Rocks and minerals[1]
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There are three main types of rocks: 1) Igneous rocks form from solidified magma either below or above the surface. 2) Sedimentary rocks form from compressed and cemented sediment. 3) Metamorphic rocks form from existing igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure.
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Basalts
Basalt is a common volcanic rock formed from rapidly cooled lava. It most often occurs in lava flows due to its low volatile content. Basalt is composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. There are three main types - tholeiitic, alkaline, and transitional - which differ in their mineral composition and origin. The massive Deccan Traps basalt deposits in India were formed from volcanic eruptions associated with the Réunion hotspot around 65 million years ago.
Textures of igneous rocks
The document discusses the texture of igneous rocks. Texture refers to the size, shape, nature and arrangement of constituents in a rock. It is best studied through thin sections under a microscope. There are three main factors for describing texture: degree of crystallization, crystal/grain size, and fabric. Crystal size can range from microscopic to visible by the naked eye. Fabric considers crystal shapes, sizes, and their mutual relationships, which can be equigranular, inequigranular, intergrowths, directive patterns, or intergranular. Texture provides insights into the cooling and crystallization history of magma.
Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. There are different types of fabric including linear fabric formed by elongate minerals, planar fabric formed by platy minerals, and random fabric with no orientation. Foliation specifically refers to any planar arrangement of minerals or structures in a rock. Foliation can be primary, forming during rock formation, or secondary, resulting from deformation. Common types of secondary foliation include cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation. Lineation describes a preferred linear orientation of features in a rock, often related to deformation processes like intersection of planar
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma. There are two main types - extrusive rocks that cool quickly at the surface, and intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through weathering and erosion, transported, deposited, and cemented together over time under pressure. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing their mineral composition and structure to change without melting. The rock cycle shows how rocks continuously transform between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types through geological processes.
Ppt on rocks
Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of fragments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure. The rock cycle describes the interrelationships between these three rock types through geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
Principles of stratigraphy
Introduction
Stratigraphy is the study of strata (sedimentary layers) in the Earth's crust, it is the relationship between rocks and time.
Stratigrapher are concerned with the observation, description and interpretation of direct and tangible evidence in rocks to determine the history of the Earth.
The combination of sedimentology and stratigraphy allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at different times in different places and relate them to each other through the relative ages of rocks
A more modern way of stating the same principle is that the laws of nature (laws of chemistry and physics) that have operated in the same way since the beginning of time.
And thus if we understand the physical and chemical principles by which nature operates, we can assume that nature operated the same way in the past.
Basic principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Principle of Lateral Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Chilled Margins
Correlation
Sedimentary Rocks
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks, including their classification and common types. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from sediments produced by weathering and are later cemented. The document classifies sedimentary rocks into detrital rocks (formed from rock fragments), chemically formed rocks like limestone, and residual deposits like laterite and soils. Detrital rocks like sandstone and shale are the most abundant sedimentary rocks, comprising around 95% of sedimentary layers and 4% and 0.75% of the Earth's crust, respectively.
Igneous structure and genesis (structural geology)
This presentation summarizes igneous rock structures formed from the cooling and solidification of magma. It describes both intrusive and extrusive igneous rock structures. Intrusive structures include concordant structures like laccoliths, lopoliths, sills, and discordant structures like batholiths, stocks, dikes, and volcanic necks. Extrusive structures include primary structures like pillow structures, lava flow structures, vesicular structures, and columnar structures. The presentation provides examples and diagrams to illustrate different igneous rock formations and the geological processes that create their characteristic shapes and features.
Recommended
Basalts
Basalt is a common volcanic rock formed from rapidly cooled lava. It most often occurs in lava flows due to its low volatile content. Basalt is composed mainly of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. There are three main types - tholeiitic, alkaline, and transitional - which differ in their mineral composition and origin. The massive Deccan Traps basalt deposits in India were formed from volcanic eruptions associated with the Réunion hotspot around 65 million years ago.
Textures of igneous rocks
The document discusses the texture of igneous rocks. Texture refers to the size, shape, nature and arrangement of constituents in a rock. It is best studied through thin sections under a microscope. There are three main factors for describing texture: degree of crystallization, crystal/grain size, and fabric. Crystal size can range from microscopic to visible by the naked eye. Fabric considers crystal shapes, sizes, and their mutual relationships, which can be equigranular, inequigranular, intergrowths, directive patterns, or intergranular. Texture provides insights into the cooling and crystallization history of magma.
Foliation and lineation
A fabric describes the spatial and geometric relationships that make up a rock at the microscopic to centimeter scale. It includes planar structures like bedding and cleavage, as well as the preferred orientation of minerals. There are different types of fabric including linear fabric formed by elongate minerals, planar fabric formed by platy minerals, and random fabric with no orientation. Foliation specifically refers to any planar arrangement of minerals or structures in a rock. Foliation can be primary, forming during rock formation, or secondary, resulting from deformation. Common types of secondary foliation include cleavage, schistosity, and mylonitic foliation. Lineation describes a preferred linear orientation of features in a rock, often related to deformation processes like intersection of planar
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous rocks form from the crystallization of magma. There are two main types - extrusive rocks that cool quickly at the surface, and intrusive rocks that cool slowly underground. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through weathering and erosion, transported, deposited, and cemented together over time under pressure. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing their mineral composition and structure to change without melting. The rock cycle shows how rocks continuously transform between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic types through geological processes.
Ppt on rocks
Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of fragments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure. The rock cycle describes the interrelationships between these three rock types through geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
Principles of stratigraphy
Introduction
Stratigraphy is the study of strata (sedimentary layers) in the Earth's crust, it is the relationship between rocks and time.
Stratigrapher are concerned with the observation, description and interpretation of direct and tangible evidence in rocks to determine the history of the Earth.
The combination of sedimentology and stratigraphy allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at different times in different places and relate them to each other through the relative ages of rocks
A more modern way of stating the same principle is that the laws of nature (laws of chemistry and physics) that have operated in the same way since the beginning of time.
And thus if we understand the physical and chemical principles by which nature operates, we can assume that nature operated the same way in the past.
Basic principles of stratigraphy
Principle of Uniformitarianism
Principle of Lateral Horizontality
Principle of Superposition
Principle of Cross-cutting Relations
Principle of Inclusions
Principle of Chilled Margins
Correlation
Sedimentary Rocks
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks, including their classification and common types. It discusses how sedimentary rocks form from sediments produced by weathering and are later cemented. The document classifies sedimentary rocks into detrital rocks (formed from rock fragments), chemically formed rocks like limestone, and residual deposits like laterite and soils. Detrital rocks like sandstone and shale are the most abundant sedimentary rocks, comprising around 95% of sedimentary layers and 4% and 0.75% of the Earth's crust, respectively.
Igneous structure and genesis (structural geology)
This presentation summarizes igneous rock structures formed from the cooling and solidification of magma. It describes both intrusive and extrusive igneous rock structures. Intrusive structures include concordant structures like laccoliths, lopoliths, sills, and discordant structures like batholiths, stocks, dikes, and volcanic necks. Extrusive structures include primary structures like pillow structures, lava flow structures, vesicular structures, and columnar structures. The presentation provides examples and diagrams to illustrate different igneous rock formations and the geological processes that create their characteristic shapes and features.
Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
Rock deformation
Rock deformation is the process by which rocks change shape due to stress and heat. Structural geology studies rock deformation, which can occur through folds, faults, or joints. Folds involve the bending of sedimentary or volcanic rocks into undulating waves, commonly seen as anticlines and synclines or domes and basins. Faults are fractures where the earth's crust is displaced, and include dip-slip, strike-slip, and tensional or compressional faults. Joints are fractures without displacement and include columnar and sheeting joints.
Igneous textures and structures
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
Geological Structures
Geological structures form in the Earth's crust due to geological causes. There are many types of structures including folds, faults, and joints. Folds form when rock layers bend under stress rather than breaking. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines, domes, and basins. Faults form when rock layers fracture and move relative to each other, and include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Joints are fractures where the rock splits but there is no relative movement, and can form due to processes like cooling, tectonics, and unloading.
Metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Igneous rock textures
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
Stratigraphy
This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy. It defines structural geography as the study of dip, strike, outcrops, inliers, outliers, discontinuities, folds, faults, joints and unconformities in rock structures. Stratigraphy is divided into lithostratigraphy, which studies rock layers based on lithology, and biostratigraphy, which uses fossil assemblages to correlate rock ages. The principles of stratigraphy include original horizontality, superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, faunal succession, and uniformitarianism. Types of stratigraphy are lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, geochron
Igneous rocks
This document discusses different types of igneous rocks. It begins by explaining that igneous rocks form from lava or magma and can be extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface, while intrusive rocks form from magma underground. Intrusive rocks can take various forms depending on factors like the viscosity of the magma and the structure of the surrounding rock layers. Common intrusive rock forms include dykes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and batholiths. Extrusive rocks include lava flows. The document provides detailed descriptions of these different igneous rock types and their characteristic features.
Ch21
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from older igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, such as from earthquakes and volcanism. This heat and pressure can flatten mineral grains without melting the rock or change one rock type into another metamorphic type over time. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether their mineral grains form layers (foliated) or not (nonfoliated), and examples include slate, gneiss, and marble. These rocks have various uses including floors, buildings, statues, and tombstones.
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as sand, mud, and minerals. There are two main types - clastic rocks which form from solid particle sediments, and chemical rocks which form from mineral precipitation. Common sedimentary rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, and laterite. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mudcracks provide clues about the depositional environment.
Geometric classification of folds
This document discusses the geometric classification of folds in geology. It defines what folds are and describes their key features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and amplitudes. It then categorizes folds based on various criteria such as the sense of curvature (anticline, syncline), direction of younging (anticlinal, synclinal), symmetry (symmetrical, asymmetrical), nature of the hinge line (cylindrical, non-cylindrical), plunge, interlimb angle, thickness, orientation, and shape of the hinge. It provides examples of different fold types and discusses parasitic folds. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of how folds are classified geometrically in structural geology.
Physical properties of minerals
This lecture discusses the physical properties of minerals, which are important for identifying minerals macroscopically. Isotropic minerals have physical properties that are the same in all directions, while anisotropic minerals have properties that vary by crystallographic direction. Cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and refractive index are described as physical properties related to a mineral's atomic structure, bonding forces, and chemical composition. Cleavage planes form along directions of lowest bond energy. Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale. Specific gravity expresses the ratio of a substance's weight to an equal volume of water. Refractive index is the ratio of light's velocity in a mineral to its velocity in air or a vacuum.
Breccia
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
Banded iron formations formed rapidly
And now for something very different:
Evidence that banded iron formations formed very rapidly
and a proposed YE correlation.
Enjoy the food for thought in this extraordinary period we are all experiencing!
Igneous rocks, types, uses and their composition
In this presentation we have described igneous rocks, their composition, their types and their uses in various fields of engineering.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
Oxidation supergene enrichment
Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from near-surface parts of ore deposits and re-deposit them at depth, resulting in higher metal concentrations. This process forms distinct zones - an oxidized cap, a leached zone, and an enriched zone below the water table where metals precipitate under reducing conditions. Common effects include rendering shallow parts of deposits barren while concentrating metals into narrow, rich zones at depth through mineral alterations and redeposition. Examples of deposits formed or enriched by this process include many copper, lead, zinc, silver, and iron deposits globally.
PETROLOGY
Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins, compositions, textures, and structures. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle, powered by Earth's interior heat and the energy from the sun. Igneous rocks can become sedimentary rocks through weathering and erosion then become metamorphic rocks through burial and increased heat and pressure, and metamorphic rocks can melt to form new magma and igneous rocks.
Igneous petrology.....Masoom
The document provides information on igneous petrology including definitions of key terms like petrography, petrology, and petrogenesis. It describes techniques for classifying igneous rocks based on their texture, mineralogy, chemistry and other properties. Bowen's reaction series is explained as the process by which magma cools and crystallizes into rocks of different compositions. Diagrams like Harker variation diagrams and triangular variation diagrams are used to visualize chemical variations in rock compositions.
Rocks and Minerals
This document provides information about rocks and minerals. It begins by explaining that students will investigate the physical attributes of rocks and minerals in science and create and interpret tables and graphs in math. It then defines the differences between rocks and minerals. Rocks are natural solid materials made of one or more minerals or mineraloids, while minerals are naturally occurring solid materials with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. The document goes on to describe the three types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous - and provides examples. It also discusses what minerals are and provides examples like gold, calcite, talc, and diamond. Tables are included showing student's favorite gemstones and Moh's hardness scale.
sedimentry rock
The document describes the geological process undergone by a rock over thousands of years, starting as a sedimentary rock that was compressed and cemented during weathering and erosion. It then melted for 2,000 years and cooled to form an igneous rock, remaining as such for another 2,000 years before undergoing further weathering, erosion, compaction and cementation as it was cracked and compressed together over millennia.
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Forms of igneous rocks
There are two main forms of igneous rocks:
1) Extrusive rocks form from lava erupted at the Earth's surface and cool rapidly. They include lava flows, pyroclastic deposits like volcanic ash and tuff.
2) Intrusive rocks form from magma that cools below the surface. They can be concordant, forming sheets and domes parallel to layers, like sills and laccoliths, or discordant and cutting across layers, like dikes, batholiths, and volcanic necks.
Rock deformation
Rock deformation is the process by which rocks change shape due to stress and heat. Structural geology studies rock deformation, which can occur through folds, faults, or joints. Folds involve the bending of sedimentary or volcanic rocks into undulating waves, commonly seen as anticlines and synclines or domes and basins. Faults are fractures where the earth's crust is displaced, and include dip-slip, strike-slip, and tensional or compressional faults. Joints are fractures without displacement and include columnar and sheeting joints.
Igneous textures and structures
Igneous rock textures are controlled by cooling rate, with rapid cooling resulting in smaller crystals and slower cooling allowing larger crystals to form. Textures provide information about cooling/crystallization rates and phase relations during crystallization. Textures describe grain features like size, shape, orientation, and boundaries, seen in hand samples or microscopically. Common textures include phaneritic (with evident crystals), porphyritic (with larger phenocrysts in fine-grained groundmass), and graphic (with exsolved minerals forming angular shapes). Compositionally zoned crystals also occur.
Geological Structures
Geological structures form in the Earth's crust due to geological causes. There are many types of structures including folds, faults, and joints. Folds form when rock layers bend under stress rather than breaking. Common fold types include anticlines, synclines, domes, and basins. Faults form when rock layers fracture and move relative to each other, and include normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults. Joints are fractures where the rock splits but there is no relative movement, and can form due to processes like cooling, tectonics, and unloading.
Metamorphic rocks
Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Igneous rock textures
All Igneous rock textures with examples in easy and simple way to understand and increase microscopic studies skills and the way to easily identify igneous rocks under polarized microscope.
Stratigraphy
This document discusses structural geography and stratigraphy. It defines structural geography as the study of dip, strike, outcrops, inliers, outliers, discontinuities, folds, faults, joints and unconformities in rock structures. Stratigraphy is divided into lithostratigraphy, which studies rock layers based on lithology, and biostratigraphy, which uses fossil assemblages to correlate rock ages. The principles of stratigraphy include original horizontality, superposition, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, faunal succession, and uniformitarianism. Types of stratigraphy are lithostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, allostratigraphy, geochron
Igneous rocks
This document discusses different types of igneous rocks. It begins by explaining that igneous rocks form from lava or magma and can be extrusive or intrusive. Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface, while intrusive rocks form from magma underground. Intrusive rocks can take various forms depending on factors like the viscosity of the magma and the structure of the surrounding rock layers. Common intrusive rock forms include dykes, sills, laccoliths, lopoliths, and batholiths. Extrusive rocks include lava flows. The document provides detailed descriptions of these different igneous rock types and their characteristic features.
Ch21
This document discusses mineral and energy resources. It begins by describing how early humans began using minerals like flint and metals over 20,000 years ago. It then covers the formation of different types of mineral deposits including hydrothermal deposits formed from hot aqueous solutions, magmatic deposits within igneous rocks, and sedimentary deposits from precipitation or weathering. Specific examples of important mineral deposits are provided for different minerals. The document concludes by discussing classifications of useful mineral substances and various energy resources.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks form from older igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks through heat and pressure, such as from earthquakes and volcanism. This heat and pressure can flatten mineral grains without melting the rock or change one rock type into another metamorphic type over time. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on whether their mineral grains form layers (foliated) or not (nonfoliated), and examples include slate, gneiss, and marble. These rocks have various uses including floors, buildings, statues, and tombstones.
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments such as sand, mud, and minerals. There are two main types - clastic rocks which form from solid particle sediments, and chemical rocks which form from mineral precipitation. Common sedimentary rocks include conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale, and laterite. Sedimentary structures within the rocks like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mudcracks provide clues about the depositional environment.
Geometric classification of folds
This document discusses the geometric classification of folds in geology. It defines what folds are and describes their key features like hinge lines, axial planes, limbs, and amplitudes. It then categorizes folds based on various criteria such as the sense of curvature (anticline, syncline), direction of younging (anticlinal, synclinal), symmetry (symmetrical, asymmetrical), nature of the hinge line (cylindrical, non-cylindrical), plunge, interlimb angle, thickness, orientation, and shape of the hinge. It provides examples of different fold types and discusses parasitic folds. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of how folds are classified geometrically in structural geology.
Physical properties of minerals
This lecture discusses the physical properties of minerals, which are important for identifying minerals macroscopically. Isotropic minerals have physical properties that are the same in all directions, while anisotropic minerals have properties that vary by crystallographic direction. Cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, and refractive index are described as physical properties related to a mineral's atomic structure, bonding forces, and chemical composition. Cleavage planes form along directions of lowest bond energy. Hardness is measured using the Mohs scale. Specific gravity expresses the ratio of a substance's weight to an equal volume of water. Refractive index is the ratio of light's velocity in a mineral to its velocity in air or a vacuum.
Breccia
Breccia is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix. There are several types of breccia including sedimentary breccia, igneous breccia, hydrothermal breccia, tectonic breccia, and impact breccia. Breccias can have varying compositions depending on the material that forms the angular fragments, and they have various uses as building materials, decorative stones, and jewelry.
Banded iron formations formed rapidly
And now for something very different:
Evidence that banded iron formations formed very rapidly
and a proposed YE correlation.
Enjoy the food for thought in this extraordinary period we are all experiencing!
Igneous rocks, types, uses and their composition
In this presentation we have described igneous rocks, their composition, their types and their uses in various fields of engineering.
Rock Types
There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes, either underground or on the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments, usually deposited by water. Metamorphic rocks were originally igneous or sedimentary rocks, but were changed by extreme heat and pressure within the Earth's crust, altering their structure. Rocks can be transformed between these types through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried deep within the Earth, and sometimes melted.
Oxidation supergene enrichment
Supergene enrichment occurs when oxidizing acids dissolve metal ions from near-surface parts of ore deposits and re-deposit them at depth, resulting in higher metal concentrations. This process forms distinct zones - an oxidized cap, a leached zone, and an enriched zone below the water table where metals precipitate under reducing conditions. Common effects include rendering shallow parts of deposits barren while concentrating metals into narrow, rich zones at depth through mineral alterations and redeposition. Examples of deposits formed or enriched by this process include many copper, lead, zinc, silver, and iron deposits globally.
PETROLOGY
Petrology is the study of rocks and their origins, compositions, textures, and structures. There are three main types of rocks: igneous rocks formed from cooled magma, sedimentary rocks formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks formed from existing rocks subjected to heat and pressure. Rocks are constantly changing between these types through geological processes in the rock cycle, powered by Earth's interior heat and the energy from the sun. Igneous rocks can become sedimentary rocks through weathering and erosion then become metamorphic rocks through burial and increased heat and pressure, and metamorphic rocks can melt to form new magma and igneous rocks.
Igneous petrology.....Masoom
The document provides information on igneous petrology including definitions of key terms like petrography, petrology, and petrogenesis. It describes techniques for classifying igneous rocks based on their texture, mineralogy, chemistry and other properties. Bowen's reaction series is explained as the process by which magma cools and crystallizes into rocks of different compositions. Diagrams like Harker variation diagrams and triangular variation diagrams are used to visualize chemical variations in rock compositions.
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Rocks and Minerals
This document provides information about rocks and minerals. It begins by explaining that students will investigate the physical attributes of rocks and minerals in science and create and interpret tables and graphs in math. It then defines the differences between rocks and minerals. Rocks are natural solid materials made of one or more minerals or mineraloids, while minerals are naturally occurring solid materials with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. The document goes on to describe the three types of rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous - and provides examples. It also discusses what minerals are and provides examples like gold, calcite, talc, and diamond. Tables are included showing student's favorite gemstones and Moh's hardness scale.
sedimentry rock
The document describes the geological process undergone by a rock over thousands of years, starting as a sedimentary rock that was compressed and cemented during weathering and erosion. It then melted for 2,000 years and cooled to form an igneous rock, remaining as such for another 2,000 years before undergoing further weathering, erosion, compaction and cementation as it was cracked and compressed together over millennia.
Sec 4 the lithsphere and hydrosphere
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and energy resources related to the lithosphere and hydrosphere. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic substances with distinct compositions and structures. It describes how minerals are classified based on properties like color, transparency, hardness, and streak. It also discusses the formation and classification of different rock types. Finally, it examines various energy resources derived from the lithosphere and hydrosphere, including fossil fuels, uranium, geothermal, hydropower, and renewable sources.
Lec 8 b - sedimentary rocks - Geology for 1th year | Zagazig university.
Lec 8 b - sedimentary rocks - Geology for 1th year | Zagazig university.
Outlines: _
• origin.
• Diagenesis.
• Grain size.
• Naming and Classifying Sedimentary Rocks
Texture and Weathering
Sedimentry struture
Primary sedimentary structures are features formed during deposition of sedimentary rocks that provide information about the depositional environment. Some key primary sedimentary structures mentioned in the document include stratification, cross-bedding, ripples, graded bedding, sole marks, fossils, rip-up clasts, rainprints, desiccation cracks, imbrication, flute casts, soft-sediment deformation structures like slump folds, flame structures and clastic dikes. These structures can be used to determine paleocurrent direction, relative age, top vs bottom of strata, and the environmental conditions during deposition.
Feldspathoids
Feldspathoids are silicate minerals that are chemically similar to feldspars but deficient in silica. They form in place of feldspars when magma lacks sufficient silica. Common feldspathoids include leucite, nepheline, sodalite, cancrinite, and analcime. Some feldspathoids contain unusual anions like chloride, carbonate, sulfate, or sulfide. Leucite is characteristic of potassium-rich volcanic rocks. Nepheline occurs in both plutonic and volcanic alkaline, silica-poor rocks. Sodalite forms blue veinlets and masses and is found in nepheline syenites and phonolites.
Minerals
This document discusses rock forming minerals and their properties. It defines what constitutes a mineral and compares minerals to rocks. It then describes several key physical properties of minerals that can be used for identification, including luster and transparency, color and streak, cleavage, fracture and parting, hardness, and density. Specific examples are provided to illustrate different types of each property. The document also notes that over 4000 minerals have been identified but only around 50 are abundant, with most composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Minerals are classified based on their dominant anion such as silicates, carbonates, sulfides, oxides, sulfates and halides.
Chapter 6 sedimentary rocks
This document provides a summary of key concepts about sedimentary rocks and the processes involved in their formation. It discusses the main classes of sedimentary rocks including clastic, biochemical, organic, and chemical rocks. Clastic rocks are further classified based on grain size, composition, sorting, and cementation. Sedimentary structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripples provide clues about depositional environments. A variety of terrestrial and marine depositional environments are described where different sedimentary rock types form.
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Rocks and minerals[1]
- 1. By: ISHFAQ RASHIDBy: ISHFAQ RASHID Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
- 2. What are the 3 types of Rocks?What are the 3 types of Rocks? Igneous rock •Igneous rock Is formed by solidification of molten magma. •Interior of earth •Cooling and solidification of magma is at depth coarse grained structure is formed. •
- 3. • On Surface fine grained. • Rate of cooling is high at surface • Igneous which get formed at depth is called plutonic. • Volcanic on surface
- 4. Classification on compositionClassification on composition • Acidic • Intermediate • Basic • Ultrabasic
- 5. Sedimentary rockSedimentary rock • Sedimentary rocks is formed from material that has settled into layers and hardened. • Derived due to weathering and decomposition of earths crust. • Rock is weathered or decomposed,transported. • Mechanical,organically,chemically
- 6. Metamorphic rockMetamorphic rock •is a rock that has changed by heat and pressure. •Due to shear stresses on igneous or sedimentry . •Agents Temperature,Pressure,stress,chemical reactivity
- 7. 3 types of Rocks3 types of Rocks Types of Rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
- 8. Examples…Examples… Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Granite Slate Sandstone Obsidian Marble Limestone Pumice Gneiss Shale
- 9. The Rock CycleThe Rock Cycle Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
- 10. AnotherAnother Rock CycleRock Cycle
- 11. How do Rocks form?How do Rocks form? • How much time does it take to form a rock? – If you squeeze and heat a rock for a few million years, it can turn into a new kind of rock.
- 12. Continued…Continued… • Where does the heat come from? – When rocks are close enough to the magma to be heated but not close enough to be melted, the rocks can be changed.
- 13. Continued…Continued… • Where does the pressure come from? – Rocks below the surface are squeezed by the layers of rock above them. The thicker the layers, the more pressure there is.
- 14. What makes up the earth?What makes up the earth? Crust 1% Mantle 69% Core 30% Crust Mantle Core
- 15. What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference between rocks and minerals?rocks and minerals? • A mineral is a nonliving solid found in nature. • But, aren’t rocks nonliving and found in nature too?? • Then what is the difference between a rock and a mineral?
- 16. Rocks and MineralsRocks and Minerals • Rocks are made up of one or more minerals!!! • The reason why some rocks have more than one color, is because they contain more than one mineral. • Also, some rocks are made of other things, such as sand and pebbles, in addition to minerals.
- 17. How do we know the strength ofHow do we know the strength of rocks and minerals?rocks and minerals? • The Mohs Hardness Scale was designed for us to use as a scale to determine the strength of rocks and minerals. Here are some examples that we could test using the scale.
- 18. Mohs Hardness ScaleMohs Hardness Scale
- 19. In Conclusion…In Conclusion… • Rocks and Minerals are found everywhere on earth. • Rocks are made from minerals and can contain several different kinds. • Rocks can be divided into 3 different groups based on their properties. • People use rocks in many different ways!