRIGATION
• Plants should be watered at least
twice daily.
• During peak summer 3-4 times spraying of
water may be required.
• Mist/overhead sprinkler irrigation is the best
for anthuriums.
• The method of irrigation generally practiced
are sprinkler or drip irrigation through which
fertilizer are also given.
• A thorough irrigation has to be given in the
morning.

41. • Irrigation in the afternoon should be timed in
such a way as to leave sufficient time for water
to evaporate so that plant will not be damp
during night hours.

42. CULTURAL
OPERATION1. Weeding-
• Herbicide recommended.
• Direx 4L (diuron) and surflan @ 1.5
kg a.I./ ha and 2 kg a.I./ ha.
• Lontrel 3 can also be effective
I’m controlling weeds.
2. Shading -
• Shade requirement
usually range from 50-
90% of full sunlight

43. 3. LEAF PRUNING
• Generally 3-5 leaves are maintained
per plant

44. 4. REMOVE OF SUCKER

45. PLANT GROWTH
REGULATOR• Application of GA3 @ 1000 ppm
concentration induced branching in plants
• Pronounced effect of GA3 is also
observed in dloweing of anthuriums.
• Among the different treatment, monthly
application of benzyladenine(BA) @ 775
ppm from the second month after planting of
tissue culture produced more sucker, each
sucker having healthy, independent root and
shoot system.

46. DISEASES
1. Fungal
1.(a) Anthracnose:
• This disease is also known as black nose
or spadix rot caused by Colletotrichum
gleosporioides.
• This fungus primarily infects individual
flowers in the spadix.
• The spores of the fungus spread primarily by
splashing of rain and irrigation water.
• Insects, mites and other organism may
also spread the spores.

47. • Infection starts as tiny dark spots which
expand to triangular or other angular shapes .
• This fungus can also infect leaves, producing
elongated diamond shaped lesions.
Control-
• Indofil M-45 at 0.2%
• Captan (2.0 g/ l).
• Carbendazim( 1.0 g/l).

48. Powdery mildew-
• This disease is caused by Erysiphe communis.
• This disease was first time reported in
Germany.
Control-
• Benomyl(0.1%).

49. 1.(3)- Leaf spot
• Leaf spot disease is caused by Septoria
anthurii.
• Leaf spot may occur under unfavorable
cultural conditions.
Control
• Carbileen( zineb) @ 3 g/ l

50. 1.(4)- Root rot
• Root rot of anthurium, is incited by various fungi,
Phytophthora sp. Rhizoctonia sp. and Fusarium
sp.• Improper aeration leads to these disease.
Control
• Mancozeb(0.25%)
• Thiram(0.25%)

51. PEST
SAphids-
• Generally, anthurium plants are
affected by green (Myzus persicae).
• Aphids are light green, yellow or pink/
red in colour.
Control-
Dimethoate @ 2ml/l.

52. Mealy bugs-
• Mealy bugs appear on the lower surface
of leaves and roots.
• Honeydew and sooty mould may also
be present and infested plants starts
drying.
Control-
Dimethoate(0.2%).

53. Red spider mites
• Spider mites are very small, oval
shaped, spider like, white green
transparent insect.
Control-
• Kelthane(0.2%).

54. Thrips
• These insects also suck the sap from leaves
and cause mottling of the leaves and flowers.
Control
• Kelthane(0.1%).

55. Snail
• Anthurium plants are also
damaged by snails and slugs.
• They chew the root tips, damage the leaves
and buds.
Control
Metaldehyde

56. PHYSIOLOGICAL
DISORDERSFlower abortion, flower deformation and rosette
formation:
• In this disorder, the flower spadix aborts
and growth of the spathe is stunned and
stem of the flower is also short
Folder ears:
• The basal lobes of the flowers are not fully
unfolded in this disorder.
• The problem probably occurs during the early
stage.• There is no known solution.
• This physiological disorder is mainly dependent on
variety and not observed in all the cultivae of anthurium.

57. Sticking
• The flower does not open because the spathe is stuck as a
result of sticking.
• A low relative humidity seems to have a negative
effect.

58. Jamming
• It is a strong variety dependent characteristics but
more frequently occurs under arid conditions.
• The flower jams in the sheath, since this leaf is
wound very tightly around flower.
• Flowers that let loose of their own accord often
seem to have damage in the shape of cracks on the
underside of the spathe.

59. Cracks
• This disorder often occur at the sides of spathe.
• In their most serious form, both sides could be
damaged.• This has to do active growth during a period with ( temporarily)
higher relative humidity.
• Lower humidity during the night is effective to reduce cracks in
anthurium.

60. HARVESTING
• The maturity of the flowers for harvesting is
determined by the firmness of peduncle and the
degree of colour.
• Best time for harvest is when ⅓ to ⅔ of the flower on spike are open.
• Harvesting in morning time is
preferred.

61. POST HARVEST HANDLING
• After cutting above 3cm, stalks are dipped in water to prevent
dry out.• For distant markets the cut ends of each flower stem should be wrapped
with cotton pad soaked with water covered with wax paper or polythene
and secure tide.

62. PACKAGING
• Soft protection material is put in between the spathe
and spadix of flower with soaked cotton pads at the cut
ends.
• Foam plastics supports are provided box and
flowers are secured carefully with tape.
• The spathe a long with the spadix is then inserted in
to a polythene cover of appropriate size and there
after placed in cartons.
• Lining of cartons with polythene sheet and
moist paper insulation are necessary to
maintain proper humidity as well as to
prevent injuries to the flower

64. STORAGE
• Anthurium can easily be stored 13°C for 2-3 weeks
and will last 2-4 weeks In an arrangement.
• Exposure of the flowers to temperature below 13°C
causes the red flower to turn blue, dark red flowers
being most susceptible.
Vase life-
• Hydroxyquinoline resulted in additional bloom
opening of the flowers and also increase the vase
life.

65. GRADING
The federation of Dutch flower Auction grading
specification for class-1 flowers
• Absolute freshness.
• Pest and disease free.
• Fault free.
• Stalks must be straight and significant
firm to carry the inflorescence.
• Green petal margins are permitted.

67. REFERENCES
• V. Sundram (Text Book on Commercial
Flowers and Ornamental Gardening).
• A.K. Singh ( Flower Crops Cultivation and
Management).

68. Thanks