The document provides information on rose cultivation practices in India. It discusses the importance of roses, describes various rose varieties like hybrid tea and floribunda, and outlines cultivation methods including propagation, spacing, pruning, and pest and disease management. The main rose cultivation states in India are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Tuberose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Gomphrena and Ixora - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold .African marigold(Tagetes erecta) .CN- 2n=24 .Family-Composity/Asteraceae . Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula) .CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows 1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold) 2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ) . Other important species 1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm) 2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height) 3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Scented rose - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
The detail cultivation of chrysanthemum is explained in this ppt useful for the agriculture as well as horticulture students.
especially the course of HORT-354 Production technology for ornamental crops, MAP and landscaping.
The points useful for the chrysanthemum cultivation study is discuss in this ppt
Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, pla...Nischal Sapkota
Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, harvesting and post harvest and disease and insect control
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
In this presentation, we'll explore the classification of ornamental plants, delving into their diverse categories and unique characteristics.
This presentation serves as a short illuminating guide for horticulture enthusiasts and agriculture students to help them with a better understanding of ornamentals.
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. • It is one of the Nature’s Beautiful Creations.
• No other flower is a better symbol of love, adoration,
innocence, peace, friendship, affection, passion and
other virtues than the rose since thousands of years.
• Rose is considered as National flower of England.
IMPORTANT ROSE IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS:
Germany is the highest importer followed by USA, The
Netherlands, France, Switzerland and U.K.
Whereas, the main exporter is the Netherlands
followed by Columbia , Ecuador, Kenya, Israel and
Zimbabwe.
In India , the major rose flower cultivating states are
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu , Karnatka & West bengal .
3. IMPORTANCE AND USES
• Loose flowers: Used for garland making, extraction
of essential oils.
• Cut-Flowers
• Rose water: Important commercial product obtained
from rose petals, used as perfume, medicine and
confectionary. Its important uses are, cools the body,
used in eye lotions, eye drops for its soothing
qualities.
• Rose oil (Rose perfume): It is also obtained from
rose petals, sweet fragrance; medicinal properties;
• Gulkand: Rose petals are also preserved for direct
consumption prepared by beating equal proportion
of petals and sugar – considered as tonic and laxative
4. • Pankhuri: Dried rose petals are known as pankhuri,
they are occasionally used for preparing sweetened
cold drinks
• Gulroghan: The rose hair oil is prepared from rose
petals by effleurage (fragrance) with wet sesamum
seeds.
5. Symbolism Rose colors symbolize soft
feelings for many special occasions.
Grace and Elegance
Friendship & Welcome
Love and Romance
Innocence and Purity
Enthusiasm
6. CLASSIFICATION OF ROSES
• Hybrid tea:- (Hybrid perpetual xTea roses)
Most popular rose. Bears large & highly
centered flowers, borne singly at the end of a
stem.
First variety:- La France created in1867. Some known
varieties are Melody, Darling , Sonia , Only Love etc.
7. Floribunda:- (Hybrid tea x Poliantha) They
combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas
with the perpetual flowering habit of the
Polyanthas. Flowering in clusters with small size
and open centre. Good for garden display.
Important Varieties are :- Kiss, Florence , Mercedes, Jaguar etc.
8. • Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses between
Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type. Produces large
number of flowers in cluster with fine form. Eg:
Montezuma (1955), Queen Elizabeth (1954),
• Miniature / Button Roses: Popularly
known as Baby roses
with small leaves &
flowers. They are hardy
and good for pot
culture. Multiplied by
cuttings as well as
budding on root stocks.
9. • Climbers and Ramblers: They bears large clusters of
small, single or double flowers, mainly belong to two
groups. Used for training on arches, pergolas.
• Cabbage roses:
The cabbage rose
is called such due
to their numerous
petals that create
a large, full bloom
resembling a
cabbage . They
belongs to species
R.centifolia.
10. • Scented Roses
• Musk roses: R. moschata is the musk rose, derived
its name from the musky fragrance of the flowers.
They make good shrub roses as well as pillar roses.
• Rosa × damascena more commonly known as the
Damask rose, or sometimes as the rose of Castile, is
a rose hybrid, derived from Rosa gallica and Rosa
moschata
The flowers are renowned for their fine fragrance, and
are commercially harvested for rose oil used in
perfumery and to make rose water and "rose
concrete". The flower petals are also edible. They may
be used to flavor food, as a garnish, as an herbal tea,
11. and preserved in sugar as gulkand. Rosa Damascena is grown
on commercial-scale to produce concentrates of the aromatic
principles and is recognised as the best commercial species of
the fragrant roses.
• Varieties Indica, Jwala, Super jwala, Himroz, Hot himroz
Morphology of Rosa × damascena
• R. damascena is a perennial bushy shrub reaching
approximately 1 to 2 meters in height with large, showy and
colorful flowers. The leaves are imparipinnate and
compound with 5-7 leaflets .
• Its life span is up to 50 and economic period is about 25
years. Gestation period is three years for attaining economic
production level. Its propagation is mostly by cutting and
using Suckers but micropropagation is a developing
propagation method .
12. Flowering: Summer Damask rose flowers from early
March to mid of April in North Indian plains, from
10th April to 20th May in mid hills of Himachal
Pradesh and early May to early June in Kashmir
Valley. Exact flowering time depends upon prevailing
temperature in the locality.
Autumn Damask rose (Rosa damascena var. bifera)
also flowers during September to November in sub-
tropical plains but yield of flowers is comparatively
lower than the main flowering season. Sporadic
flowering may continue throughout the year in some
cases. The total period of flowering is about 25-35
days but major part of the yield (about 75%) is
received within 15 days of peak flowering period.
13. • PROPAGATION OF ROSE
Commercial method of propagation is by cutting and
budding.
• Budding Type:- T budding
COMMON ROOT STOCKS:
1. Rosa bourboniana ( Edourad rose) –Popular in
northern plains of India. They have straight and Long stem.
2. R. canina inermis (Dog rose) : popularly used in
Europe and India, very hardy and is an excellent rootstock.
3. R. indica var. odorata: Tolerent to powdery mildew &
other insects. Resistance to extreme soil conditions.
4. R multiflora var. Inermis : Good for outdoor roses.
Resistant to nematodes.
In Northern India Plains Budding is done in Nov.-Dec.
14. • LAYOUT OF BEDS:
The width of the bed should be such that
operations like weeding, hoeing forking, cutting
of flowers, etc. can be done from both the sides
of the bed without stepping in the bed.
Shape should be Rectangular with width 1.2-1.6
m and the length depends on the size of the
garden.
Ideal method of
planting of rose double
row system
15. SPACING: It varies from types of roses, soil to soil and
place to place and purpose of planting.
Generally 60×60 cm(Row-Row and Plant-Plant) or 60×30
cm is adopted.
IRRIGATION:
• In general water the rose beds once in a week or 10
days in winter and twice a week during the summer
season.
Nutrient management
Farm yard manure@ 18-20 tonnes/hectare and 100-125
kg NPK should be applied at the time of transplanting
of rooted cuttings into the pits. After two years, 160-200
kg nitrogen, 60-90 kg phosphorus and 40-60 kg potash
per hectare per annum are needed .
16. Pruning
• Pruning is the judicious removal of plant parts to induce
production of quality flowers and to maintain vigour of
plant.
• Generally pruning is done only once in a year after
monsoons.
• All cuts are made at an angle of 45 degree about 5cm
above a strong eye.
17. • Method of pruning adopted varies with type of rose.
• Pruning should be angled so that there should not
stagnation of moisture at the cut end.
• After every pruning cut ends must be treated with
Bordeaux paste solution.
Weed Control
• Weed may be controlled manually , mechanically or
chemically.
• Both organic and plastic mulches are used.
• However white plastic mulches are effective now-a-
days.
19. SPECIAL PRACTICES.
1.BENDING OF ROSE
• Bending helps in maintaining enough leaf area
on the plants. The maximum leaf area is
required to build up a strong root system.
Leaves are important for producing
carbohydrates
20. 2. Disbudding
Disbudding is the practice of removing
undesirable buds. It is achieved by
placing the bud between thumb and
index.
21. PINCHING AND REMOVAL OF WILD
ROOT STOCK OF ROSE
• Removal of part of terminal growing portion of
stem is called pinching.
• This operation reduce plant height but promotes
auxiliary branching.
• Chemical pinching also done by using
BA,Promilin(BA+GA3),ethephon etc.
22. Postharvest handling
Roses must be placed in a bucket of water inside
the polyhouse immediately after harvesting and
transported to cold storage (2-4°C). The length of
time depends upon the variety and quality of the
roses . The flowers are graded according to the
length. It varies from 40-70 cm depending on the
variety and packed in 10/12 per bunch.
23. Insect-Pest Symptom Control
Aphids
(Jan.-Feb)
Suck the cell sap
discolour the leaves
flower buds fall and lose
their beauty
Spraying 0.1% Malathion
or Metasystox (0.1-0.2%)
Red Scale
(Aug.-Sept.)
The branches covered
with reddish-brown
encrustations under
which the insect sucks
the juice of the plants
Spraying Malathion
(0.1%) in April and again
in October.
Chaffer Beetel
(Aug.-Sept.)
Cut away the leaves Monocrotophos (1ml/l)
or Dimethoate (1.5 ml/l)
INSECT PESTS ATTACKING ROSE
24. DISEASE AFFECTING ROSE
Disease Symptom Control
Die Back The drying up and blackening of
pruned shoots start from top to
downwards
Bordeaux paste,
application of
optimum dose of
fertilizer
Black Spot Conspicuous circular black spot with
fringed margins appear on either side
of leaf; leaves become chlorotic, dry
up and prematurely drop
Carbendazim (1g/litre
of water) or Captan
(0.2%) fungicide at
fortnightly intervals
Powdery Mildew Infected leaves turn purplish and drop
Flower buds may fail to
open.
Dusting with 80%
Sulphur or spraying
0.1% Kerathane
fungicide at
fortnightly interval.
