Rajat Sharma presented on the role of rootstocks in temperate fruit production. Rootstocks influence scion traits like size, yield, fruit quality, and stress tolerance through hormone interactions and nutrient/assimilate transport. An ideal rootstock is precocious, dwarfing, high-yielding, stress resistant, and compatible. Rootstock selection depends on soil conditions and desired scion traits. The graft union forms through wound response, callus bridging, and vascular reconnection between rootstock and scion. Incompatibility can occur from structural, physiological, or pathogen issues. Various rootstocks are used for apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, walnuts, almonds, and

1. Master’s Seminar (APH-600)
on
Role of Rootstocks in Temperate
Fruit Production
Speaker: Rajat Sharma
Id. No. : 50952
M.Sc. (Ag.)Horticulture
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, G. B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar

2. Introduction
Physiology of rootstock-scion relationship
Role of rootstocks in temperate fruits
Review of work done in temperate fruits
Conclusion

3. Lower portion root system
Seedling or clonal.
Traits:
Dwarfing, precocity, improvement of fruit
quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance etc.
Hartmann and Kester, 2007

4. A grafted tree is comprised of two components
Scion
Rootstock
Source: extension.org/parts-of-the-grape-vine:-roots

5. Ideal Rootstock
•Precocious
•Dwarfing
•High Yielding
•High quality
•Disease & Insect resistant
•Graft compatible
•Widely adaptable
•Free standing

6. Interstock
Source: courses.cit.cornell.edu
Pear : Old Home between Bartlett and
Quince

7. Stock-Scion Interaction
Effect of rootstock on the scion.
Influence of scion cultivar on rootstock.
Influence of interstock.

8. Size and growth habit.
Precocity in Flowering
and Fruiting.
Fruit set and yield.
Fruit size and quality.
Disease resistance.
Vigour of the
rootstocks.
Form of root system.
 Cold hardiness of the
rootstock.

9. Formation of Graft Union
Lining up vascular cambium of rootstock
and scion
Wounding response
Callus bridge formation
Wound-repair xylem and phloem:
Differentiation of vascular cambium across
the callus bridge
Production of secondary xylem and
phloem from the new vascular cambium in
the callus bridge

10. A, transverse section through a 2-day-old cutting graft shows layer
of necrotic tissues (arrows).
B, callus formation(*) from the cambial region in a 4-day-old cutting
graft .

11. Different forms of cambium bridge. A,
wound vascular cambium (arrows) within
callus in a 21-day-old cutting graft ; B, a
slightly curved cambium bridge (arrows)
in a 30-day-old cutting graft ; C, S-shape
cambium bridge (arrows) in a 36-day-old
cutting graft .
Megre, 2007Latvia

12. How do rootstocks bring about their effects
upon the scion?
•Amount and/or ratio of promoting and
inhibiting endogenous hormones.
•The movement of assimilates (sugars,
amino acids) or mineral elements between
the scion and rootstocks.
•Amount of water taken up and moved
through the rootstocks or inter stock, to the
scion.

13. What is graft incompatibility?
•The interruption in cambial and vascular
continuity, leads to smooth bread at the
point of graft union causing graft failure.

14. External symptoms of graft incompatibility
•Failure to form a successful graft or bud union.
•Yellowing foliage.
• Decline.
•Premature death.
•Overgrowth.
•Suckering.

15. Type Definition example correction cause
Localized
incompatibility
Combinations in which the
incompatibility reaction
apparently depends upon
the actual contact between
stock and scion.
Bartlett grafted on
quince rootstock.
Apple grafted on
pear
Plum on Cherry.
Insertion of Old -
Home as interstock.
structural
Physiological
and biological
Nutritional
deficiency
Presence of
virus
Translocated
incompatibility
Grafts combinations in
which insertion of mutually
compatible inter-stocks
does not overcome
incompatibility.
‘”Hale’s Early’’ peach
on Myrobalan B plum
rootstock.
Nonpareil almond on
Marianna 2624 plum
roots.
Peach cultivars on
Marianna 2624 roots
If same
combination is
tried at
cotyledonary stage
Pathogen
Induced
Incompatibility
Incompatibility due to
various diseases.
 Pear decline
Apple union necrosis
and decline (AUND)
Bridge graft or
Inarching done
with a mutually
compatible
rootstock before
tree dies or break
off at the union

17. Apple
• M. baccata, M. domestica, M.
doumeri,
• M. halliana, M. hupehensis, M.
sargenti, M. sieboldii, M.
sieversii, M. sikkimensis,
• M. sylvestris, M. transitoria,
M.toringoides, M. yunnanensis
Malling Rootstocks
• Dwarfing Rootstocks: M.9, M.27
and M.20
• Semi-dwarfing Rootstocks: M.2,
M.7 and M.26
• Vigorous Rootstocks: M.12, M. 16
and M.25
Malling-Merton Rootstocks
MM.104, MM.106 and MM.111
Other
Northern Spy, Robusta No. 5, Bemali,
Jork 9, MAC1, MAC 9 (Mark), MAC
39, B.9, B.490, B.491, P. 1, P.2, P.
18, P.22, J 9, O 3, O 8, C 6, Novole,
G 30, G 65, KC 1, KC 1-48-41,
Alnarp 2, K 14

18. www.goodfruit.com

19. Rootstocks Abiotic Stress References
M13 and M16 Highly tolerant to
waterlogged condition
Blasse, 1960
M7, M9 and M17 Tolerate drought condition –do-
M7, M16, M25 and MM109 High soil temperature
condition
Holubowicz et al., 1982
M 26 More tolerant to low winter
temperature
Wildung et al., 1973
Ottawa 3,Otawa 4, MM 106
and C-52
Tolerance at -35 °C Holubowicz et al., 1982
Adaptability to Abiotic Stress

20. Nutrient uptake
M9 rootstock showed higher uptake of Ca and
Mn (Roach, 1947)
M1 and M16 having higher amount of Ca in
leaves of fruiting clones (Awad and Kenworthy,
1963)
Trees of Empire apple showed higher
concentration of Mn in leaves on M27 rootstock
(Lord et al., 1985).

21. Geneva Apple Rootstocks - Commercial Releases
Perry, 2012

22. Rootstocks Feature Reference
P 2 Higher Ca uptake Ben and Malgarzata,
2005
P16 Sub dwarf
Good fruit yield and size
Wesley and James, 2001
P 22 Dwarf and stronger than M9 Szczygiel and Czynczyk,
2002
P 60 Good yield efficiency -do-
G 41
(Malling 27 X Robusta 5)
Dwarf and winter hardy
Resistant to fire blight and crown rot
Robinson, 2008
G 935
(Ottawa 3 X Robusta 5)
Most precocious
Resistant to fire blight and crown rot
-do-
G 202
(Malling 27 X Robusta 5)
Resistant to woolly apple aphid -do-
G16
(Ottawa 3 X Malus floribunda)
Early precocity and good yield
efficiency
-do-
V series
V1, V2, V3, V4, V7 etc.
V4 give highest fruit weight
V3 Highest yield efficiency
Autio and Krupa, 2002
Recent development of some apple rootstocks

23. Pear
ROOTSTOCK SPECIES ROOTSTOCKS
Cydonia oblonga, P. amygdaliformis,
P. betulifolia, P. calleryana,
P. caucasica, P. communis, P. cordata,
P. elaeagnifolia, P. kawakamii, P. nivalis,
P. pashia, P. pyrifolia, P. syriaca,
P. ussuriensis, P. xerophila, Sorbus spp.;
Hybrids of: C. oblonga, P. bretschneideri,
P. elaeagnifolia, P. heterophylla,
P. longipes, P. nivalis, P. pyrifolia,
P. sinaica and P. ussuriensis.
Vigorous: OHF 18, OHF 97, OHF 112 and
OHF198.
Semi –vigorous: OHF 217, OHF 267 and OHF
361.
Semi –dwarf: OH F 34, OHF 69, OHF 87,
OHF 230, OH F333, BP 1, CQ 127, CQ 129,
CQ 130, CQ 131 and CQ 133
Dwarf: OHF 51, CQ 132 and CQ 134
Oregon series: Oregon 211, 249, Oregon 260,
Oregon 261 and Oregon 264
Others: Adams, Quince A, Quince C, BP 1, BP2,
BP 3, BA 29, C.132, QR193-16 and Pyrodwarf

24. Nutrient uptake
NUTRIENT ROOTSTOCKS
N P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia
P P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia
K P. pashia, sorbus spp.
Ca Old Home, OH X F clones, P. betulifolia
Mg Cydonia oblonga, sorbus spp
Mn Sorbus spp, P. fauriei
Fe P. amygdaliformis, P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia
B P. eleaegrifolia, P. pashia, P. ussuriensis,
P. betulifolia.
Zn P. betulifolia, P. eleaegrifolia, P. communis
Chaplin and Westwood (1980)

25. Peach Rootstocks
Rootstock Species
Prunus cerasifera, P. davidiana,
P. dulcis, P. ferganensis, P.
insititia, P. kansuensis, P. mira,
P. persica, P. pumila, P. salicina,
P. spinosa;
Hybrids of P. angustifolia, P.
besseyi, P. cerasifera, P.
davidiana, P. dulcis, P. persica,
P. salicina, P. spinosa, P.
tomentosa .
Rootstock Cultivars
Peach- almond hybrids: GF 556
and GF-677.
• Vigorous: T-16, De-Bale, and
Oradea 1.
• Medium vigorous: Manson,
Rancho.
• Dwarfing: Siberian C, Rubira,
Harrow Blood.
Others: Siberian C, Marianna GF
8/1, GF 557, Rutger’s Red Leaf,
Sharbati, St. Julien Hybrid No.1,
& 2, Myram GF 557,
Nemagaurd, S-37 Nemared,
Okinawa, Flordaguard.

26. Commercial peach rootstocks planted in the South-
Eastern United States and their tolerance to nematodes,
short life, and oak root rot.
Rootstock
Cultivar
Ring
nematode
tolerance
Peach tree
short life
tolerance
Root-knot
nematode
resistance
Oak root rot
resistance
Lovell fair fair-good susceptible susceptible
Halford fair fair-good susceptible susceptible
Nemaguard poor poor resistant susceptible
Guardian fair-good very good-
excellent
resistant susceptible
Reighard, 2000

27. Plum
Prunus insititia selections:
St. Julian stocks, St. Julien A, St. Julien K, St. Julien GF 655-2,
St. Julien hybrid 1, St. Julien W 61, St. Julien hybrid 2,
Black Dames, Pixy, Common Mussel
Romanian rootstocks:
Rosior varatic, Corocodus 163, Porumbar De Lasi, Otesani 8
Other:
GF 677, GF 557, Ishtara, Hybrid P 2038,
Citation, Ferlenain, Maridon, Anna,
Agata, Kala Amritsari, Kabuli Greengage
Wangenheim Prune Seedlings

28. Apricot
• ROOTSTOCK SPECIES
• P. amygdalus, P. besseyi, P.
sibirica,
• P. mandschurica, P.
tomentosa, P. mume,
Triploid hybrids of P.
cerasifera x P. spinosa,
• P. insititia.
• ROOTSTOCKS
• Seedlings of Plum, Peach and
Apricot
• Other: Amelia, Agata, Alina,
Marianna GF 8/1, Marianna
2624
• Reine, Claude GF
1380,Pollizo, Haggith, Hybrid
P 2038, St. Julien P 6703

29. Cherry Rootstock Sizes
MxM14 Stock. Morello OCR1 Mahaleb Mazzard seedling
OCR2 MxM39 F12/1
MxM14 MxM60
MxM2
MxM: Mahaleb x Mazzard
Stock. Morello: Stockton Morello
OCR: Oregon Clonal Rootstock

30. Mazzard (P. avium)
Clonal rootstock F12/1 selected
at East Malling, England in
1920s
 Vigorous rootstock
 Requires many years to
come into full bearing
(6-12 yrs) → low precocity
Mahaleb (P. mahaleb)
 Vigorous rootstock
 Better adapted to calcareous
or drought soils
Cherry
Sour cherry (P. cerasus)
Stockton Morello (Originated in Illinois)
 Tolerant of heavy, clay soils
 Semi-vigorous
 Poor anchorage
Edabriz (Selected & released in France)
 Dwarfing & precocious
 Less adapted to light, alkaline soils
Weiroot (Selected near Munich, Germany)
 Incompatible with some cultivars
 Not well adapted to heavy, clay soils

31. WALNUT, ALMOND AND CHESTNUT
ROOTSTOCK SPECIES ROOTSTOCKS
WALNUT:
J. hindsii, J. major, J. regia, J. microcarpa
(J. rupestris), J. sieboldiana ( J.ailantifolia),
J. mandshurica, J. californica, J. nigra;
hybrids of: J. nigra and J. hindsii, Pterocarya
stenoptera
CHESTNUT:
Castanea crenata, C. mollissima,
C. sativa, C. dentate, C. pumila, C. alnifolia,
C. azarkensis, C. henryi
and C. seguinii
WALNUT:
Royal, Paradox
ALMOND:
GF 677, Alnem 1,
Alnem 38, Alnem201,
Hansen 536, 2168,
GF 557
CHESTNUT:
Seedling rootstocks: Gin-Yose, Shibaguri
and Miyagawa No. 20

32. Rootstocks Dwarfing Cold hardy High temp. High moisture
tolerant
Powdery
mildew
APPLE B-490, B-491, J-9, M-7,
M-9, M-26, M-27,
MAC-1, MAC-9, MAC-
39. MM-106, O-3, O-8,
OAR-1, P2, P18.
B-491, B-490, B-
9, O-3, P-2, P-18,
P-22, K-14,
Novole, Alnarp 2,
Robusta 5.
M-7, MM-
109.
MM-116, M-7,
MM-104
P series (P 1,
P2, P 16, P-18).
Pear OHXF 51, Oregon 211,
Oregon 249, OH x F 34,
OH x F 69, OH x F 87,
OH x F 230, OH x F
233.
OH x F series. Oregon-211
and 249,
Oregon-260,
261 and 264.
Oregon 211 X 249,
Oregon 260, 261
and 264.
Oregon 211 and
249
PEACH Siberian C Siberian C, GF-
677, Marianna
GF 8/1, Damas
GF- 1869
Kabuli St. Julien -Hyb
No.1 and No.2,
Myram.
-
PLUM Pixy, St. Julien. St. Julien A,
Marianna-2624,
Marianna GF 8/1.
Marianna GF 8/1,
Marianna 2621,
Damas GF 1869.
-
APRICOT Hyb. P 2038, St. Julien P
6703.
Haggith. -
CHERRY Colt. .W-10, W-13 -
Rootstocks with various Characteristics

33. Crown & root rot Crown Gall Nematodes Canker and
Gummosis
Apple B-9, B-491, MAC-9,
O-3, P-2, Novole, G-
30, G-65.
:- Oregon series
and OH x F
series.
Apricot :- Reine
Claude GF 1380
- -
Pear Oregon Series X OH x
F series
Oregon series and
OH x F series
Oregon series. OH x F series,
Oregon 260, 261 &
264.
peach - Nemaguard, Nemaguard,
Nemared
Lovell, Nemaguard
plum - - Marianna GF 18/1,
Marianna 2624.
Myrobalan B, Pixy
Apricot - Reine Claude - Marianna GF 8/1,
Marianna 2624
cherry Colt F 12/1. - F 12/1, Charger
Cont.

34. Status of India in rootstocks
• CITH, Srinagar
Clonal Rootstock Maintained:
Apple : MM-106, MM-111, M-9, EMLA-106, M-26, M-27, M. baccata,
M. sargentii, M. sikkimensis, M. floribunda, M. macrocarpa,M.
eseltine, M. prunifolia, M. robusta, M. sieboldii.
Cherry : Mazzard, Mahaleb, Colt.

35. Review of work done in
temperate fruits

36. Case study-1
• Title: Effect of Different Rootstocks on Root Distribution of
Apple.
• Authors: D.D. Sharma and J.S. Chauhan
• Location: YSPUHF, Solan
• Proceedings of VIIth on TZFTS, Eds. J.S. Chauhan et al., 167
Acta Hort 696, ISHS 2005

37. TABLE: 1. Effect of different rootstock on vertical root
distribution of apple.
Sharma and Chauhan, 2005Dr. Y.S.P.U.H.F., Solan
MeanDepth
Length of roots (m) according to root
diameter
Total root length
(m)
Mea
n Root weight (g)
(cm) <1 mm Mean 1-3 mm Mean >3 mm Mean M7 MM106 M7 MM106
M7 MM106 M7 MM106 M7 MM106
D1 157.40 137.47 148.43 21.46 14.70 18.08 4.16 6.62 5.39 185.02 158.70 171.87 395.50 368.00 381.80
D2 145.90 106.30 126.10 18.22 15.46 16.84 5.64 8.12 6.88 169.76 129.88 149.82 458.70 315.10 386.90
D3 97.90 77.86 87.90 17.74 13.99 15.87 3.91 6.06 4.99 119.55 97.91 108.76 327.50 299.80 313.70
D4 38.85 37.37 38.11 5.98 6.95 6.46 1.27 4.46 2.86 46.10 48.78 47.43 64.97 180.62 122.79
Mean 110.50 89.75 15.85 12.77 3.74 6.31 130.09 108.83 311.066 290.90
CD0.05
R - 12.31 1.89 1.00 12.26 NS
D - 17.41 2.68 1.42 17.34 51.16
RxD - 24.63 3.79 2.00 24.52 72.13
Depth: D2: 25-50
cm D3: 50-75 cm D4: 75-100 cmD1: 0-25 cm

38. Table 2: Effect of rootstock on horizontal root distribution in
apple.
Dr. Y.S.P.U.H.F., Solan Sharma and Chauhan, 2005
Distance Length of roots (m) according to root diameter Total root length (m) Mean Root weight (g) Mean
from tree <1 mm Mean 1-3 mm Mean >3 mm Mean M7 MM106 M7 MM106
trunk (cm) M7 MM106 M7 MM106 M7 MM106
H1 217.90 170.80 194.30 22.22 17.37 19.80 6.81 9.77 8.29 246.93 197.94 222.40 694.10 529.60 611.80
H2 133.00 108.20 120.60 17.08 16.26 16.67 4.01 8.02 6.02 154.09 132.48 143.29 294.10 389.90 342.00
H3 66.88 57.37 62.11 16.93 10.07 13.50 2.83 4.76 3.80 86.64 72.18 79.41 166.50 176.90 171.20
H4 24.27 22.65 23.48 7.17 7.40 7.29 1.33 2.71 2.02 32.82 32.76 32.79 91.97 67.12 79.60
Mean 110.50 89.75 15.85 12.77 3.74 6.31 130.09 108.83 311.66 290.90
CD0.05 R - 9.62 2.61 0.94 11.09 NS
H - 13.61 3.69 1.33 15.68 55.64
RxH - 19.24 5.22 1.88 22.19 78.71
Distance from tree trunk:
H2: 100-150 cm H3: 150-200 cm H4: 200-250cmH1: 50-100 cm

39. Case Study - 2
T8- (Kainth small fruited/ Sucker/ Punjab
Beauty);
T9- (Kainth small fruited/ Punjab Beauty);
T10- (Patharnakh cutting/ Patharnakh/
Punjab Beauty);
T11- (Patharnakh cutting/ Sucker/ Punjab
Beauty);
T12- (Patharnakh cutting/ Punjab Beauty);
T13- (Sucker/ Patharnakh/ Punjab Beauty);
T14- (Sucker/ Sucker/ Punjab Beauty);
T15- (Sucker/ Punjab Beauty).
T1- (Shiara/ Patharnakh/ Punjab Beauty);
T2- (Shiara/ Sucker/ Punjab Beauty);
T3- (Shiara/ Punjab Beauty);
T4- (Kainth large fruited/ Patharnakh/
Punjab Beauty);
T5- (Kainth large fruited/ Sucker/ Punjab
Beauty);
T6- (Kainth large fruited/ Punjab Beauty);
T7- (Kainth small fruited/ Patharnakh/
Punjab Beauty);

40. Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Plant spread (cm) Rootstock
girth (cm)
Inter stock
girth (cm)
Scion girth
(cm)
T1 4.93 3.58 63.2 56.4 53.6
T2 4.91 2.53 61.0 63.0 49.3
T3 4.52 2.77 50.4 - 41.6
T4 4.26 2.24 48.5 44.3 41.3
T5 4.81 3.64 71.8 69.2 56.3
T6 4.43 2.91 56.6 - 47.0
T7 4.78 3.33 62.0 54.4 49.6
T8 4.05 2.69 49.3 58.3 39.3
T9 4.99 3.54 65.3 - 58.0
T10 4.14 2.13 40.4 37.2 36.6
T11 4.38 2.37 52.6 47.2 41.0
T12 5.00 2.91 57.8 - 51.6
T13 4.68 2.79 56.7 52.2 45.0
T14 4.54 3.12 65.2 53.3 49.3
T15 4.37 2.53 48.8 - 40.0
C.D.
(P=0.05) 0.27 0.38 7.8 5.9 6.6
Table 1 : Influence of different stionic combination on plant growth, rootstock,
inter stock and scion girth of pear cv. Punjab Beauty.
Gill and Singh, 2014PAU, Ludhiana

41. Table 2 : Influence of different stionic combination on yield and quality
characteristics of pear cv. Punjab Beauty
Treatments Fruit number per
plant
Yield
(kg/plant) Fruit weight (g)
Firmness
(lbs)
TSS
(%)
Acidity
(%)
T1 266 29.3 120.1 15.1 13.4 0.39
T2 154 18.2 118.0 14.3 13.8 0.38
T3 144 21.7 143.5 14.9 13.6 0.41
T4 105 13.4 127.2 16.1 13.8 0.44
T5 389 45.7 117.6 14.6 13.1 0.46
T6 287 26.5 110.5 14.6 13.2 0.36
T7 123 14.6 118.1 15.4 14.1 0.38
T8 258 27.5 112.9 13.9 13.7 0.32
T9 321 39.3 122.5 13.8 14.7 0.34
T10 80 8.2 109.1 15.2 13.1 0.38
T11 98 11.7 119.2 15.8 13.1 0.32
T12 185 22.7 122.5 14.1 12.5 0.42
T13 154 17.4 113.0 15.4 12.7 0.44
T14 109 13.5 124.3 13.6 12.9 0.36
T15 54 5.9 110.4 15.6 13.5 0.45
C.D. (P=0.05) 39.8 11.8 6.5 1.15 0.73 NS
Gill and Singh, 2014PAU, Ludhiana*NS: Non significant

42. Case study-3
• Topic: Effect Of Rootstocks On Vegetative And Fruit
Characteristics Of Peach.
• Authors : Harminder Singh, Vishal Kaushal, Anirudh
Thakur, SK Jawandha and SK Sharma.
• Journal: Journal Research Punjab Agriculture University,
47 (1 & 2) : 34-38, March & June 2010.

43. Table 1. Effect of rootstocks on vegetative characters
of peach trees (mean of 2 years)
Treatment combinations Stock girth Scion girth Tree Spread (m) Tree height Canopy volume
(cm) (cm) (m) (m3)
North-South East-west
Early Grande on Sharbati 35.00 33.08 3.46 3.32 3.03 20.06
Early Grande on
Flordaguard 42.00 39.25 3.79 3.75 3.23 26.97
Shan-e-Punjab on Sharbati 26.08 24.37 2.46 2.71 2.33 8.54
Shan-e-Punjab on
Flordaguard 37.00 34.75 3.55 3.73 3.02 21.72
CD (P=0.05) 8.11 6.29 0.76 0.65 0.34 10.91
Singh et al., 2010PAU, Ludhiana

44. Table 2. Effect of rootstocks on fruit yield, yield
contributing characters and fruit quality of peach
(mean of 2 years)
Treatment
combinations No. of
Fruit
yield Yield Fruit Fruit Fruit TSS Acidity
fruits/ tree
(Kg/
tree) efficiency length
diamet
er weight (%) (%)
(Kg/m3) (cm) (cm) (g)
Early Grande on
Sharbati
247.1 16.0 1.07 5.26 4.77 63.52 10.24 0.73
Early Grande on
Flordaguard
434.1 25.9 1.38 5.27 4.87 64.25 10.46 0.72
Shan-e-Punjab on
Sharbati
148.8 7.7 0.95 4.56 4.22 55.36 10.52 0.73
Shan-e-Punjab on
Flordaguard
219.0 14.5 0.76 5.35 4.91 66.86 10.74 0.73
CD (P=0.05) 40.60 2.49 NS 0.15 0.18 3.94 0.13 NS
Singh et al., 2010PAU, Ludhiana

45. Case Study -4

46. Table 1. Tree performance and yield quality of Lapins
sweet cherries.
RootstockS
2009
2004–2009
1999–2009
trunk diameter
(cm)
average fruit weight
(g) SSC (%)
tree die-back
(%)
Gisela 5 7.3 6.1 17.0 56
Gisela 4 9.8 6.9 16.9 6
Gi 497/8 9.9 7.3 16.9 0
Gi 209/1 6.6 5.8 17.2 72
Gi 148/8 8.5 6.4 17.7 33
Gi 195/20 6.6 6.2 17.5 42
Gi 154/7 9.9 7.3 16.7 17
Gi 523/02 8.7 7.6 15.9 40
Weiroot 53 8.1 7.3 16.7 33
Weiroot 158 8.4 7.0 17.8 33
P-HL-A 9.6 7.7 16.8 17
Damil 7.2 7.2 17.1 6
LSD05 0.78 0.39 1.17 –
SSC – soluble solids content Lanauskas et al., 2010

47. Table 2. Flowering, Yield and Yield efficiency of
Lapins sweet cherries
Rootstock No. of flower clusters per tree
Flowering abundance, (0–5 score
scale1)
Yield
(kg/tree)
Yield
efficiency
(kg/cm2 of
TCSA)
average Cumulative Cumulative
Gisela 5 2.6 11.9 0.36
Gisela 4 3.1 35.8 0.65
Gi 497/8 3.0 22.0 0.40
Gi 209/1 2.6 10.5 0.36
Gi 148/8 2.6 11.0 0.24
Gi 195/20 2.7 10.6 0.35
Gi 154/7 2.6 39.9 0.69
Gi 523/02 2.2 21.5 0.56
Weiroot 53 2.7 19.2 0.54
Weiroot 158 2.8 17.3 0.37
P-HL-A 1.9 16.5 0.33
Damil 1.5 8.3 0.29
LSD05 0.46 5.16 0.103
Lanauskas et al.,., 2010

48. Case study -5
Title : The Geneva Series of Apple Rootstocks from
Cornell: Performance, Disease Resistance, and
Commercialization
• Authors : Terence Robinson, Herb Aldwinckle, Gennaro
Fazio and Todd Holleran
• Proc. XXVI IHC – Genetics and Breeding of Tree Fruits and
Nuts513.
• Acta Hort. 622, ISHS 2003.
• Place- U.S.A

49. Table 1.Rootstock infection with fire blight of ‘Gala’ after
blossom inoculation during bloom in 1999 at Geneva.
Rootstocks
% of trees with rootstock infection1
Tree death2
%
M.26 EMLA 100 92
M.9 EMLA 100 83
MM.111 0 8
Bud.9 0 0
G.11 25 25
G.16 0 0
G.30 0 0
G.202 0 0
CG.3041 0 0
Robinson et al., 2003
1Recorded at the end of 1999.
2Recorded at the beginning of 2000

50. Table 2. Survival of ‘Gala’ apple trees on ‘M.9’, ‘M.26’, and CG rootstocks
following a fire blight epidemic at an on-farm trial in New York State.
Rootstocks Tree killed by fire blight
(%)
M.9 93
M.26 75
G.11 19
CG.179 18
CG.30 15
CG.4202 14
CG.3041 13
Robinson et al., 2003

51. Case Study- 6
• Compatibility Behaviour of Plum Rootstocks with
Peach Scions.
• Authors : Deepak Gangwar, R.L. Arora and G.S. Gaur
• Location : GBPUAT, Pantnagar.
• Proc. VIIth on TZFTS.
• Acta Hort 696, ISHS 2003.

52. Rootstock Scion
Per cent success in graftage Nodes/cm. shoot length
Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur
Prabhat Prabhat
Kala Amritsari 88.33 86.00 0.76 0.77
Titron 53.33 44.67 0.82 0.80
Suraj Bhan 34.00 65.34 0.83 0.81
Jardalu 71.66 43.00 0.75 0.78
Calcuttia 77.33 75.67 0.78 0.79
Laddakh 75.66 64.67 0.81 0.79
Alucha Black 55.66 60.00 0.75 0.78
Alfa 73.00 64.34 0.81 0.82
Kabul Greengage 76.66 69.67 0.78 0.76
CD0.05 12.33 10.618 0.022 0.026
Table 1. Effect of various graft combinations on per cent success and
nodes per centimeter shoot length of peach scion.
G.B.P.U.A&T., Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003

53. Table 2. Effect of various graft combinations on vegetative
growth of peach scion on plant growth.
Rootstock Scion
Number of leaves per
branch Height of the plant (cm)
Flordasun
Saharanpur
Prabhat Flordasun
Saharanpur
Prabhat
Kala Amritsari 51.50 38.16 36.20 29.82
Titron 36.66 30.00 24.97 27.16
Suraj Bhan 20.25 26.33 14.44 20.16
Jardalu 23.66 23.66 20.58 17.83
Calcuttia 28.00 31.00 16.20 25.37
Laddakh 31.00 25.00 25.88 17.21
Alucha Black 29.83 26.33 26.84 24.57
Alfa 20.33 27.22 20.67 17.27
Kabul
Greengage 25.33 23.76 14.57 16.47
CD at 0.05 4.491 2.233 2.764 2.691
G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar Gangwar et al., 2003

54. Table 3. Effect of various graft combinations on the stem girth (cm)
of peaches.
Rootstock 5 cm below the union At the union 5 cm above the union
Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur
Prabhat Prabhat Prabhat
Kala
Amritsari 2.82 2.79 3.24 2.65 1.87 1.73
Titron 2.52 2.50 2.75 2.17 1.57 1.66
Suraj Bhan 2.40 2.44 2.30 2.16 1.53 1.52
Jardalu 2.45 2.21 2.82 2.18 1.55 1.59
Calcuttia 2.40 2.66 3.23 2.39 1.54 1.59
Laddakh 1.23 1.41 3.05 2.84 1.60 1.48
Alucha
Black 2.45 2.49 3.08 2.64 1.82 1.83
Alfa 2.44 2.57 2.46 2.83 1.76 1.82
Kabul 2.65 2.78 2.98 2.52 1.75 1.65
Greengage
CD0.05 0.251 0.154 0.210 0.328 0.222 0.221
Gangwar et al., 2003G.B.P.U.A&T, Pantnagar

55. Table 4. Effect of graft combinations on the leaf area and number of
stomata per unit leaf area.
Rootstock
Leaf area (cm2)
Scion
Number of stomata per unit leaf area
Flordasun Saharanpur Flordasun Saharanpur Prabhat
Prabhat
Kala Amritsari 16.58 15.39 18.36 18.41
Titron 12.94 13.46 15.33 16.84
Suraj Bhan 13.08 12.55 16.56 17.20
Jardalu 15.47 13.67 16.26 17.07
Calcuttia 14.28 15.07 16.52 16.81
Laddakh 15.24 13.85 17.38 16.41
Alucha Black 12.38 13.33 16.64 16.90
Alfa 13.31 15.16 16.30 16.36
Kabul Greengage 13.19 13.18 17.49 17.63
CD0.05 1.123 0.711 1.032 0.954
Gangwar et al., 2003GBPUAT, Pantnagar

56. 1.Development of clonal rootstocks
3.Development of complex hybrids
4.Potential of wild species as rootstocks
5.Development of virus free material
6.Development and evaluation of interstocks
7.Development in techniques of molecular biology
FUTURE THRUST
2.Development of site specific rootstocks

57. Conclusion
Several components in future commercial fruit growing on
sustainable basis will depend on successful use of rootstocks for
 Better scion compatibility
 Canopy architecture
 Fruit quality
 Nutrient absorption
 Water use efficiency
 Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
Adaptation under the influence of climate change

58. THANK YOU