Presentation about the red algae .
Includes the introduction and some brief knowledge about some red algae like thalus
Reproduction and its importance.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
About 20,000 species.
Eukaryotic cell and contain all the membrane bound organelles.
Thallus is green due to the presence of green pigment chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is contained in chloroplast.
Pyrenoids embedded in chloroplast.
Cytoplasm contains vacuoles.
Motile cell of primitive forms contains eye spot or stigma.
Reserve carbohydrates are in the form of starch.
Cell wall invariably contains cellulose.
Produce motile reproductive bodies generally with two or four flagella.
Most are aquatic but some are subarial.
Several species of ulvales and siphonales are marine.
Some strains of chlorella are thermophilic.
Species of chlamydomonas and some chlorococcales occur in snow.
Coloechaete nitellarum is endophytic.
Cephaleuros is parasitic – cause ‘red rust of tea’.
Live epizoically on or endozoically within the bodies of lower animals – chlorella is found in hydra; chlorella beneath the scales of fish; characium on the antennae of mosquito.
Green algae in assosciation with the fungi constitute lichens.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
A chemical substance that is produced in one portion of an organism and moves by diffusion or transport to another portion of same individual or to other individual of same species where it induce specific response is called a hormone.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
General characteristics of Algae,Basis for the classification of Algae,Fritsch classification of algae,Van den Hoek (1995) classified algae into 11 divisions,Chlorophycophyta – The green algae,Rhodopycophyta-The red algae,Cryptophycophyta-The cryptomonads,Euglenophycophyta-The euglenoids,Chrysophyciphyta –The Golden brown algae.
Plant kingdom (11th Biology) for complete 11th and 12th notes 1999 and for PP...ASM NAFIS BIOLOGY
This is uploaded with videos on YouTube, linked provided bellow
Introduction and thalophyta- https://youtu.be/OtVqgSXwpAo
Bryophyta-https://youtu.be/QlmhYUNKA98
Pteridophyta- https://youtu.be/WjVXHVCN5Fs
Gymnosperm-https://youtu.be/Yy6pNmDoyz8
Angiosperm-https://youtu.be/ZDmYYklBwh4
Still you can comment us on YouTube to get more explanation and better videos.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red colo The name "alga" refers to a huge and extraordinarily diversified class of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms. These species are not linked to one another (polyphyletic) since they do not have a common ancestor.
Giant kelp and brown algae are two examples of multicellular algae. Examples of unicellular organisms include dinoflagellates, euglenophytes, and diatoms.
Since most algae need a moist or wet environment to thrive, they can be found everywhere near or inside water bodies. They have anatomical similarities with the land plants, a significant group of photosynthetic creatures. The distinctions stop there since seaweed lack many of the structural elements that are generally seen in plants, such as real stems, shoots, and leaves. Additionally, they lack the vascular tissues needed to transport vital nutrients and water throughout their bodies.
Characteristics of Seaweed
Plants and animals share specific general properties of seaweed.
Eukaryotic cells make up seaweed. Algae, for example, may photosynthesize like plants and have specialized cell organelles like centrioles and flagella that are exclusively found in animals. Manna's, cellulose, and Galatians make up the algal cell walls. Some of the general characteristics of algae are listed below.
Seaweed are photosynthetic organisms
Seaweed can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms
Seaweed lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves are absent
seaweed are found where there is adequate moisture.
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation.
Seaweed are free-living, although some can form a symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
Types of Saweed
Algae come in a variety of varieties. But these are a few of the more well-known kinds:
Red Scum
It is a peculiar species that is also known as Rhodophyta, and it may be found in both freshwater and marine settings. The distinctive red hue of the algae is caused by the pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. There are other pigments that give things their green hue, such chlorophyll a. But neither beta-carotene nor chlorophyll B are present.
Green Algae
It is a large, loosely organized collection of scum that include the essential pigments for photosynthetic activity, chlorophylls A and B, as well as auxiliary pigments like xanthophyll's and beta carotene.
Green scum car
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
The topic discussed in the slides are the Thallophyta with more emphasis on the characteristic of the members of the Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae & Rhodophyceae. Their characteristic features, asexual & sexual reproduction and their economic importance have been discussed
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Red algae, or Rhodophyta are one of the
oldest groups of eukaryotic algae.The
Rhodophyta also comprises one of the
largest phyla of algae, containing over
7,000 currently recognized species with
taxonomic revisions ongoing.
RHODOPHYTA
3. The red algae form a distinct group characterized by having
eukaryotic cells
without flagella and centrioles, chloroplasts that lack
external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked
(stroma) thylakoids, and use phycobiliproteins as accessory
pigments, which give them their red color. Red algae store
sugars as floridean starch, which is a type of starch that consists
of highly branched amylopectin without amylose, as food
reserves outside their plastids.
4. Most red algae are also multicellular, macroscopic, marine,
and reproduce sexually. The red algal life history is typically
an alternation of generations that may have three generations
rather than two.The coralline algae, which secrete calcium
carbonate and play a major role in building coral reefs, belong here.
Red algae such as dulse (Palmaria palmata) and laver (nori/gim) are
a traditional part of Europeanand Asian cuisines and are used to
make other products such as agar, carrageenans and other food
additives.
5. Some examples of red algae
Habitat – You can find dulse on most rocky
shores at any reasonably low tide, but you
do need to ensure the tide is fully out to
make gathering easy. Grows either from a
small discoid holdfast on the rock or
epiphytically on other seaweeds, notably the
large stalks of forest kelp (laminaria
hyperborea).
1.Dulse
Rhodymenia
palmata
6. Thallus —The thallus is flattened and usually dichotomously
branched. It grows in the intertidal zone and at low-water mark,
attached to rocks or to other seaweeds by a discoid holdfast.
Reproduction —Dulse can reproduce sexually, by the joining of
specialized male and femalereproductive cells, called gametes. After
they are released from the sporophyte, the spores settle and grow
into male and female plants called gametophytes. Dulse can
also reproduce asexually through fragmentation or division.
Importance —Dulse can act as a natural alternative to
supplements due to its significant B12 content. Whilst
the benefits of dulseobviously include its high calcium and
potassium levels, the algae also contains substantial levels of
beta-carotene. It's this nutrient which allows the algae to
improve eyesight.
7. Habitat: Inlets, tide pools, and
lowerintertidal zone.
Seasonal appearance: All year. Irish
moss is a red seaweed with flattened
blades that fork off from a short stalk to
form fingers with round, blunt tips. The
blades taper towards disk-shaped
holdfasts, which are actually root-like
anchoring structures.
2.Irish moss
Chondrus
ocellatus
8. Thallus —Irish moss is a relatively small sea alga, reaching up to a little
more than 20 cm in length. It grows from a discoid holdfast and branches
four or five times in a dichotomous, fan-like manner. The morphology is
highly variable, especially the broadness of the thalli.
Reproduction —Irish moss normally has a life cycleconsisting of three phases: male,
female and a spore- producing phase. All phases are similar in size and shape. The
primary mode of reproduction is by the sexual production of spores that then form
small plants.
Importance —Rich in potassium chloride, Irish moss can work wonders for
congestion and mucous and holds anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. It's
also thought to be good for dry skin and for skin conditions ranging from eczema
to psoriasis, making it a valued ingredient for lotions and moisturizers
9. Habitat —Red coralline algae can
be found in most marine habitats.
Articulated corallines grow mostly
in low intertidal and subtidal
coastal areas.
Crustose corallines have been
found in depths up to 500 feet
(152 m).
3.Coralline algae
Coralline
10. Thallus —Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales.
They are characterized by a thallusthat is hard because
of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of
these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but
some species can be purple, yellow, blue, white, or gray-green.
Reproduction —crustose coralline algae reproduce by releasing gametes
into the water column, where they form propagules which drift until
competent to settle. The planktonic phase of algal gametes in in the order of
4-11 days in laboratory conditions but may be much longer in the sea.
Importance —Crustose coralline algae play a variety ofimportant roles in
many marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. We call them coral reefs
because their three-dimensional structures are built by stony coral animals,
which produce limestone as they grow ever upwards towards the sun.
11. 4.Gelidium
Habitat: Pools in lower
intertidal and subtidal,
generally in shaded situations,
southern and western shores,
frequent. Similar
species: Gelidium pulchellum
which does not have strongly
flattened main axes and
occurs higher on the shore.
Gelidium
amansii
12. Thallus —It is a stiff cartilaginous pinnately branched agar yielding
red alga that is attached to the substratum by a number of rhizoids.
Appearance is lace-like. Gelidium is the major source of agar which is
obtained from cell wall.
Reproduction —The vegetative plants occur only in the period coinciding with
the start of the rainy season. The success of vegetative growth is closely
correlated with the success of their sexual reproduction and asexualpropagation.
The triphasic reproductioncycle of Gelidium is apparently similar to that of other
red algae.
Importance —This algae is used to make agar, whose components are the
polysaccharide agarose and agaropectin, from the large amount of algin
which is located in the algae's cell wall, as well it is sometimes served as part
of a salad, puddings, jams, and other culinary dishes in producing regions.
13. Habitats —Lemanea is a genus
of freshwater red algae, in the
order Batrachospermales.
Bothspecies are considered to
be widespread in the northern
hemisphere. Although placed
in the Rhodophyta (red algae) it
in fact is green in colour.
5.Lemanea
Lemanea fluviatilis
14. Thallus —Lemanea is a stiff bristle-like branched or unbranched alga
similar to a coarse horsehair. Close inspection show it to have small
swellings at more or less regular intervals along its length. It grows
to 40 cm in length, in bunches in freshwater. It is blue-green to olive
in colour when young.
Reproduction—They have evolved mechanisms of reproductive isolation to
ensure that their offspring will continue to use separate habitats. Limnetic adults
prefer to mate with limnetic adults and benthic adults prefer to mate with benthic
adults (Rundle et al., 2000). Primary producers compete for nutrients and light.
Importance—important for phytoplankton in terms of
photosynthesis, zinc concentrations above 0.05 mg l−1 are often
considered toxic and impair photosynthesis.
15. Habitat —More specifically, it
belongs to red algae phylum of
laver species (from which comes
laverbread), comprising
approximately 70species. It
grows in the intertidal zone,
typically between the upper
intertidal zone and the splash
zone in cold waters of temperate
oceans.
6.Porphyr
a
Porphyra sp.
16. Thallus —Porphyra thalli appear in nature as free-living organisms, and their
microscopic filaments bore into calcium carbonate substrates such as oyster
shells. Porphyrablades may be from circular to linear in outline, and from a few
centimetres to over a metre in length.
Reproduction —Porphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations.
The thallus we see is the haploid generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming
spores which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually.
Both male and female gametes are formed on the onethallus.
Importance —The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many
Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the
Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of
Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).
17. Habitats —Polysiphonia is
commonly found as an epiphyte
on plants and lithophyte on rocks in
brackish estuaries in the intertidal
and sublittoral regions.
Most species prefer quiet waters
whereas some are found in rough or
even polluted waters.
7.Polisiphoniya
Polysiphonia
elongella
18. Thallus —The thallus is filamentous, red or purple red in colour. The thallus is multi-
axial and all cells are connected by pit connections hence, the name given is
Polysiphonia. Due to continuous branching and re-branching the thallus has feathery
appearance (Fig. 1A). The thalli may reach the length of about 30 cm.
The thallus is heterotrichous and is differentiated into a basal prostrate system and
erect aerial system.
Reproduction—Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is oogamous type and plants are
dioecious i.e., male and female sex organs are produced on different male and female
gametophytic plants. Male Gametophyte: The male sex organs, spermatangia or antheridia
develop on fertile trichoblasts present on tips of male gametophytic plant.
Importance —The ends of the rhizoids are flattened into lobed discs called haptera, which
assist the penetration of the host tissue (Polysiphoniaparasitic form) or confirm
attachment to substrata. The branches may be of determinate and indeterminate growth.
19. Habitat —Thorea is a genus of
freshwater algae in the Phylum
Rhodophyta (red algae). Thorea is a
small alga with filaments up to 200 cm
long, dark green in colour and not red
as are marine Rhodophyta. The
filaments have only as few secondary
branches. Thorea is distributed
throughout temperate and tropical
regions.
8.Thorea
Thorea hispida
20. Thallus —Thorea thalli are dark brown and robust, with pro
fusely branched structure. Filaments are multiaxial, with an
obvious outer assimilatory and inner medullary layers . Algae
filaments are surrounded by a mu mucilaginous envelope.
Reproduction —Thorea is distinguished by having assimilatory filaments not
contained in a common gelatinous matrix withreproductive structures (carpogonia,
spermatangia, carposporangia and monosporangia) at their base, whereas in
Nemalionopsis they are embedded in a gelatinous matrix with reproductive
structures at their apex
Importance —It helps in maintaining the health of the marine ecosystem
because algae are naturally absorbent of carbon dioxide and also provide oxygen
to the water. 4. Fertilizer: Algae are rich in minerals and vitamins. So they also
used as liquid fertilizer which helps in the repairing level of nitrogen present in the
soil
21. Habitat —Bangia grows in
freshwater or in marine habitats,
usually forming dense clumps or
mats, and occur throughout the
intertidal area and subtidally to the
maximum depth at which
benthic algae occur.
9.Bangia
Bangia fuscopurpurea
22. Thallus — Bangia is a red alga that arises from a discoid holdfast and short
stipe consisting of the extensions of rhizoidal cells. Bangia has
unbranched, erect thalliforming initially uniseriate filaments becoming
multiseriate at maturity.
Reproduction— Species ofBangia undergo a heteromorphic alternation of
generation life cycle in which the haploid generation is
dominant. Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual; sexual plants
occur mainly during the cold season of the year, while at other times the
thalli often bear monosporangia only.
Importance—Used as a food source for
organisams , a fodder, in fish farming, as a
fertilizer. also use in a variety of commercial
products etc.
23. Porphyra umbilicalis
10.Laver (nori)
Habitat —Porphyra is a
coldwater seaweed that grows
in cold, shallow seawater. More
specifically, it belongs to red
algae phylum of laver species
(from which
comes laverbread), comprising
approximately 70 species.[2]It
grows in the intertidal zone,
typically between the upper
intertidal zone and the splash
zone in cold waters of
temperate oceans.
24. Thallus —Laver species exhibit an alternation of generations in their life cycles.
The haploidthallus, a sheet of one or two layers of cells embedded in a thin
gelatinous stratum, varies in colour from deep brown or red to pink.
Reproduction —The sexual reproductive structures are borne at the margin of
the thallus, and many species can also reproduce asexually by spores. The
diploid stage, known as the conchocelis, is usually microscopic and consists of
branched filaments of cells.
Importance —It grows best in cold nitrogen-rich water.Laver is harvested, dried, and
used as food in greater amounts than any other seaweed, giving it significant
economic importance. It is also used as a soup base, as a flavouring for other food,
and as a covering for rice-filled sushi.