Rose cultivation practices, uses, variety, soil and climatic requirement, planting, manuring, harvesting and post harvest and disease and insect control

1. Ornamental
plant
ROSE
Prepared by: Nischal Sapkota PHOTO 04/2021

2. Rose(Rosa sp.)
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Superdivision: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rosa L.
Species: chinensis, abyssinica, alba, blanda, arvensis, carolina,
californica, indica, moschata, etc.

3. Short description
of Rose
• One of the most ancient and popular grown flowers in human
civilization.
• Known as Queen of flower.
• Almost all colors are found except blue and black.
• Around 300 species and 20,000 cultivars of roses, and about 250-
300 new varieties are added every year.
• Used in garden and landscaping decoration because they can fulfill
the requirement of shrubs, climbers, bedding and hedges purposes.
• Also used for extraction oil and rose water.
• Is the top ranking cut flower in terms of flower trade on the
basis of average production and consumption.

4. Types of Roses
Hybrid
Tea(HT) Rose
Floribundas
Climbers and
Ramblers
Miniature
Rose
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03 04
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PHOTO 04/2021
Shrub Rose
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5. Hybrid Tea (HT) Rose
• Is a hybrid of “Tea rose” and
“Hybrid Perpetual”.
• winter hardy and can bloom for
longer period.
• blooms on long canes as solitary
flowers, elongated buds.
• is slow opening and has good
keeping quality.
Floribundas
• It is a hybrid of “Dwarf Polyantha” and
“Hybrid Tea Rose”.
• The flowers are produced in cluster,
larger in size than Polyantha but
smaller than Hybrid Tea.
Types of Roses

6. Climbers and
Ramblers
• Climbers need support.
• Ramblers are produced by crossing
of “Hybrid Perpetual” and “R.
multiflora” or “R. wichuriana”.
• Ramblers produce flush once in a
year which lasts for several
weeks.
Miniature rose
• Also known as baby rose.
• Has long blooming period and least
affected by cold and disease.
• Suitable for edge or pot plant.
Types of Roses

7. Shrub rose
• Suitable for informal layout,
specimen, and as hedges.
• Show continuous flowering.
Types of Roses

8. Uses
• Decoration of gardens and houses.
• Extract rose water, essence and oils. Rose water used for treat skin
problem and rose oil used in various cosmetics, perfumes, etc.
• Rose petal helps in secretion of bile juices and help in cleansing of
gall bladder.
• Rose water relaxes tension of nerves and reduces the swelling of
capillaries beneath the skin.
• Rose essential oil used for treating serious illnesses like ulcer,
asthma, nausea, fatigue, bacterial infections of the stomach, colon
and urinary tract, dehydration, etc.
• used for culinary purposes (rose syrup, rose essences, rose petal
jams and flavor agent).
• used for expressing feelings.

9. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color
1. HT Roses Varieties Color
Dutch gold, golden giant,
Super star
Yellow color
Orange color
Happiness Red color
Eiffel Tower, First prize Pink color
The Doctor Dark red color
Mercedes Pink color
Varieties

10. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color
2. Floribundas Varieties Color
Jantar Mantar Red color
Independence Orange color
Queen Elizabeth Pink color
Iceberg White color
All gold Yellow color
Varieties

11. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color
3. Climbers and
Rambler Rose
Varieties Color
CLG Virgu White color
Golden shower Yellow color
American Pillar Red with
yellow canes
Albertine Pink color
Varieties

12. S.N. Types of Roses Varieties and color
4. Shrub Rose Varieties Color
Butterfly wings White color
Carefree beauty Pink color
Formation, Cocktail Red color
Lucea Yellow color
Varieties

13. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
A. Soil
• Well drained, fertile and clayey loam soil.
• soil rich in organic matter having good water holding capacity.
• Soil pH of 6-7.5 but can be grown in pH up to 8.
• Performs best in sunny locations where they are sheltered from strong
winds.
• Site should be open and the flowers should receive more than 8 hours
of sunlight.

14. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
B. Temperature
• Average temp. required is 25° C at day and 16° C at night.
• However, high fluctuation in day and night temp. is harmful for
growth of roses.
• Frost prone areas should be avoided.
• Flower opens and fades faster if grown in warmer region than the
cooler regions.
• In region, having average temp. greater than 35° C, the plants fail
to flower.

15. Edaphic and Climatic Requirement
C. Light
• Bright sunlight and high light intensity is good for flower
production.
• Can be grown in shade areas, but then it becomes more susceptible to
mildew and thrips.
D. Wind
• Hot and cold blast of wind is harmful, so plant should be provided
with wind breaks.

16. Planting
A. Time of planting
• Roses can be planted any time of the year because they are day
neutral plants and also if proper facilities are available.
• Terai- best time of planting is Ashoj – Kartik (Sept- Oct).
• Hilly- best time of planting is Chaitra- Baishak (Jan- April)

17. Planting
B. Plant materials
a. Seed propagation
• Seeds are generally used in breeding and rootstock production.
• Fully ripe hips are harvested, dried and seed is extracted by
opening the hips.
• Seed germination is poor and irregular but treating with GA3
(Gibberellic acid) 100ppm enhances germination.

18. Planting
B. Plant materials
b. Cutting
• Rootstock varieties are propagated by cutting recently matured
wood.
• It takes 3-4 weeks for cutting to initiate root and bud sprout
formation.
• 1000 ppm IBA (auxin) enhances rooting/ root formation of the
cutting.

19. Planting
B. Plant materials
c. Budding and Grafting
• Best method of propagating.
• Generally, T- budding and Chip budding is commonly used.
• Side grafting is also popular for modern roses nowadays.
• It is done in winter season in tropical and sub-tropical areas
of Nepal.
• Budding/ Grafting on the rootstocks will take at least 6 months
planting in the field and 3 months in poly bag depending upon
various factors.
• Takes 1 year to produce a sellable plant from rootstock.

20. Planting
B. Plant materials
d. Micropopagation
• Done for mass disease free production of planting materials,
such as tissue culture.
• Tissue culture is only possible in highly equipped and
sanitize laboratories under guidance of plant scientists.

21. Planting
C. Planting Dimensions
a. Spacing
• For Hybrid Tea rose, 75 by 75cm (1.5 ft. height spacing is required).
• For miniature rose, spacing should be 45 by 45cm (<1.5 ft. height).
• For standard rose, spacing should be 120 by 90cm (3 ft. height).
• The plant spacing for rose varies according to the type of rose i.e.
(plant size), soil and climate conditions, frequency of irrigations,
and many other factors.

22. Planting
C. Planting Dimensions
b. Planting
• While planting the bud union must remain 2.5 to 5cm above the
soil surface.
• Fix the plant at the center and press the soil around.
• Irrigate immediately.
• Mulch with straw and dust. Stalk the plants, for supporting
against strong wind.

23. Land preparation,Manuring and
Fertilizer Application
A. Land preparation
• Beds and pits prepared 1 months earlier.
• Beds can be made either formal or informal design.
• Size of each pit should be 75cm in diameter and 60cm in depth.
• Fill topsoil with 6-8 kg of FYM, 25g of bone meal and 50g of SSP
per pit.

24. Land preparation,Manuring and
Fertilizer Application
B. Manuring and fertilizer application
• 50:150:75g N, P2O5 and K2O per sq. m.
• Well decomposed FYM should be mixed at 8-10 kg per pit.
• TSP, Ammonium sulphate and SSP should be given 20cm away from the
plant root regions.
• 8-10 kg of FYM should be incorporated into soil along with above
recommended fertilizer during pruning and root exposure.

25. Intercultural Operations of Roses
B. Weeding and Hoeing
A. Irrigation
D. Pruning and Root exposure
C. After care

26. Intercultural Operations
A. Irrigation
• Should be provided at weekly intervals.
• Ring-basin is the most suitable for roses.
B. Weeding and Hoeing
• Followed by light irrigation, hoeing and weeding should be done
regularly.
C. After care
• The sucker should be removed from the base of the plant.
• All the faded flowers should be removed from time to time.
• In roses, hips (fruits of roses) should be removed from time to time.
• Broken and diseased branches should be removed by pruning.

27. Intercultural Operations
D. Pruning and root exposure
• In order to produce a healthy flush in rose, heading back (pruning) is
necessary. In terai, it is done during Asoj-Kartik.
• At the time of pruning, a slanting cut is given opposite to the bud, as
it saves the bud from rotting by rain.
• While pruning, all the intercrossed, in-laced, weak and diseased
branches should be removed.
• In HT rose and floribundas, heavy, moderate and light pruning is done
according to the age of the plant:
a. Heavy pruning is for more than 8 years old i.e. 2-4 canes having 2-4
buds are kept.
b. Moderate pruning is for 4-8 years old i.e. 4-6 canes having 4-6 buds are
kept.
c. Light pruning is for 4 years old i.e. 6-8 canes having 6-8 buds are
kept.

28. Intercultural Operations
D. Pruning and root exposure
• After pruning, cut should be covered with fungicides paint to check
infestation of disease pathogen such as dieback.
• Root exposure is also done at the time of pruning which makes the plant
to go under stress and hence it produces flower of bigger size.
• Due to root exposure, there is decrease in infestation of diseases and
insects.
• Root exposure is done by digging up to 15-20cm root region, then the
branches along the stem of rose plant are pruned back leaving only few
buds on them.
• Generally done at fortnight (two weeks).
• 50g rose mix (5:8:18 NPK) applied into the soil and then the roots of
rose are covered with soil mixture after 14-15 days.
• Flowering initiates after 35-40 days of pruning and root exposure.

29. Harvesting of Rose
• Stage of harvesting depends upon the types of rose being grown.
• As general rule, rose and pink roses are harvested at a stage when the
first two petals are beginning to unfold and the calyx is in downward
portion.
• In yellow cultivars, harvesting is done slightly earlier than red and
pink cultivars.
• In white cultivars, harvesting is done slightly later than red and pink
cultivars.
• For cut flower, flower stem should be little longer and it should bear
fairly good no. of leaves.
• For distant markets, should be harvested at tight bud stage.
• Harvesting should be done in the evening.
• For cutting flower, immediately after the cut, roses are put into the
bucket with cold water at 4.4 to 7.2° C.

30. Post-Harvest of Rose
a) Grading
b) Low temperature storage
c) Packing and Marketing
d) Vase life of cut roses
a. Grading
• Procedure is influenced by various factors such as purpose of selling,
types of market outlets, different country and different growers.
• The grading criteria proposed by European Economic community standards
for fresh rose flowers are given below:

31. Post-Harvest of Rose
a. Grading
S.N. Code Stem length (cm)
1 0 5 or less
2 5 5 – 10
3 10 10 – 15
4 15 15 – 20
5 20 20 – 30
6 30 30 – 40
7 40 40 – 50
8 50 50 – 60
9 60 60 – 80
10 80 80 – 100
11 100 100 – 120
12 120 120 or more

32. Post-Harvest of Rose
b. Low temperature storage
• The cut flowers are handled in 2 ways; for local markets and for long-
term storage.
• The roses are stored in preservative solutions at 0 - 16° C.
• The cut flowers are placed in preservative solution at 0.1° C at least
for 3-4 hours prior to shipping. Done to remove all heat from the
flowers and will slow down the respiration.
• Roses are then graded, packed and shipped or placed back into the
cooler.
• For long distance market, flowers are shipped in preservative solution
in refrigerated vehicles.

33. Post-Harvest of Rose
c. Packing and marketing
• Are marketed in bunches of 10, 12 or 25 flower canes.
• Roses are graded into bunches according to the stem length before
marketed.
• Roses bundles are wrapped into newspaper; the layer of newspapers, one
row on the top of other and the crushed ice is used to cover the
stems.
• Bundles are then placed in plastic crates esp. designed for roses;
these crates can hold 22 to 30 dozens of flowers depending upon the
stem length.
• Then these bunches are placed into the cartoon with polythene lining
to protect flowers.
• For local markets, fresh roses are sent in a bucket of water or
preservative solution.

34. Post-Harvest of Rose
c. Vase life of Cut roses
• Cut flowers need to be taken care in order to maintain vase life. Once separated
they are deprived of natural sources of water and nutrient.
• Longevity of the cut flower may vary according to the different cultivars.
• Use of stem and use of chemical floral preservative solution are some of the means
to improve the vase life and quality.
• The stem of cut roses are kept in the preservative solution to control stem
plugging cause due to microbial growth or deposition of gum.
• Recommended use of combining 5% sucrose, 200ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS)
and 500ppm silver acetate can extend the vase life of rose.
• About 300 ppm of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) inhibited the growth of all
fungi, bacteria and yeast commonly found in cut flower vase.
• A preservative solution with pH between 3 and 4 reduces plugging of the vessels.
• Addition of 50 ppm Alar along with 8-HQC and sucrose resulted in better quality in
rose.

35. Diseases and their control
B. Black spot
A. Die back
A. Die back
• It is caused by Diplodia rosasium. It is serious disease
of rose and appears after pruning. The pruned shoots dry
up and blackening is seen starting from downward.
Control Measures:
• The pruned cut end should be painted with fungicide paint
(mixture of copper carbonate 4 parts, red lead 4 parts and
linseed oil 5 parts).
C. Powdery mildew

36. Diseases and their control
B. Black spot
• It is caused by Diplocarpon rosae. Affects can be seen
during November to March. Circular black spots are seen in
the leaves. Leaves become chlorotic, dry up and drop.
Control Measures:
• Spray 0.2% Captan.
• Maintain sanitation in the field.
• Do not over irrigate the field.
C. Powdery mildew
• It is caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. Affects can be
seen during warm humid and cool weather. Young shoots
and leaves are covered with white powdery growth and
the flower buds to fail to open.
Control Measures:
• Can be controlled by during 50% sulfur.

37. Insects and their control
B. White ants
A. Red scale
A. Red scale
• Mostly affects in Ashoj-kartik and it
sucks sap from new shoots.
Control Measures:
• Can be controlled by spraying Parathion
0.05%.
C. Aphids
B. White ants (termites)
• Damage the root system of the plant.
Control Measures:
• B.H.C. 5% @2.5-5gm per pit at planting time
is applied.

38. Insects and their control
C. Aphids
• Affects the leaves and buds during winter
months by sucking sap and causing
discoloration of leaves. The affected buds
fail to open.
Control Measures:
• Use Malathion @ 0.1%.
• Conserve and release lady bird beetle, which
is the natural enemy of aphids. A single lady
bird beetle can consume about 50-60 aphids
per day.

39. “My life is
part humor,
part roses,
part thorns.”
- Bret Michaels
PHOTO 04/2021