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Ii. a. minerals and rocks
The document discusses the rock cycle and how rocks are formed and transformed. It describes the three main rock types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and the processes involved in their formation. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, either deep underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth. The rock cycle diagram shows how rocks continuously transform between these three types through geological processes over long periods of time.
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Ii. a. minerals and rocks
- 2. What I Know What I Learned WhatI want to Learn
- 3. 1. I canidentify common rock- forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. PLEDGE OF LEARNING
- 4. 2. I canidentify and describe the three basic rock types; 3. I can describe how and define what type of environment each of these rock types are formed; and PLEDGE OF LEARNING
- 5. 4. I candescribe how rocks are transformed from one rock type to another through the rock cycle. PLEDGE OF LEARNING
- 7. • naturally occurring,inorganic solid that exhibits a crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. • These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
- 8. 5 CRITERIA TOBE CONSIDERED AS A MINERAL 1. Naturally Occurring - It is a mineral if it has been formed by geologic processes without any human intervention.
- 9. 2. Inorganic -does notcontain any organic compounds. However, minerals like calcite and other shell-forming materials are formed through organic processes but are still considered as minerals if they become part of a rock.
- 10. 3. Solid -A mineralshould exhibit stability at room temperature, which can only be attained if it is solid.
- 11. 4. Crystalline structure -minerals look like crystals since the arrangement of their atoms is ordered and repetitive.
- 12. 5. Can bepresented by a chemical formula -most minerals are chemical compounds and can therefore e presented using a fixed or variable chemical formula. Eg. Quartz (SiO2) Olivine (Mg2SiO4) or (Fe2SiO4)
- 13. ARE THE FOLLOWING COMMONSUBSTANCES MINERALS?
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- 20. OPTICAL PROPERTIES 1. Luster 2.Color 3. Streak MINERAL STRENGTH 1. Tenacity 2. Hardness 3. Cleavage 4. Fracture 5. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
- 21. 1. LUSTER - qualityof light being reflected by the surface of a mineral. a. Metallic Luster - (minerals that look like metals and are shiny) b. Submetallic Luster- (minerals that develop a dull coating and are not as shiny) c. Nonmetallic Luster- (minerals that are described as glassy, earthy, pearly, or greasy).
- 22. 2. COLOR • Usuallythe property used to identify minerals easily. • It is a result of the way minerals absorb light. • Considered to be the least reliable means in identifying minerals.
- 23. A mineral canbe many different colors. Below is Mica.
- 24. Many minerals canbe the same color. Below are gold colored minerals. Which one is gold?
- 25. The answer… None ofthem were real gold.
- 26. Just like withpeople… Outside color does not tell you much about the important characteristics.
- 27. 3. Streak • Thecolor of mineral in powder form.
- 28. MINERAL STRENGTH - determineshow easy the minerals breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
- 29. 4. Tenacity • Levelof the resistance or action or minerals to stress such as crushing, bending, breaking or tearing. • It can tell if a mineral is brittle, malleable, elastic, etc.
- 30. 5. Hardness • itis a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion. • To measure the relative hardness of the minerals, Mohs scale is used.
- 31. Mohs Scale • Developedby a German mineralogist named Frederick Mohs. • It grades 10 fairly common minerals on scale from 1 being the softest to 10 being the hardest.
- 33. Cleavage and Fracture •Used to describe how minerals break into pieces
- 34. 3. Cleavage • Itis the property of some minerals to break along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.
- 36. 4. Fracture • Breaksin a direction where there is no cleavages but exhibit broken surfaces that are irregular and non-planar.
- 37. 5. Specific Gravity •Measure the density of a mineral. • Determines how heavy the minerals is by its weight to water
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- 43. • Is anysolid that is naturally found on earth. • Are natural substances consisting of aggregate minerals clumped together with other Earth materials through natural processes.
- 44. 3 types ofRocks
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- 46. Igneous Rocks • Derivedfrom the Latin word ignis meaning “FIRE”. • Are crystallized from magma or molten or partially molten volcanic materials that came from within Earth.
- 47. What is the difference betweenmagma and lava?
- 48. • Magma isa molten rock material beneath the surface of the earth. • Lava is molten rock material extruded to the surface of the earth through a central vent (volcano) or as fissure eruption.
- 49. 2 Types ofIgneous Rocks 1. Extrusive (Volcanic) 2. Intrusive (Plutonic)
- 51. • Some examplesof igneous rocks are obsidian, pumice, scoria, and granite.
- 52. Sedimentary Rocks • Fromthe root word sediments which means “remaining particles” • Rocks that have formed from the deposition of the different materials on Earth’s surface.
- 53. Types of SedimentaryRocks 1. Clastic 2.Non-Clastic/(crystalline/organic) Evaporites Precipitates Biological Matter
- 54. Clastic • describes rockthat is composed of fragments of other rocks • Classified by size
- 56. Non-Clastic Crystalline • Evaporites • Precipitate Organic •Biological Matter
- 57. • Some typesof sedimentary rocks are gypsum, conglomerate, shale, sandstone, and limestone.
- 58. Metamorphic Rocks • Metameans “change” • formed below the surface of the earth through the process of metamorphism with the recrystallization of minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature conditions
- 59. Types of Metamorphism 1.Contact Metamorphism 2. Regional Metamorphism
- 60. Contact Metamorphism • Happenswhen magma intrudes a cooler rock, hence exposing the rocks to a high temperatures but not a higher pressure. • Occurs when rocks are contact with magma. • creates non-foliated metamorphic rocks • Eg. Hornfels
- 61. Regional Metamorphism • itis during mountain building • occurs on large masses of rocks is exposed to differential stress. • The main metamorphic agent is pressure. • Eg. schist, gneiss
- 62. • Some otherexamples of metamorphic rocks are schist and gneiss.
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- 66. With even moreheat & pressure (High-Grade Metamorphism) … you end up with something that is really Gneiss!
- 67. THE ROCK CYCLE Howare rocks classified?
- 68. Major Rock Groups •Sedimentary – Formed at the Earth’s surface – Clastic (Mineral Fragments or grains, clays) – Non-Clastic • Crystalline (chemical precipitates and evaporites) • Bioclastic (formed organically from shells or plants)
- 69. • Igneous – Formedfrom magma (molten rock) – Plutonic (intrusive):slow cooling, coarse/very coarse crystals – Volcanic (extrusive): quick cooling at the surface, glassy/fine crystals • Metamorphic – Changed by heat and pressure
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