Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice. Sexual –seeds Asexual-suckers Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock. Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts. RootstocksSeedling rootstocks Clonal rootstocks Seedling rootstocks Clonal rootstocks Seedling rootstocks Clonal rootstocks

1. Propagation of rootstocks in
temperate fruits
ARVIND YADAV, ID:- 721.BATCH:- 2017
BUAT Banda

2. • Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000
yrs old practice.
– Sexual –seeds
– Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous
populations of native fruit species, germinated and
grown for use as rootstock.
 Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet
cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.

3. • In 17th
century clonal rootstocks started to use,
through identification of dwarf seedling
rootstocks.
– Easy to propagate
– Possess tree vigour control traits
– Resistant to soil borne pests and diseases.

4. Rootstocks
• Seedling rootstocks
• Clonal rootstocks

5. ROOTSTOCKS PRESENTLY IN USE IN FRUIT CROPS
APPLE A) Seedling rootstocks
i) Crab apple
ii)Maharaji seedlings
B) Clonal rootstocks
i) Dwarf M 9, M 26.
ii) Semi-dwarfing M 7, MM 106.
iii) Semi-vigorous MM 111.
iv) Vigorous M 16, M 25.

6. PEAR A) Seedling rootstocks
i) Pear seedlings
ii) Kainth
iii) Quince
CHERRY A) Seedling rootstocks
i) Sour cherry suckers
ii) Paja
B) Clonal rootstocks
i) F 12/1
ii) Colt
iii) Mahaleb
iv) Mazzard

7. PEACH A) Seedling rootstock
i) Wild peach
PLUM
A) Seedling rootstock
i) Wild plum
ii) wild apricot
B) Clonal rootstock
i) Myrobalan B

8. APRICOT
A) Seedling rootstock
i) Wild apricot
ALMOND
A) Seedling rootstock
i) Wild peach seedlings
ii) Bitter almond seedlings
iii) Sweet almond seedlings
WALNUT
A) Seedling rootstock
i) Walnut seedlings
MANGO
A) Seedling rootstock

9. Rootstocks for Apple
P (Polish Series) : developed in Poland by crossing
common Antonovka with M4 & M9.
5 Strains P1,2,16,18,22 : Winter Hardy (Susceptible to Fire
Blight)
P 18: Semi dwarfing & others Dwarfing
P 2 & P 22 : Induce very early and heavy fruiting and show
promise as dwarfing interstocks.

10. OH & O ( Ottawa Hybrid seedlings – OH), Ottawa
Clonal ( O ) series.
OH 1- OH 6: Still under test, most of them
resistant to Latent Viruses.
O 1- O 14 : Two rootstocks O 4 & 8 are more
hardy & more productive than MM 106.

11. MAC ( Michigan Apple Clone ) Series : Originated in East
Lansing, Michigan & assigned to Michigan State University.
MAC 9 : Resistant to Crown & Root Rot & Latent Viruses.
Bemali (Originated at Balsgard, Sweden) : Rootstocks are
dwarfing in the range of M 9-M 26, Precocious & productive.
Jork 9 (J9)- Originated at Jork in Germany) : selected from open
pollinated seedlings of M 9. Induces heavier production,
Slightly more dwarfing than M 26 Somewhat more winter hardy
than M 9, More easily propagated than M 9.

12. Alnarp 2
Introduction from Alnarp Fruit Tree Station ,
Sweden, Easy to propagate, Winter hardy
Resistant to Fire Blight.
Robusta 5 (Originated in Canada)
Easy to propagate, Vigorous, Winter hardy
Resistant to Fire Blight.

13. Malling rootstocks
Vigorous, M 12, M 16, & M 25
Trees require wider spacing,
Well anchored,
Come into bearing comparatively later than M 25.
Semi-dwarfing M 2, M 7
Trees on these rootstocks produce plants of moderate vigour except
Dwarfing M 9
Most widely used dwarfing rootstock for high density plantation
Major demerit is brittle & shallow root system.
Recloned as M 9 EMLA (East Malling Long Ashton) which is free from all
known viruses.
Super-dwarfing M 27
Trees on this rootstock attain half the size of M 9,Used for meadow
orcharding.

14. Malling series Rootstocks were susceptible to wooly aphid,
To overcome this problem John Inns Institute Merton & East Malling
Research Station Jointly started breeding programme of Malling Series
with Northern Spy of New Zealand (resistant to wooly aphid) and are
known as Malling Merton Series (MM).
MM 104 – Vigorous
MM 106 – Produces strong well anchored tree
Has good number of roots
Is free from wooly aphid
Good for slightly heavy to light soil
Easily propagated by stooling
Most commonly used rootstock nowadays.

15. PEAR (Pyrus communis) Rootstocks
Old Home x Farmingdale ( Originated near forest grove) Oregon out of 500
candidates 13 have been induced commercially.
 Dwarf : OH x F 51
 Semi- dwarf : OH x F 34, OH x F 69, OH x F 87,
 OH x F 230, OH x F 233
 Semi-vigorous : OH x F 217, OH x F 267, OH x F 361
 Vigorous : OH x F 18, OH x F 97, OH x F 112,
OH x F 198
 Resistant to Fire Blight
 Resistant to Pear Decline
 Resistant to Wooly pear aphids
 Highly tolerant to winter cold
 Highly tolerant Bacterial Canker
 Moderately tolerant to Crown gall & Crown rot
 Compatible with P. communis varieties & also
 Compatible with Asian pear varieties.
 Precocious
 High yield potential

16. PEAR (Pyrus betufolia) Rootstocks
 Oregon 201, Oregon 260, Oregon 264.
 Excellent compatibility
 Very vigorous
 Precocious
 Good yield efficiency
 Produce excellent fruit size & quality.
 Highly tolerant to hot summer temperature.
 Highly tolerant to low pH
 Highly tolerant to wet & dry soils
 Highly tolerant to Pear decline
 Highly tolerant to root lesion nematode
 Highly tolerant to Bacterial canker
 Highly tolerant to Crown gall & collar rot
 Low tolerance to Fire blight.

17. PEAR ( Pyrus calleryana) rootstocks
 Oregon 211, Oregon 249.
 Excellent compatibility
 Very good anchorage & uniformity
 Very dwarfing
 Precocious
 Very good yield efficiency
 Highly tolerant to hot summer temperature & low pH.
 Very high tolerance to wet & dry soils
 Very resistant to Pear Decline
 Very resistant to root lesion nematode
 Highly tolerant to Crown gall, Collar rot & Powdery mildew.

18. Rootstocks for Stone Fruits
Cherry
Cherry rootstocks are generally from selections of elite seedlings of P.
mahaleb, P. cerasus and P. avium but some intersepecific hybrids have
also been developed.
1. P. mahaleb selection
SL 64 : Adapts to calcareous soils
Less vigorous than F 12/1 Mazzard, but more
vigorous than Colt & Charger.
Precocious
Productive
Tolerant to Drought

19. 2. P . cerasus selections
CAB 6P & CAB 11E (Selections from Italy)
Good compatibility with Sweet cherry scions
Reduce scion vigour by 20- 30% of 12/1 Mazzard
W 10, W 11, W 13 (Selections from Weihroot, Germany)
Good compatibility with sweet cherry scions
Reduce scion vigour by 20- 30 % of F 12/1 Mazzard.
Tolerant to Phytophthora
W 10 is more promising than W 11 & W 13.
3. P. avium selections
F 12/1 Commercially used rootstocks
Compatible
Wide adaptability to soil conditions
Vigorous
Resistant to Bacterial Canker
Susceptible to crown gall
Charger- Semi-vigorous (vigour ranges between Colt & F
12/1Mazzard)
Productive
Resistant to Bacterial canker

20. 5. Inter-specific hybrids
Colt Hybrid of P. avium x P. pseudocerasus developed at East Malling
Semi- dwarfing
Becoming popular commercially for high density plantation.
M x M (Mazzard x Mahaleb )Clones
These rootstocks are more precocious & productive than F 12/1
Tolerant to nematodes
M x M 14 Dwarfing rootstock
M x M2, M 39, M 60, M 97-----Resistant to Root rot
M x M 14, M 39,M 60,M 97---- Tolerant to Canker
6. Belgium Clones
In Belgium many exotic cherry species & interspecific hybrids have been under
evaluation at Gembloux out of which three clones have been found to have wide
range of compatibility and easily propagated by Soft wood cuttings.
GM 9(Inmil) P. incise x P. serrula
Dwarfing
Has 30% vigour in comparison to F12/1
GM 61/1 (Damil) P. dawyekensis
Semi-dwarfing
Has 60% vigour in comparison to F 12/1
Relatively tolerant to water logging
GM 79 (Camil) P.canescens
Semi-dwarfing
Has 70% vigour in comparison to F 12/1

21. (3)ROOTSTOCKS FOR POME & STONE FRUITS
A) Drought Tolerant :
 Apple : MM 111, KC-1, KC1-48-41
 Pear : Oregon 211, 249,260, 261, 264.
 Peach : GF-577, GF-677
 Plum : Myrobalan 27
B) Cold Hardy
 Apple : B 490, B 491, Bud-9(RLP), O-3,
P2, P22, Novole,Alnarp 2.
 Pear : OH x F series
 Apricot : Haggith
 Peach : Siberian C, GF-677, Marianna GF
8/1, Damas GF 1869.
 Plum : St. Julian A, Marianna 2624,
Marianna GF 8/1.
 Cherry : CAB 6P, CAB 11E, W10, W11,
W13.

22. C) High Temperature Tolerant
Apple : M-7, MM-109.
Pear : Oregon 211, 249, 260, 261,
264.
D) High Soil pH Tolerant
Apple : M-9, MM106,
Apricot : Pollizo
Peach : GF 577, GF 677.
Plum : Myroblan 29C, Damas
GF 1869, Marianna GF 8/1.
E) Low pH Tolerant
Pear : Oregon 211, 249,2 60, 261,
264.

23. F) High Soil Moisture Tolerant
 Apple : M7,MM104, MM106,.
 Pear : Oregon Series.
 Peach : St. Julian Hybrid 1&2, Myran,Rutger’s Red Leaf.
 Plum: Damas GF 1869, Marianna GF8/1, Marianna 2621.
G) Disease Resistant Rootstocks
i. Resistant to Powdery Mildew
 Apple : P1,P2,P16,P18,P22.
 Pear : Oregon 211, 249.
ii. Resistant to Latent Viruses
 Apple : B 9, C 6, MAC 9, Novole.
iii. Resistant to Crown & Root Rot
 Apple : B 9, B 491, G 30, G 65, MAC 9, O 3, P 2, Novole.
 Pear : OH x F series, Oregon Series.
 Cherry : Colt, M x M2, M x M39, M x M60, M x M97,W 10, W
11,W 13.

24. iv. Resistant to Canker/Gummosis
 Pear : Oregon 260, 261, 264,OH x F series
 Apricot : Marianna GF 8/1, Marianna 2624
 Cherry : F 12/1, Charger, M x M14, Mx M39, M x
M60, M x M97.
 Peach : Lovell, Nemaguard, S 37.
 Plum : Myroblan B, Pixy.
v. Resistant to Crown Gall
 Pear : OH x Fseries, Oregon Series.
 Apricot : Reine Claude, GF 1380,
 Cherry : F 12/1,
 Peach : Nemaguard, Rubira, Rutger’s Red Leaf.
 Plum : Marianna GF8/1, Marianna 2624,
Myrobalan 29C, Myrobalan GF31

25. vi. Nematode Resistant
Pear : Oregon Series
Peach : Floraguard , Nemaguard,
Nemared, Okinawa.
Plum : Marianna GF8/1, Marianna
2624.
Almond : GF 557, Alnem 1, 38,201,
Hansen 536, 2168.

26. STANDARDS FOR CLONAL ROOTSTOCKS
POME & STONE FRUITS
1 Labels/ parameters Recommended
2 Method of propagation Stooling/Layering/
4 Shape of rootstock Straight & vigorous
5 Age of the rootstock (months) 12
6 Height of the rootstock (cm) 50-70cm
7 Girth of the rootstock above 10cm from ground level
(cm)
0.5-07
11 Length of the budwood (cm) 1.5-2.0
14 Rootstock Well developed tap root system
19 Disease /insect incidence Free from sanjose scale, mites,
other known viruses

27. Propagation Methods
• Sexual (Seed)
Results in wide genetic variation
Still used for rootstocks
Requires stratification at 2-6o
C for 3 months
Some apomictic seedlings (arising only
from maternal cells within ovary)
Ex: stone fruits and nut crops
• Asexual (Vegetative (Clonal))
Identical plants to parent
Principal method of propagation

28. Seed Propagation
• Extraction of seeds
• Removal of hull etc.
• Water soaking, hot water treatment,
treatment with thiourea, GA3
• Scarification-
• Stratification

29. Sl. No. Crop Duration & Temperature
1 Apples and crab apple (Malus spp.) 60-120 days at 3-5 0
C
2 Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
3 Peach (Prunus persica) 75-105 days at 1-50
C
4 Plum (Prunus domestica) 90-105 days at 1-50
C
5 Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) 60 to 90 days at 1-40
C
6 Cherry (Prunus avium) 98-105 days at 1-50
C
7 Sour Cherry (Prunus ceresus) 90-150 days at 1-50
C
8 Wild Black cherry (P. serotina) 30-60 days at -1to 10 0
C
9 Mazzard (P. avium) 100-125 days at 30
C
10 Mahaleb ( Prunus mahaleb) 88 days at 30
C
11 Walnut (Juglans regia) 60-90 days for 1-100
C
12 Pecan nut/ Hickory (Carya
illinoinensis )
30-150 days for 1-100
C
13 Almonds (Prunus dulcis) 60 days at 4 0
C
14 Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) 98-150 days at 1-50
C
15 Chestnut (Castanea sativa) 98-150 days at 1-50
C
16 Pistachi nut (Pistachio vera) 98-150 days at 1-50
C
17 Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) 20 to 40 days at 3-50
C
Stratification period and temperature

30. Stratification

31. Propagation by Division
• Mounding (stooling)
1-year-old rooted plants planted vertically
in spring & left unpruned for 1 year
Shoots cut back following spring & soil or
sawdust mounded around shoot bases
• Layering (in trenches with stone fruits)
1-year-old rooted plants planted obilquely &
left unpruned for 1 year
Shoots bent & secured flat to ground
following spring & soil or sawdust
mounded around shoot bases

32. Stooling or Layering
• Rooting stimulated by excluding light from
stem by blanching or etiolation – covering
with media coupled with moisture and
oxygen at edaphic zone.
• Poor natural soil conditions and
inappropriate media hampers rooting.
• Spray of ethephon (300mg/litre) in mid June
increases rooting in M26.
– Best in – MM-111, M26, MM106, B-118, M4,
M27, Alnarp2, M7, Jork 9, Robusta 5, P-18, 16
– Poor in – M9, P22, B9, P2 and M20
•

33. Plant Propagation MediaSand
Seedlings and
cuttings can be
raised by sand
culture either to be
transferred to
cultures for
hydroponic
gardening or for use
in the outdoor
garden. By this
method seedlings
with very fine root
systems can be
produced;
Perlite
Perlite is a naturally occurring
volcanic rock. The extremely
lightweight particles are
composed of microscopic spheres
that have a porous and broken
surface that promotes healthy root
and plant growth. It provides
excellent aeration and drainage of
the root system while providing a
significant holding capacity for
both water and soluble nutrients.
Perlite is natural, sterile, ultra-
lightweight, non-toxic, and virtually
pH neutral.
Vermiculite
Horticultural vermiculite
is permanent, clean,
odorless, non-toxic and
sterile. It will not
deteriorate, turn moldy
or rot. The pH is
essentially neutral (7.0)
but owing to the
presence of associated
carbonate compounds,
the reaction is normally
alkaline.

34. Mound (Stool) Layering
Rootstock Mounding
sawdust
“Mother”
rootstock
“Daughter”
rootstocks

36. Trench Layering
“Mother”
rootstock
“Daughter”
rootstocks
Layering with
soil or sawdust

37. “Mother” Rootstocks

38. Mounded
daughter
rootstocks

42. Dormant
daughter
rootstocks
Roots of
daughter
rootstocks

44. Field T-budding

48. Ideal root
development

49. What are various methods of stem cutting
propagation?
• Softwood cuttings
– from soft, succulent growth
– 3-5” in length with 2 or 3 nodes
– Cut at angle @ ¼” below a node
– Prunus with intermittent misting
• Semi-hard cuttings
– From woody, broad-leaved plants, new shoots
• Hardwood cuttings
– From one-year-old growth, deciduous or
evergreens Apple, plum, quince

50. Softwood cutting
• Collect in late spring and early summer when shoot growth is at
its most active stage.
• Cuttings from hard pruned stockplants roots easily- MM106, M9
MM111.
• Black adhesive tape band (25mm wide) applied at base of new
shoots in may and June causes blanching.
• Velcro tape pretreated with IBA, 10-20 days before taking
cuttings.
• Avoid desiccation
• 5-20cm cuttings roots best
• Intermittent fogging is more effective than misting in M9 and
MM111
• More popular in peach, apricot, plum, and cherry and less for
apple cutting.

51. Stockplant management before cutting excision
• hardwood cuttings sh. be healthy and grown in
ideal environmental conditions.
• Cuttings are best produced from hard-pruned
hedges grown with adequate irrigation and
nutrition
• Cuttings of ideal size (10mm) can only be produced
in quantity on well-managed nursery hedges.
• Cuttings of MM. 106 taken during the spring and
summer within polythene tunnels enhanced
rooting in comparison with outside in the nursery.
• Etiolation and blanching also enhance propagation
success.
Hardwood cuttings

52. Treatment of the excised cutting
• Bases dipped in solutions of IBA dissolved in ethanol or
acetone.
• When using powder formulations it is important to wet the
cutting base to aid adhesion of the powder and uptake of
the auxin.
• IBA, applied to apple cuttings at 2500 mg/litre and to plum
cuttings at 5000 mg/litre (both in organic solvents) are good.
• Wounding the bases of winter cuttings is a well tried
technique for enhancing rooting success.
– Ex: M.26 was, however, more responsive to wounding than either
MM. 106 or MM. 111

53. Propagation environment
• heating the bases of the cuttings, 21°C were
found to be most suitable for most rootstocks.
• These days, root initiation is stimulated by
insertion into beds of compost (constructed over
low or high voltage cables to provide basal heat)
and later transferred outside to the nursery.
• Cuttings affected adversely by water loss in
autumn and late winter/spring and by water gain
during mid winter.
• Loss of water at low aerial relative humidities was
reduced by wrapping bundles of cuttings in
polyethylene.

54. Hardwood cutting propagation of different
rootstock clones
• Quince rootstocks generally root quite easily from
hardwood cuttings, whereas most Pyrus clones prove
rather more difficult by this technique.
• East Malling method (i.e., dipping the basal 4-5 cm of the
cutting in 2500 mg/litre IBA for 5 s and placing the
bundles of cuttings in a rooting bin over basal heat), the
pear rootstock Old Home x Farmingdale 333 (OH x F333)
was successfully propagated from cuttings.
• Plum rootstocks, such as Myrobalan B (Prunus cerasifera),
St. Julien A, and Pixy {Prunus insititia) are commercially
propagated from hardwood cuttings

55. Propagation of apple rootstocks by cuttings

56. Semi hardwood cuttings
• Good for Prunus- 1000 mg/litre IBA with
misting, Ex: P. mahaleb (80%), Mahaleb x
Mazzard hybrid (70%), Mariana P.2944,
GF305 (95%), GF 677 (80%),
• Poor in Colt (10%)

57. Cherry- Seedling rootstock
• Seedling of paja (Prunus cerasoides var. majestic), bird cherry (Prunus
paddum), mahaleb and mazzard are used for raising sweet cherry plants in
India.
• Seeds of paja do not require chilling treatment to break dormancy but seeds
of mahaleb and mazzard require stratification before sowing.
• Seeds are extracted from fully ripe fruits. They are dried and stored in a cool
place.
• Seeds are soaked in 500 ppm GA3 for about 24hr, then they are stratified by
placing between the layers of sand in a cool place at 2-40
C for 80-120 days for
mahaleb and 120-50 days for mazzard to break seed dormancy.
• During stratification, the medium is kept moist.
• As the embryonic root comes out from seed coat, these are transplanted
6cm deep and 10-15 cm apart in rows spaced at 20-25 cm in nursery beds.
• The nursery beds are mulched with 10-15 cm thick hay and irrigated lightly.
• Mulch material is removed when seedlings attain 5-6 cm height. The nursery
should be watered twice a week and weed-free.

58. Clonal rootstock
•Colt and Mazzard F 12/1 clonal rootstocks are
commercially recommended for raising its plants as
trees on paja show symptoms of delayed
incompatibility.
•Colt is semi-dwarf, compatible with almost all
varieties of sweet cherry, has good anchorage, and is
resistant to gummosis, crown-rot, moderately
resistant to stem-pitting virus and bacterial canker but
susceptible to oak-root fungus.
• Mazzard F 12/1 is semi-vigorous and difficult-to root.

59. • Colt rootstock is easy-to-root and can be multiplied through
cuttings. Hardwood cuttings of 30-45 cm length and of pencil
thickness are taken in February. Cuttings are treated with IBA
(2,550ppm) for 10 seconds and planted in nursery beds for rooting.
Rooted cuttings are lined out in December and grafted with scion
variety in March.
• Cherry plants are propagated mainly through grafting.
• Tongue grafting during February-March is recommended, which
gives a bud-take of more than 90%. For grafting, the scion wood is
collected during winter when the buds are dormant. Scion wood is
packed in moss grass and then wrapped in moist gunny bags. These
packed bundles of scion wood are stored at 2-4 C till these are used
for grafting.

60. Walnut Propagation

61. In beginning of the 20th
century walnut was
commercially propagated by seeds.
Progeny o from seeds are being highly
heterozygous, that they do not come to type, are
highly variable in production and quality of nuts.
1915 vegetative propagation was adopted in
first in California.

62. Preparing seeds
Seeds are generally harvested from September to early November.
Dried in open shed.
Require prolonged moist cold weather before it germinate.
 Therefore seed must be sown or stratified before spring planting.

63. Stratification
Dip the seeds in boiling water 1-minute to clean dirt and
pathogens before stratification.
Place them in rows on moist sand/ vermiculite in two layers.
Depth of sowing 6 inch.
Maintain moist during stratification period (Dec.- Feb.)
Temp. should be 1-40
C.
Seeds can also be stratified in refrigerator in small lots.
Container should be well drained.

64. Preparation of Soil for nursery
For spring planting of germinated nuts nursery should be carefully
prepared.
Sub soiling through mould board, disc and cultivators up to 1-feet
depth.
Irrigation is required a few days before fumigation.
Fumigation should be done 3-months before seed planting.
Apply methyl bromide @450kg/ha .
Fumigation is applied under a plastic cover to kill nematodes and
harmful microorganism.
Seed sowing
Seed is planted about 4-inches deep and 3-5 inches apart, 45cm apart in
rows.
When seedlings are about 10-12 inches tall, they are thinned to a
spacing of 8-10 inches.

65. Factors affecting success of propagation
The Xylem bleeding contains juglone (phenols) –harmful for callus
growth.
The higher phenols leads to oxidation accompanied by the protein
deposition to produce insoluble polyphenols, forms dark necrotic
layer
Humidity requirement:-
Necrotic layer restricts water movement. Lead water stress at
union
Moisture of the scion directly affects the callus formation (less than
39%-no callus formation, ideal moisture content-45%).
Temperature requirements:-
0

66. Selection of scion wood
• Scion must be fully developed and plump with good fresh
preservation and no sign of sprouting.
• Bud is the main organ for the loss of scion moisture. Therefore it
must be grafted before it gets sprouting, if the scion
bud sprouts before grafting, there would be no more
callus formation, if sprouts before callus connection
between scion and stock, the development and
connection of callus would be affected by wasting too
much moisture and nutrition of the scion.
• The bud of the scion is the synthetic position of hormone,
that is, the auxin and gibberellins can be synthesized in the
inflated bud and can transport to the cut-juncture surface to
stimulate the cambium activity, to induce callus formation
to promote the differentiation and connection of the transport
tissue between the scion and stock.

67. Chip budding
Time- summers, usually in May-June & August.
Rootstock and scion cultivar must be in fully growing
stage so that the bark will slip easily.
Bud sticks are prepared about 3 weeks in advance.
Leaves are cut from the bud sticks, leaving a petiole
stub about an inch long that will fall off in 2-3 weeks.
Leaves should be cut from only the basal ½ to 2/3rd
of
the bud sticks.
If too many leaves are cut off, the bark will stop
slipping.
Buds farther out on the stick are less mature and are
likely to be necked..
Bud sticks should be taken from trees of the desired
cultivar, preferably shortly before budding, however, they
may be stored for 3-4 days if they are kept cool and moist.
Chip budding

68. Budding
Method Time Location % success conditions Reference
Chip 25th
May Solan 92 bud
take
controlle
d
Chandel
et al.,
2006
Chip July-August Srinagar 45%
success
Open
field
Verma et
al., 2007
Patch July-August Srinagar 40% Open
field
Verma et
al., 2007

69. Chip

70. Patch Budding
Double blade knife is used to remove
a patch of bark from the rootstock and a
patch containing the bud from the bud
stick.
Bud stick patch should be the width
of the prepared place on the rootstock
or slightly narrower so that it can be
tied properly.
As soon as the bud patch is placed on
the rootstock, it must be tied using
plastic/ polythene strip.

71. GraftinG

72. grafting is more difficult than most fruit and nut
crops.
There is bleeding of sap flow occurs mainly due to
root pressure.
If sap comes up under the tape after grafting, it
may kill the graft.
Bleeding can be controlled by cut off the rootstock
2-3 inches above the site for grafting about 2 weeks
before grafting or by making cuts in the rootstock
through the bark and in to wood as low as possible
below the graft.
Bleeding is more when there is a large fluctuation
in temperature.
Extreme cold or heat retard the healing of graft
union.

73. Wedge grafting

74. Procedure
Make a fresh cut at the top of the previously cutoff rootstock
If the stock is bleeding, delay grafting until it stops.
Select a scion stick of the same or slightly smaller diameter than the
rootstock.
Make the long sloping cuts on scion and rootstock, about 21/2
inches
long, v-cut.
Fit the sections together, carefully positioning the cambium at the
bottom of the graft.
Tie properly.

75. Uniting process in grafting
1.After 5 days : No callus formation.
2.After 5 to 7 days : Callus initiation.
3. After 15 days : Connection of out layer
of stock cortex and inner layer of scion cortex
connected with calli
Walnut do not produce any callus (healing tissue) -
below 200
c
Ideal temperature for healing - 260
c
Temperature below 21-230
c delayed grafting.
Temp. above 33 is detrimental.

76. Actinidia deliciosa. Kiwifruit. Chinese gooseberry
Kiwi vines are propagated commercially mostly by grafting cultivars
to seedling rootstocks.
Seed. Seedling plants have a long juvenile period and their sex
cannot be determined until fruiting at 7 years or more.
Seed should be taken from soft, well-ripened fruit, dried and stored at
5°C (41°F). After at least 2 weeks at this temperature, subject seed to
fluctuating temperatures—10°C (50°F) night and 20°C (68°F) day—for
2 or 3 weeks before
planting.
Cuttings. Leafy, semi-hardwood cuttings taken from apical and
central parts of current season’s growth in late spring and
midsummer may be rooted under mist in coarse vermiculite with
6,000 ppm IBA.

78. PropagationPropagation
Leafy stem cuttingsLeafy stem cuttings
(3500 ppm IBA)(3500 ppm IBA) GraftingGrafting
Under mist conditionsUnder mist conditions
Under low tunnelsUnder low tunnels
Cleft graftingCleft grafting
90 % success90 % success
Coratina used for RS,
resistant to salinity,
vericillium
Kalamata is
difficult to
prop. By
cuttings

79. Grafting cleft grafting
Raise rootstock of Coratina 7-8 months old
Cleft grafting Aug-Oct & March April
Keep inside the tunnels for 45 days
Take out gradually & keep inside the shade
After 6-8 months ( when graft growth reaches
10cm)
Plants are ready for sale

80. Cuttings
Media for cuttings 1:2(Sand : Peat)
Media for rooted plant 1:2(Sand:Clay)
Time for rooting 8 months
Time for acclimatization 12 months

81. Propagation of
olive through
cuttings

83. Propagation of olive through cuttings
under mist

84. Transplanting of the rooted plants in different
media(1:2 Sand-Clay)

85. Rejuvenation in olive

86. S.No. Crop New emerging method of propagation
1 Apple T-Budding, Chip budding in mid-July-mid August, Whip,
Tongue and Cleft grafting in February – March
2 Pear Tongue grafting in February-March or T-budding during
June-July & August
3 Peach T-Budding,
4 Plum T-Budding, Tongue grafting
5 Apricot T-Budding
6 Almond T-Budding
7 Walnut Chip budding, Patch budding, Annular budding
8 Peacan nut Patch budding, Cleft grafting
9 Hazel nut Tongue grafting
10 Strawberry Runners and stolen
11 Cherry T-Budding
11 Kiwi fruit Hardwood and semi hard wood cutting
12 Olive Semi hard wood cutting
Commercial propagation methods and recommended
rootstocks for higher production

87. In species such as apple, where viruses are thought not to be
transmitted through seed and where nurseries in some parts of
the world find it difficult to maintain the health status of virus-
free clonal rootstocks, seedling rootstocks may have clear
benefits. Seedling avoiding transmission of root-borne diseases
such as crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens).
Fruit Viruses Mode of transmission
Apple Mosaic Scion wood,
Pear Stony pit Scion wood
Cherry Sour cherry yellow Bud transmission
Yellow virus complex Bud transmission
Cherry, peach, plum Necrotic ring spot Seeds, Bud transmission
Cherry Green ring mottle Seed and scion wood
Plum X-disease Leaf hopper,
Peach and plum Peach yellows and little leaf Not known
Prune Constriction disease of
Stanley prune
Myrobalan seeds
Prune , plum Prune mottle Scion wood
Cherry, prune Sweet cherry wrinkle Bud wood

88. Viruses that cause rootstock diseases are a serious
concern for everyone involved in the orchard
industry.
These diseases can be caused by a single virus or
virus-like agent, as well as by a combination of
viruses.
In recent years, certification programs have been very
useful in reducing the incidence of harmful viruses,
and new techniques for early virus detection are
proving to be more effective as well.
The use of virus-indexed stock that has been indexed
to be free of known viruses and subsequently re-
tested for the presence of these diseases prior to
distribution is an important initial step toward
providing the best stock available.
Virus Detection Techniques
More recently, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay test, known as ELISA, has proven extremely
useful in virus disease detection.

89. Disease Causal
organism
Mode of
transmission
Apple,
peach,
Myrobala
n, quince,
pear,
Mazzard
Crown gall
(Agrobacterium
tumefaciens)
Soil, tools, runoff,
dust and infected
planting material
Apple Hairy root or Mop
root (A. rhzogenes)
Soil, tools, runoff,
dust and infected
planting material
Bacterial diseases

90. Thanks