A brief overlook into Roses!
Includes basic introduction to roses, varieties, cultural practices, evolution, major pests and diseases, harvest, post-harvest and transplantation!
Compiled by: Amrit Sharma (Nepal), 2020
Email: sharma1amrit@gmail.com
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
Roses are one of the most popular flowers in the world. They originated in the Northern Hemisphere and come in many varieties. The document discusses the taxonomy and origins of roses, the major types of roses including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. It also outlines India's rose production areas and the top global producers. The cultivation requirements for growing roses in greenhouses or protected conditions are provided.
The document summarizes information about rose production technology. It discusses the history and uses of roses, important varieties, morphology, production areas, and classification of garden roses. The main points are:
- Roses have been cultivated for thousands of years and are considered the "Queen of Flowers". Important varieties include Hybrid Tea, Floribunda, Climber/Rambler, China, and Bourbon roses.
- Major rose producing countries include India, France, USA, and Bulgaria. Germany and USA are the largest importers.
- Roses have many uses including cut flowers, perfumes, medicines, and as ornamental plants. Important species discussed are Rosa alba, R. borboniana
This document provides information about rose cultivation. It begins with an introduction to roses and then discusses their importance, uses, botanical description, classification, varieties suitable for protected cultivation, propagation methods, climate requirements, soil needs, cultural practices like irrigation, fertilization, planting, use of plant growth regulators, disease management, effects of preservatives on vase life, transport, and yield. The document contains detailed information on growing roses successfully as a flower crop.
Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
Protected cultivation involves growing plants inside structures that protect them from environmental factors. It allows for higher quality and more productive cultivation year-round. Greenhouse rose cultivation provides benefits like improved quality, higher yields, and ability to harvest off-season. Key factors that affect rose cultivation include soil type, climate, temperature, light, carbon dioxide, humidity, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest and disease management. Proper techniques such as pruning, disbudding, training, and harvesting are required to optimize rose production.
Rose is a famous and very beautiful flower; the rose flower is a symbol of love all over the world. In Greenhouse mostly dutch rose variety cultivated, Dutch rose has high demand in national and international markets. Therefore Dutch rose cultivation is increasing day by day also Indian government promoting dutch rose farming by providing the subsidy.
Direct sunlight affects dutch rose productivity the plant required bright light Hence dutch rose grows very well in the Greenhouse where the climate is in control condition.
The document provides information about flowers and roses. It discusses how flowers have evolved over millions of years to assist in pollination. It then focuses on roses, describing their history, symbolism, taxonomy, cultivation practices including varieties, pests and diseases, harvesting, and uses of roses. The document is an extensive guide covering many aspects of rose flowers.
Roses are one of the most popular flowers in the world. They originated in the Northern Hemisphere and come in many varieties. The document discusses the taxonomy and origins of roses, the major types of roses including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. It also outlines India's rose production areas and the top global producers. The cultivation requirements for growing roses in greenhouses or protected conditions are provided.
The document summarizes information about rose production technology. It discusses the history and uses of roses, important varieties, morphology, production areas, and classification of garden roses. The main points are:
- Roses have been cultivated for thousands of years and are considered the "Queen of Flowers". Important varieties include Hybrid Tea, Floribunda, Climber/Rambler, China, and Bourbon roses.
- Major rose producing countries include India, France, USA, and Bulgaria. Germany and USA are the largest importers.
- Roses have many uses including cut flowers, perfumes, medicines, and as ornamental plants. Important species discussed are Rosa alba, R. borboniana
This document provides information about rose cultivation. It begins with an introduction to roses and then discusses their importance, uses, botanical description, classification, varieties suitable for protected cultivation, propagation methods, climate requirements, soil needs, cultural practices like irrigation, fertilization, planting, use of plant growth regulators, disease management, effects of preservatives on vase life, transport, and yield. The document contains detailed information on growing roses successfully as a flower crop.
Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
Protected cultivation involves growing plants inside structures that protect them from environmental factors. It allows for higher quality and more productive cultivation year-round. Greenhouse rose cultivation provides benefits like improved quality, higher yields, and ability to harvest off-season. Key factors that affect rose cultivation include soil type, climate, temperature, light, carbon dioxide, humidity, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, and pest and disease management. Proper techniques such as pruning, disbudding, training, and harvesting are required to optimize rose production.
Rose is a famous and very beautiful flower; the rose flower is a symbol of love all over the world. In Greenhouse mostly dutch rose variety cultivated, Dutch rose has high demand in national and international markets. Therefore Dutch rose cultivation is increasing day by day also Indian government promoting dutch rose farming by providing the subsidy.
Direct sunlight affects dutch rose productivity the plant required bright light Hence dutch rose grows very well in the Greenhouse where the climate is in control condition.
This document provides information on pests, diseases and their management in chrysanthemum. It discusses common pests like aphids, thrips, leaf folder, and bud borer. It also discusses diseases such as rust, powdery mildew, septoria leaf spot, alternaria leaf spot, and verticillium wilt. For each pest and disease, it describes symptoms and provides recommendations for management including chemical and biological control methods. The document is a comprehensive guide covering all major pests and diseases affecting chrysanthemum cultivation.
Postharvest Management of Cut Flower by Dr. L. Jeebit SinghJeebit Singh
A short presentation on basic postharvest management practices/techniques to be followed for preservation of flower. Brief postharvest practices of some important cut flower are also included.
This document provides information about floriculture and common cut flowers. It discusses the definition and scope of floriculture. It also outlines some of the major problems faced by biotechnology labs, cut flower growers, and cut flower traders in Kerala, India. Finally, it describes several common cut flowers grown worldwide like rose, gerbera, gladiolus, aster, chrysanthemum, daisy, carnation, goldenrod and their characteristics. It also discusses leaves and plants commonly used in flower arrangements.
Anthurium is a tropical flowering plant with over 1,000 varieties that are commonly grown as ornamental houseplants. It requires well-draining soil rich in organic matter, 70-80% shade, and temperatures between 24-28°C during the day and 15-22°C at night. Propagation is commonly done through seeds, suckers, stem cuttings, or tissue culture. Proper care includes fertilizing, pruning leaves, controlling pests and diseases, harvesting flowers after 3-6 months, and post-harvest handling like pre-cooling and pulsing flower stalks to extend vase life. On average, each plant produces 8 flowers per year.
This document provides descriptions of 25 common orchid species, including Phalaenopsis (moth orchids), Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum (lady's slipper orchids), and Vanilla orchids. It describes their key identifying characteristics such as flower appearance, scent, temperature and light preferences, and growth habits. Many of the orchid species mentioned are popular houseplants and cut flowers, while others require more specialized care.
Carnation is an important cut flower crop cultivated globally. There are three main types - border, perpetual flowering, and Marguerite. Standard varieties include Domingo and Lipstick. Carnations prefer sandy loam soil with pH 5.5-6.5 and temperatures of 10-15°C at night and 18-24°C during the day. Propagation is through terminal cuttings. Nutrient management includes basal fertilizer and fertigation. Pests like mites and diseases like fusarium wilt and alternaria spot must be controlled. Flowers are harvested and graded based on diameter and stem length before packing and storage.
A Study On The Tea Pest And Diseases Of Tea Plants In Some Parts Of Udalguri ...Dr. Pranabjyoti Das
The document discusses a study on tea pests and diseases in tea gardens in Udalguri District, Assam. Four major tea pests were found: tea green leaf hopper, red spider mite, shoot borer, and tea aphids. These pests cause two main diseases - leaf diseases seen through curled, brown leaves with holes, and stem diseases starting as dark lesions on bark that can girdle branches. The study surveyed three tea gardens to observe and analyze pest prevalence and impacts from January to March 2014.
This document discusses the cultivation of lilium hybrids. It covers important groups and cultivars like Asiatic, Oriental, and LA hybrids. Production methods are outlined including growing environments, medium, planting, fertilization and pest/disease management. Harvesting, post-harvest handling, and propagation through bulbs and bulblets is also summarized.
Diseases of anthurium Carnation and Rose.Prepared by Varu Gaitonde.Varsha Gayatonde
This document summarizes important diseases that affect Anthurium, Carnation, and Rose plants. It describes several bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases for each plant type. For Anthurium, diseases discussed include bacterial blight, bacterial wilt, and black nose disease. For Carnation, fusarium wilt, alternaria leaf spot, bacterial wilt, and various viruses are covered. Rose diseases summarized are powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, anthracnose, botrytis blight, rose canker, rust, bacterial crown gall, and rose mosaic virus. The document concludes with basic integrated disease management strategies like maintaining proper pH, nutrients, moisture and sanitation.
This document provides information on several series of dahlias and hibiscus cuttings produced and sold by Bosgraaf Greenhouses, including the history of the company and breeding programs that developed the plant varieties. It details the cultural requirements and sales opportunities for the Dahlietta, Gallery, Melody, Karma, Happy Single, Happy Days, and Dark Angel dahlia series, as well as the Sunny Cities hibiscus.
This document provides information on breeding of orchids. It begins with the classification, origin, and description of orchids. It then discusses the vegetative growth, floral biology, and important orchid species. The objectives and methods of orchid breeding are outlined, including hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, and biotechnology. Specific hybrids resulting from these methods are presented for various orchid genera. International ruling varieties are also listed.
Orchids are a diverse family of plants with over 800 genera and 25,000 species worldwide. They are found across tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions. Orchids have specialized structures and require specific cultivation conditions to thrive. Key factors that affect orchid growth include light, temperature, humidity, air circulation, water quality and watering frequency. These factors vary depending on the orchid species and climate zone. Proper management of light, temperature, humidity and water is essential for healthy orchid growth and flowering.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest and disease management for various plants in a botanical garden, including roses, citrus, grape vines, carob trees, palm trees, fig trees, olive trees, and ornamentals. For roses, it summarizes the main fungal diseases like powdery mildew, rose rust, downy mildew, black spot, botrytis, and stem canker. It also covers common rose pests such as aphids, scales, thrips, caterpillars, and mites. Control methods include both chemical and cultural practices.
This document provides an overview of tea improvement through plant selection and hybridization. It discusses the history and botany of tea, as well as the process of selecting high-yielding tea clones with desirable qualities like drought tolerance. Five biclonal seed stocks have been developed through hybridization between selected clones. The goal is to develop improved planting materials that offer higher and more consistent yields while maintaining good quality.
This document summarizes various pests that affect Gerbera plants, including whiteflies, leaf miners, mites, aphids, and thrips. It describes the appearance and damage caused by each pest, as well as control measures to deal with infestations. Some common control strategies across pests include using biological controls like ladybugs or wasps, removing infested leaves, applying insecticidal soaps or oils, and addressing weeds and other potential pest habitats near the plants. Heavy infestations can stunt plant growth, damage leaves and flowers, and reduce crop yields.
Companion Planting - How to Grow Garden VegetablesKailis35k
This document provides information on several plant species and their uses in companion planting. It discusses how yarrow, zinnia, tarragon, tansy, sunflower, winter savory, summer savory, roses, rhubarb, petunias, peaches, peas, nasturtiums, and mustard can benefit other plants when grown in proximity, as well as their cultivation needs. Compatible and incompatible companion plants are noted for each species.
The document discusses several diseases that affect coffee crops, including leaf rust, berry blotch, anthracnose, black rot, collar rot, and brown root rot. Leaf rust is the most destructive disease, caused by fungi that produce spores during wet weather. Symptoms include yellow spots and defoliation. Management strategies include cultural practices like pruning and balanced nutrition as well as fungicide applications. Berry blotch causes dark spots on coffee berries and is managed through shade and fungicides. Anthracnose produces leaf spots and die back and its fungus survives in plant debris.
This document summarizes information about two types of orchids: Dendrobium and Cattleya. Dendrobium orchids have graceful stems that can be used for florets or stems, with small white, lavender, yellow, purple or blue flowers. They last 7-10 days and cost $1.50 per stem. Cattleya orchids have large, dramatic flowers in many colors used for corsages. They last 1-2 weeks and cost $18 per stem, which usually has 6 florets. The document also defines epiphytes as plants that grow on other plants for support without being parasitic.
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides information on pests, diseases and their management in chrysanthemum. It discusses common pests like aphids, thrips, leaf folder, and bud borer. It also discusses diseases such as rust, powdery mildew, septoria leaf spot, alternaria leaf spot, and verticillium wilt. For each pest and disease, it describes symptoms and provides recommendations for management including chemical and biological control methods. The document is a comprehensive guide covering all major pests and diseases affecting chrysanthemum cultivation.
Postharvest Management of Cut Flower by Dr. L. Jeebit SinghJeebit Singh
A short presentation on basic postharvest management practices/techniques to be followed for preservation of flower. Brief postharvest practices of some important cut flower are also included.
This document provides information about floriculture and common cut flowers. It discusses the definition and scope of floriculture. It also outlines some of the major problems faced by biotechnology labs, cut flower growers, and cut flower traders in Kerala, India. Finally, it describes several common cut flowers grown worldwide like rose, gerbera, gladiolus, aster, chrysanthemum, daisy, carnation, goldenrod and their characteristics. It also discusses leaves and plants commonly used in flower arrangements.
Anthurium is a tropical flowering plant with over 1,000 varieties that are commonly grown as ornamental houseplants. It requires well-draining soil rich in organic matter, 70-80% shade, and temperatures between 24-28°C during the day and 15-22°C at night. Propagation is commonly done through seeds, suckers, stem cuttings, or tissue culture. Proper care includes fertilizing, pruning leaves, controlling pests and diseases, harvesting flowers after 3-6 months, and post-harvest handling like pre-cooling and pulsing flower stalks to extend vase life. On average, each plant produces 8 flowers per year.
This document provides descriptions of 25 common orchid species, including Phalaenopsis (moth orchids), Cymbidium, Paphiopedilum (lady's slipper orchids), and Vanilla orchids. It describes their key identifying characteristics such as flower appearance, scent, temperature and light preferences, and growth habits. Many of the orchid species mentioned are popular houseplants and cut flowers, while others require more specialized care.
Carnation is an important cut flower crop cultivated globally. There are three main types - border, perpetual flowering, and Marguerite. Standard varieties include Domingo and Lipstick. Carnations prefer sandy loam soil with pH 5.5-6.5 and temperatures of 10-15°C at night and 18-24°C during the day. Propagation is through terminal cuttings. Nutrient management includes basal fertilizer and fertigation. Pests like mites and diseases like fusarium wilt and alternaria spot must be controlled. Flowers are harvested and graded based on diameter and stem length before packing and storage.
A Study On The Tea Pest And Diseases Of Tea Plants In Some Parts Of Udalguri ...Dr. Pranabjyoti Das
The document discusses a study on tea pests and diseases in tea gardens in Udalguri District, Assam. Four major tea pests were found: tea green leaf hopper, red spider mite, shoot borer, and tea aphids. These pests cause two main diseases - leaf diseases seen through curled, brown leaves with holes, and stem diseases starting as dark lesions on bark that can girdle branches. The study surveyed three tea gardens to observe and analyze pest prevalence and impacts from January to March 2014.
This document discusses the cultivation of lilium hybrids. It covers important groups and cultivars like Asiatic, Oriental, and LA hybrids. Production methods are outlined including growing environments, medium, planting, fertilization and pest/disease management. Harvesting, post-harvest handling, and propagation through bulbs and bulblets is also summarized.
Diseases of anthurium Carnation and Rose.Prepared by Varu Gaitonde.Varsha Gayatonde
This document summarizes important diseases that affect Anthurium, Carnation, and Rose plants. It describes several bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases for each plant type. For Anthurium, diseases discussed include bacterial blight, bacterial wilt, and black nose disease. For Carnation, fusarium wilt, alternaria leaf spot, bacterial wilt, and various viruses are covered. Rose diseases summarized are powdery mildew, black spot, downy mildew, anthracnose, botrytis blight, rose canker, rust, bacterial crown gall, and rose mosaic virus. The document concludes with basic integrated disease management strategies like maintaining proper pH, nutrients, moisture and sanitation.
This document provides information on several series of dahlias and hibiscus cuttings produced and sold by Bosgraaf Greenhouses, including the history of the company and breeding programs that developed the plant varieties. It details the cultural requirements and sales opportunities for the Dahlietta, Gallery, Melody, Karma, Happy Single, Happy Days, and Dark Angel dahlia series, as well as the Sunny Cities hibiscus.
This document provides information on breeding of orchids. It begins with the classification, origin, and description of orchids. It then discusses the vegetative growth, floral biology, and important orchid species. The objectives and methods of orchid breeding are outlined, including hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, and biotechnology. Specific hybrids resulting from these methods are presented for various orchid genera. International ruling varieties are also listed.
Orchids are a diverse family of plants with over 800 genera and 25,000 species worldwide. They are found across tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions. Orchids have specialized structures and require specific cultivation conditions to thrive. Key factors that affect orchid growth include light, temperature, humidity, air circulation, water quality and watering frequency. These factors vary depending on the orchid species and climate zone. Proper management of light, temperature, humidity and water is essential for healthy orchid growth and flowering.
This document provides an overview of integrated pest and disease management for various plants in a botanical garden, including roses, citrus, grape vines, carob trees, palm trees, fig trees, olive trees, and ornamentals. For roses, it summarizes the main fungal diseases like powdery mildew, rose rust, downy mildew, black spot, botrytis, and stem canker. It also covers common rose pests such as aphids, scales, thrips, caterpillars, and mites. Control methods include both chemical and cultural practices.
This document provides an overview of tea improvement through plant selection and hybridization. It discusses the history and botany of tea, as well as the process of selecting high-yielding tea clones with desirable qualities like drought tolerance. Five biclonal seed stocks have been developed through hybridization between selected clones. The goal is to develop improved planting materials that offer higher and more consistent yields while maintaining good quality.
This document summarizes various pests that affect Gerbera plants, including whiteflies, leaf miners, mites, aphids, and thrips. It describes the appearance and damage caused by each pest, as well as control measures to deal with infestations. Some common control strategies across pests include using biological controls like ladybugs or wasps, removing infested leaves, applying insecticidal soaps or oils, and addressing weeds and other potential pest habitats near the plants. Heavy infestations can stunt plant growth, damage leaves and flowers, and reduce crop yields.
Companion Planting - How to Grow Garden VegetablesKailis35k
This document provides information on several plant species and their uses in companion planting. It discusses how yarrow, zinnia, tarragon, tansy, sunflower, winter savory, summer savory, roses, rhubarb, petunias, peaches, peas, nasturtiums, and mustard can benefit other plants when grown in proximity, as well as their cultivation needs. Compatible and incompatible companion plants are noted for each species.
The document discusses several diseases that affect coffee crops, including leaf rust, berry blotch, anthracnose, black rot, collar rot, and brown root rot. Leaf rust is the most destructive disease, caused by fungi that produce spores during wet weather. Symptoms include yellow spots and defoliation. Management strategies include cultural practices like pruning and balanced nutrition as well as fungicide applications. Berry blotch causes dark spots on coffee berries and is managed through shade and fungicides. Anthracnose produces leaf spots and die back and its fungus survives in plant debris.
This document summarizes information about two types of orchids: Dendrobium and Cattleya. Dendrobium orchids have graceful stems that can be used for florets or stems, with small white, lavender, yellow, purple or blue flowers. They last 7-10 days and cost $1.50 per stem. Cattleya orchids have large, dramatic flowers in many colors used for corsages. They last 1-2 weeks and cost $18 per stem, which usually has 6 florets. The document also defines epiphytes as plants that grow on other plants for support without being parasitic.
Marigold - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
This document discusses various insect vectors and the plant diseases they transmit. It provides examples of different insect vectors like green leafhopper, brown plant hopper, bean aphid, leaf hopper, whitefly, thrips, brown leafhopper, green peach aphid, and banana aphid. For each vector, it describes the disease(s) they transmit, associated symptoms in plants, and potential management strategies. Insects can transmit viruses, bacteria, fungi, or phytoplasmas, with viruses being the most common type of plant pathogen transmitted by insect vectors.
This document provides information on 5 important diseases that affect mint crops: stolon rot, rust, alternaria leaf blight, verticillium wilt, and powdery mildew. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, causal organism, etiology, epidemiology, and management strategies. The diseases are caused by fungi such as Rhizoctonia bataticola, Puccinia menthae, Alternaria alternata, Verticilium albo-atrum, and Erysiphe cichoracearum. Management involves practices like using disease-free planting materials, crop rotation, removing infected plants, fungicide application, and maintaining appropriate growing conditions.
Tuberose is a popular summer flower known for its sweet scent. It grows from a thickened bulb and produces long spikes with many white flowers. Tuberose thrives in warm climates with temperatures between 21-29°C and prefers well-draining soil. The flowers and spikes are harvested and used for garlands, celebrations, and decorative purposes. Proper care including staking, weeding, irrigation and pest management is needed for maximum growth and production.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
This document summarizes morphological characteristics, breeding methods, production techniques, and pests/diseases of chrysanthemum. It describes chrysanthemum's scientific name and family, its native range, and importance as a commercial flower crop. It then discusses the plant's morphological features and classification into standard and spray types used for exhibitions and gardens. The document outlines chrysanthemum's chromosome number and evolution from interspecific crosses. It also summarizes common breeding methods, climate needs, propagation, planting practices, and management of pests and diseases for chrysanthemum production.
This document summarizes various diseases, insect pests, and their management in mustard crops. It discusses the key pests that affect mustard including the Alternaria blight fungus, white rust fungus, downy mildew, powdery mildew, bacterial blight, club root disease, stem rot, and various insect pests such as the mustard aphid, painted bug, mustard sawfly, diamondback moth, leaf miner, and cabbage head borer. It provides details on the symptoms, life cycle and favorable conditions for each pest or disease, as well as their recommended management approaches.
Carnation- introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
This document provides information about the carnation plant. Some key points:
- Carnation is commonly used as a cut flower and for ornamental purposes.
- Major producers include Colombia, Holland, and Israel, while top importers are Germany and France.
- There are over 250 carnation species, with Dianthus caryophyllus being the most common.
- India has recently begun carnation cultivation, with potential in areas like Kashmir, Kulu Valley, and parts of Tamil Nadu.
- Propagation is typically through cuttings, and cultivation involves practices like pinching, disbudding, and staking to regulate growth and flowering.
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Is widely adapted and easily cultured flower throughout the world.It has various religious and social importance.so,in this slide you will be able to know about this flower and it's cultivation and harvesting techniques.
Red Vanda (Renanthera imschootiana) is a warm climate orchid endemic to Northeast India and neighboring countries. It grows as an epiphyte on tree trunks from 1000-2000m altitude in areas with moderate to high rainfall. The plant has woody stems up to 1m long, oblong leaves, and bright red flowers with red spots and yellow markings. It is propagated through seeds and stem cuttings. The red flowers are valued commercially and the plant is considered important traditionally and medicinally. However, its wild populations are declining due to habitat loss and it is protected under Indian and international law.
This document provides information on several fungal, bacterial, viral, nematode, phytoplasmal and spiroplasmal diseases that affect citrus plants. It discusses the pathogens, symptoms, and management strategies for key diseases such as gummosis caused by Phytophthora species, citrus scab caused by Elsinoë fawcetti, and powdery mildew caused by various Oidium fungi. The document is intended as a reference for identifying and managing important citrus diseases.
This document provides information on identifying and removing common invasive plant species in Berks County, Pennsylvania. It discusses 18 different invasive species that are prevalent on local trails, including Tree-of-Heaven, Garlic Mustard, Japanese Barberry, and Oriental Bittersweet. For each plant, the document provides details on origin, habitat, identifying features, reproduction methods, and best practices for removal. The overall goal is to preserve biodiversity and natural ecosystems by eliminating non-native invasive species.
This document provides information on the cultivation of carnations. It begins with the botanical details of carnations, noting they are in the Dianthus genus and native to southern France. It then discusses their importance as cut flowers, in gardens, and for extracting perfume oils. The document outlines commercial carnation species and varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation in India. It provides details on propagation, soil and climate preferences, planting, training, nutrient needs, watering, pest and disease management, and harvesting of carnations. In closing, it lists references used to compile the information presented.
This document provides information on selecting and caring for herbaceous ornamental plants including annuals, biennials, perennials, bulbs, and containers. It discusses best selling plants in each category, definitions, planting times, design considerations, and lists specific plants suitable for different conditions. It also covers maintenance such as fertilizing, weeding, watering, and dealing with pests and diseases.
The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
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2
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000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
2. Flower
“The flower is the poetry of reproduction. It is an
example of the eternal seductiveness of life.”
- Jean Giraudoux
• From birth to death, man is surrounded by the flowers
• Mark of civilization
• Ancient Egyptians: First civilization to start
flower arrangement and decoration
• Wall carvings dating back to 2,500 BCE show
depictions of artfully placed cut flowers in vases
3. Flower
• Father of floriculture: Mario
• World scenario: US$ 43.2 Billion (2018 valuation)
• Netherlands: 44% of global flower supply
• Nepali floriculture: 0.05% of total GDP (FAN, 2016)
4. Flower:
• Reproductive structure
• Biological function: assist in pollination by attraction
• Evolved during late Cretaceous Period, about 125-
100 million years ago.
• Flowering plants co- evolved with pollinating
insects like honey bee
5. Flowers as the source of creativity..
“I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er
vales and hills, when all at once I saw a crowd, a host,
of golden daffodils; beside the lake beneath the trees,
fluttering and dancing in the breeze.”
- William Wordsworth
6. Rose
Long history
Symbols of love, beauty, purity, friendship
35 million years old (Fossil evidence)
Feb. 7, Rose day marks the beginning of Valentine
week
7. Rose
Woody perennial shrub
Majority of the species native to Asia
Class: Magnoliopsida,
Order: Rosales,
Genus: Rosa L.
Genus Rosa : 150 species
8. Why does red rose symbolize love?
Greek mythology
Aphrodite (goddess)
Adonis (Hunter)
Zeus (King)
10. Introduction:
Grows well in mild temperature (15 - 27 °C)
Plenty of sunlight
Medium loamy soil rich in organic matter
Well drained
pH: 5.5-6.5.
Demand in Nepal: 7000 – 9000 sticks per day,
increasing
Area of Rose cultivation: 109 Ropani (FAN, 2014-15)
Popular colors: Red, Yellow, Pink and White
11. Greenhouse for commercial
production:
UV protected plastic sheets
Well ventilated
Drip system, cooling fan, heating pipeline, insect net
Sanitation measures at entry to avoid microbes
Maintain temp, light intensity and humidity
Temp: 20-21°C on cloudy days and 24-28°C on sunny
days
Humidity: 50 – 60%
12. Bed preparation:
Ploughing
Weeding
Planting bed: 1 m wide
Bed raised: 30 m
Adding organic matter
1% formalin fumigation
Cover surface with plastic (24 hrs.)
Remove plastic and let formalin escape (10 hrs.)
Properly set up drip irrigation
13. Planting:
Choose healthy planting material
Plant material with 3 – 4 buds are good (1 yr old)
Use insecticide and fungicide
30 cm * 40 cm (6 plants/sq. m)
Ideal planting season (Nepal) : Sept – Oct
14. Irrigation
Drip irrigation is best for greenhouse (commercial)
Water immediately after plantation
Desired pH of water: 7 (neutral)
Desired EC : 0.2 or 0.7 dS m per second
Fertigration is preferred
Mulching reduces evaporation loss
15. Pruning
Most imp cultural activity in Rose
Generally done in late winter
In commercial scale more often
First pruning: 3 weeks from plantation (floral bud
observed)
Top 10 cm of lead shoot removed (others too)
Retain: 6-8 canes (young) & 2-4 canes (old)
Disinfect secateurs / pruning tool with alcohol / spirit
Also stem bending is practiced (to reduce loss)
16. Nutrition Management
Major: N, P, K, Ca, Mg
Minor: Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn
Fertigration: 200-250 ppm N & 150- 160 ppm K
Micronutrients as per the requirement
Under open field: 6-8 Kg well rotten manure/ bush
N: P : K = 120: 60: 40 (i.e. 60 gm/ plant)
10 gm NPK mixture/ plant every 6 weeks
17. Other cultural activities
Stacking with strings if the stems are tall
Removal of buds, sprout (on weekly basis)
Weeding (daily basis)
18. Propagation:
T- budding
- Incision: horizontal- 2 cm & Vertical- 2.5 cm
- T-shaped
- Fresh bud fitted with cambium of stem
- Use budding tape
- 2-3 weeks: bud sprouting
Cutting, Grafting, Patch budding, Layering
Propagation by seeds, tissue culture
19. Important pests:
Mites : Tetranachyus species, tiny, use hand lens
: Most eco loss in Nepal
: Stipple (dots)/ bleach, dry, leaf fall
: underside of leaves mostly
: Middle and top part
: Prefer dry & dusty condition
20. Pests
Aphids: Genus Macrosiphum rosae (in Nepal)
: soft tissues, buds, growing shoots
: infest middle & top part of plant
: active -> Mar-May / Aug-Sept
Thrips: Attacks rose flower (makes brown)
: Tiny black, yellow thrips
: Thrips madronii (Genus)
: active during dry months
22. Important diseases
Powdery mildew: Caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa
var. rosea
: grayish-white powdery substance on the surface of
young leaves, shoots and buds
: Infected leaves distorted, fall, bud fail to open
: Occur at mild temp (day- low humidity, night- high
humidity)
24. Diseases:
Downy mildew: caused by Preonospora sparsa
: appears on parts above ground
: Leaves & canes blight
: Purple/ Brown leaf spots
: Yellowing of leaves
: square leaves, leaf shading (leafless)
: Early symptoms are similar to nutrient deficiency
26. Diseases
Botrytis: caused by Botrytis cinerea (grey mold)
: Grey, brown fuzzy growth on flowers and bud
: Bud fails to open
: Severe when temp is mild and RH is high
: Canes have sunken, discolored areas
: Light colored spots in petals expand as irregular
patches
28. Diseases:
Black spot: caused by Diplocarpon rosae
: Seen usually in spring and summer (high temp)
: Circular black spots in leaves surrounded by yellow
area (Leaf fall)
: Infected canes have red blotches
: Stunted growth and low quality flowers
30. Solution to Pests and diseases:
Protective, Curative and Eradicative approach for pests
Surveillance on weekly basis
Insect net
Top ventilation
Mites: sufficient overhead irrigation, insecticidal oils
and neem oils
Aphids: systemic pesticides, bio control (natural
enemies - lady bird beetle), restricting movements
with sticky barriers
31. Solutions:
Thrips: remove infested flowers, weeding to avoid
host plants, use insecticide before it enters buds
Powdery Mildew: Resistant varieties, day- high
humidity & Night – Low humidity, destroy and dispose
infected parts, Fungicide
Downey mildew: Good ventilation, maintain RH,
sanitation, fungicides (last option)
Botrytis: Good ventilation, do not wet leaves during
irrigation (only the soil zone), systemic fungicides
32. Solutions:
Black Spot
:Use resistant varieties
: Keep the rose greenhouse very clean
: Remove and destroy diseased canes
: Keep the leaves dry
: Fungicide spray (last line of defense)
34. Remaining topics (next session):
Varieties of Roses
Evolution of modern roses
Other pest/ diseases and solutions
Harvest
Post- Harvest
Transport
Products of rose (Applications/ uses)
Leftovers!
36. Varieties of roses:
Floribundas and Polyanthas
: Many blooms per stem, shrub rose
Hybrid tea
: Most popular, long stem with single flower
Grandifloras
: Cross between hybrid tea and floribunda
: Masses of large flowers
39. Varieties:
Shrub roses
: Catch all class of cultivars not belonging to old
garden roses or modern roses.
Miniature roses
: Small size, excellent for containers
41. Evolution of modern roses
Number of Chromosomes : n=7
Ploidy level= 2n to 8n
H.T. Rose: First variety- “La France” (Guillot, 1867)
R. chinensis * R. gigentea = Tea rose
R. chinensis * R. centifolia/ gallica = Hybrid Perpetuals
Then,
Tea rose * Hybrid Perpetuals = Hybrid Tea rose
44. Story of scent in modern roses:
Phenolic methyl ether 3,5-dimethoxytoluene
(DMT): major scent compound of many modern
rose varieties (characteristic “tea scent”)
Among wild roses, phenolic methyl ether (PME)
biosynthesis is restricted to Chinese rose species
Progenitors of modern roses included both
European and Chinese species, so this trait was
transmitted to their hybrid progeny.
45. Scent..
The last steps of the biosynthetic pathways
leading to DMT involve two methylation reactions
catalyzed by: orcinol O- methyltransferases
(OOMT) 1 and 2
Chinese roses (only) possess both the OOMT2 and
the OOMT1 genes, among wild roses
Chinese-rose-specific OOMT1 genes most
probably evolved from an OOMT2-like gene that
has homologues in the genomes of all extant roses
46. Scent..
Proposed: Emergence of the OOMT1 gene may have
been a critical step in the evolution of scent
production in Chinese roses
47. Other pests of roses:
Cane borers
Spider Mites
Leaf cutter bees
48. Other diseases:
Crown gall
: Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
: infection through wounds
Rose mosaic virus
: Through infected stocks
: No solution
49. Other problems:
Nitrogen deficiency – old leaves yellow first, spindly
growth, small and few flowers
• Magnesium deficiency – Edges of old leaves turn
yellow, apply magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) to rose
bushes
If soil salinity is too high, excess salts cause leaf
injury and dieback (Remedy- leaching)
51. Harvest/ Post-harvest:
Morning time
Clean secateurs
Red and pink cultivars : harvested when first two petals of
flowers start to unfold
Yellow types: harvested slightly earlier
White rose : slightly later than red and pink
52. Harvest/ Post-harvest..
Harvested stems are kept in bucket with cut stem
dipped in water
Roses are graded on the basis of the stem length
Bunched in a group of 10 or 20 bunches are made, it is
wrapped with plastic sleeve
53. Post-harvest
Re-cut at the base of the stem
Keep in bucket containing rose preservatives
Re-cut at wholesale center in water containing anti-
microbial agent
Glucose 5 % : Extending vase life
In some countries 200 ppm of Aluminum sulphate or
Citric acid and stored in cold storage
54. Post harvest:
Also, Calcium hypochlorite can be used before storage
GLCA (Gluconic acid ) 10% found effective for longer
vase life
Glucose, Isothiazolinonic Germicide, Citric acid and
Aluminum sulphate was also effective in opening
rose buds harvested at much early stage
Storage: 2-4°C (cold), 60 - 70% Relative Humidity
55. Packaging and Transport:
Bunches wrapped with sleeves
Additional band around the flower head
Card board boxes 12”X20”X60” (two 3” holes on each
side)
Orientation: Cut-stems at the center and flower head
at the sides
A sheet of butter paper placed above which another
layer of rose bunches are laid (until the box is filled)
56. Packaging and transport
Box is sealed with a tape
Details written on the box (destination,
consignee/buyer, name of product, quantity
Transport : Through Refrigerated Truck
57. Products and uses of rose:
Rose water from petals (perfumes, medicines,
confectionary); property of cooling the body (eye
lotions, eye drops, soothing qualities)
Also used in drinking water and sprinkled on the
guests at weddings, feasts and other social
functions
Rose oil from petals (Ayurvedic purpose, perfuming
soaps, cosmetics)
Gulkand (preserved for direct consumption),
prepared by pounding equal proportions of petals and
white sugar; considered both as tonic and laxative
58. Applications..
Pankhuri (dried rose petals): used for preparing
sweetened cold drinks
Gul-roghan (rose hair oil): prepared from rose petals
and wet sesamum (Til) seeds
Source of Vitamins: Rose hips are very good sources
of ascorbic acid, every 100 g of rose hip syrup contains
150 mg of ascorbic acid (compared with only 50mg
present in fresh orange juice, 20 mg in tomatoes and 5
mg in apples)
Other functions: perfume, petal wines, jam, jellies etc.
59. Transplanting the existing roses
Best time to transplant healthy roses is during
dormancy (Dec. – Mar.)
Cut canopy one third to one half back
Move as much of the root ball as possible