Berseem, or Egyptian clover, is an important winter forage crop grown in northern India. It provides nutritious green forage for livestock for 6-7 months each year through multiple cuttings. Berseem originated in Southwest Asia and was introduced to India in the 19th century. It grows best in a cool climate with temperatures between 25-27°C and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Breeding efforts aim to develop varieties with higher yield, better forage quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further genetic improvement of berseem is limited by its narrow genetic base.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
maize crop production,cereals, production technology,PJTSAU, production, productivity, varieties, nutrient availability, production in India, role in indian diet, types and classification of maize, water management , weed management
Methods of varietal identification in crops .This ppt includes a summed up details of all the types of varietal identification methods used in identifying crop
maize crop production,cereals, production technology,PJTSAU, production, productivity, varieties, nutrient availability, production in India, role in indian diet, types and classification of maize, water management , weed management
cultivation practices of garden peas along with processingManasa Chinnu
this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Botanicals:
Toxicants or chemicals derived from plants parts like leaves, stems,
roots, seeds etc which are used in insect pest and disease control
Ex. Neem products, Nicotine, Ryania, Rotenone and Pyrethrum
A botanical pesticide is a type of bio pesticide formulation made up of
crude plant extracts or purified compound of plant species for
managing pest and diseases.
• Extracted from plants
• Broad spectrum pesticides
• Low environmental persistence
• Low residual value
• Degrade very fast under the sunlight
Advantages:
• Do not leave harmful residues
• Cheaper than chemical
• Safe to user, environment and non target sp.
• Safe for insect enemies – predator, parasitoids
• Prevent resistance and resurgence
Disadvantages:
• Not true pesticides
• Readily degraded by UV rays or sunlight
• Slow speed of action
• High specificity
• Effective period is less – low self life
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
Consultative group on International agriculture reseach, is a global partnership that unites international organizations engaged in research about food security. CGIAR research aims to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of natural resources.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Content
• Introduction
• Forage Quality
• Global and Indian
Scenario
• Taxonomy
• Types of Berseem
• Habit
• Floral Biology
• Origin
• Distribution
• Soil and Climate
• Breeding Objectives
• Limitations
• Future Prospects
3. Introduction
• Berseem or Egyptian clover is popularly known as the King of
fodder crops for irrigated condition of Northern India
• It is available for 6-7 month from November to May, gives 4 -
6 cuts during winter, spring and early summer
• The green forage can also be converted in to excellent hay and
utilized for enrichment of poor quality roughages like Kadbis
and straw
• Berseem also has soil building characteristics and improves
the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil
resulting in better growth and yield of crops in rotation
• Hence, important for conservation farming and imparts
sustainability to soil productivity and crop production system
4. Origin
• Berseem originated in SW Asia (Syria)
• It was introduced into Egypt in the 6th century, into
India in the 19th century and into Pakistan, South
Africa, the USA and Australia in the 20th century
• Also grown in some areas of southern Europe
• Berseem has been one of the fastest spreading
fodder species in recent times, mainly under small-
scale farming conditions
5. Distribution
• It is cultivated from 35°N to the Tropics, from
sea level up to 750 m (1500 m in North West
Himalaya)
• Berseem is mainly valued as a winter crop in
the subtropics as it grows well in mild winter
and recovers strongly after cutting
• It does not grow well under hot summer
conditions
6. Forage quality
• Berseem is highly nutritious, succulent and palatable
forage for all types of livestock.
• It stimulates milk production of cows and buffaloes
• It is popular both for milch and draught animals.
• Berseem is a good source of crude protein, calcium,
phosphorus and ether extract.
• The green forage of Berseem (on dry matter basis)
contains 17-22% CP, 62% TDN includes 42-49%
neutral detergent fibre, 35-38% acid detergent fibre,
24-25% cellulose and 7-10% hemicellulose.
7. Global and Indian
scenario
Area: India- 2 mha
Egypt- 1.1 mha
Pakistan- 0.71 mha
Forage Productivity:
60-120 tonnes/ha
India Berseem Producing Regions
9. Types of Berseem
• Berseem is a variable species that can be classified
into four cultivars groups according to their
branching behavior & subsequent productivity:
1. Highly branching and productive types -
a). Miscawi, b). Kahdrawi (can yield 4-6
cuttings/season)
2. Saidi can be cut only twice
3. Fahli berseem is a low branching cultivar and is
more adapted to dry areas
11. Habit
• Berseem is an annual, sparsely hairy, erect forage legume, grow 30
to 80 cm high
• Roots: shallow taproot, not beyond two feet in general and contains
nodules
• Stem: hollow, branching at the base, with alternate leaves bearing 4-
5 cm long & 2-3 cm broad leaflets
• Leaves: trifoliate, petiolate, membranous, oblong-elliptical to
oblong-lanceolate, arranged alternately except the uppermost leaf
• Inflorescence: contains around 100 papilionaceous flowers,
yellowish-white & form dense, elliptical clustered heads about 2 cm
in diameter
• Pollination: flowers must be cross-pollinated by honey bees to
produce seeds
• Fruit: a pod containing one single white to purplish-red seed
12. Floral Biology
• Cross pollinated plant, entomophilous
• White colored flowers, produced in cluster
• Hermaphrodite
• Five fused sepals & five free petals
• The upper large petal - standard petal
• Two bottom petals, fused, boat-like structure called the
keel
• Stamens: ten, fused filaments are fused (9+1)
• Anthesis occurs in the morning hours, coincides with
maximum pollinator activity, leads to seed setting.
13. Berseem Flower at different phases
Inflorescence
Berseem Seeds
Berseem Crop
14. Soil and Climate
• Berseem is adapted to cool and moderately cold
climate
• Such conditions prevail during winter and spring
seasons in north India which is considered as
favorable and productive zone for this crop
• The optimum temperature at the time of sowing
Berseem is 250C
• For Iuxuriant vegetative growth temperature
range of 250C to 27oC has been found ideal
• Uniformly high temperature in south Indian
conditions limits the cultivation of Berseem.
15. Soil and Climate
• Berseem has some frost tolerance, down to -6°C and as
low as -15°C for some cultivars
• Berseem can grow in areas where annual rainfall ranges
between 550 mm and 750 mm
• It can withstand some drought and short periods of
waterlogging
• It does better than alfalfa in high moisture soils and is
very productive under irrigation
• It is moderately tolerant of salinity and can grow on a
wide range of soils, though it prefers fertile, loamy to
clay soils
• Prefers mildly acidic to slightly alkalinie pH (6.5-8)
16. Breeding objectives
(i) High dry matter yield
(ii) Better quality components– crude protein content,
in-vitro dry-matter digestibility, low percentage of
neutral detergent fibre and toxicity
(iii)High response to inputs
(iv) Tolerance to adverse soils- acidic/saline soils
(v) Tolerance to extreme weather conditions – high
rainfall/ low moisture regime
17. Breeding objectives
(i) Resistance to diseases and insect-pests
(ii) Greater persistence summer persistence in annual multi-
cut forages, e.g. berseem and exploitable regeneration
ability in perennial multi-cuts e.g. lucerne
(iii) Greater aggressiveness/ fast growth
(iv) Competing ability or complementation with the
companion crop, for example, oats competes well in an
intercropping of Oats + Berseem and yield better in
early cuts or first cut and subsequently it allows
berseem to flourish over and above its own production
potential.
18. Limitations
(i) Non-availability of sufficient quantity of quality
fodder seeds
(ii) Non-availability of dual-purpose varieties
(iii)Non-synchronous flowering /anthesis and spikelet
maturity
(iv) Abscission of spikelet after maturity and the
presence of large number of sterile glumes
(v) Overlapping of vegetative and reproductive growth
phases
(vi) Apomictic nature limits their genetic improvement
19. Forage yield
• Forge yield potential of Berseem crop is very high
• Yield potential : 1000 to 1200 q/ha green forage
• Mixed cropping: Japan rape or Chines cabbage 2.25
kg seed/ha increases the yield by 20-25 per cent in
first cut
21. Future prospects
Berseem being an introduced crop in India, genetic
improvement in this crop is hampered by narrow
genetic base and lack of variability in desirable
traits. There is a scope to further strengthen the
genomic resources by developing more SSR
markers, molecular linkage map and mapping of
forage quality and biomass contributing traits which
could be utilized to speed up conventional breeding
programme going on in different research
institutes/universities.