Food can be preserved through high temperature processing like pasteurization and sterilization. Pasteurization involves heating food to 60-80°C to kill most bacteria but not spores, while sterilization heats food to kill all microorganisms. The heat resistance of microbes depends on factors like water content, pH, and whether they form spores. Proper high temperature processing is important to ensure safety while preserving shelf life.
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep
Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep
Applications for Water Activity and Sorption Isotherms in PharmaceuticalsLabFerrer LabFerrer
The pharmaceutical industry has been measuring moisture for decades.
Why? Because most people think water is the enemy of API stability. Turns out they're only partly right.
Hydrostatic pressure processing involves the use of high water pressure in a special pressure vessel to kill the bacteria but preserve texture, nutrients, and color of food.
You can read more about pasteurization here https://agritimps.com/milk-pasteurization-101
Jam means the product prepared from sound, ripe, fresh, dehydrated, frozen or previously packed fruits including fruit juices, fruit pulp, fruit juice concentrate or dry fruit by boiling its pieces or pulp or puree with nutritive value
Fruit Jelly means the product prepared by boiling fruit juice or fruit(s) of sound quality, with or without water, expressing and straining the juice, adding nutritive sweeteners, and concentrating to such a consistency that gelatinization takes place on cooling. The product shall not be syrupy, sticky or gummy and shall be clear, sparkling and transparent.
Marmallade
This is a citrus fruit product prepared by cooking fruit pulp or extract with sufficient amount of sugar and using shreds of peel as suspended material.
Marmalades are classified into :
1. Jelly marmalade
2. Jam marmalade
Preserves
A mature fruit/ vegetable or its piece impregnated with heavy sugar syrup till it becomes tender and transparent is known as preserve. When fruits are placed in a concentrated sugar syrup, the water moves out of the fruit and sugar moves into it until equilibrium is reached by osmosis. Apple, Cherry, anola, pineapple, pear, mango, papaya, strawberry, etc., can be used for making preserves. FPO specifications for preserves are given in Quality section
Candies Vegetable & fruits
A fruit or vegetable impregnated with cane sugar or glucose syrup, and subsequently drained free of syrup and dried, is known as candied fruit/vegetable. The most suitable fruits for candying are pineapple, cherry, aonla, karonda, papaya, apple, peach, peels of orange, ginger etc.
Heat application has many benefit for eating quality and sensory properties of many food products. Therefore, this chapter discusses much high-temperature processing such as blanching, pasteurization, sterilization, extrusion, evaporation, dehydration, distillation and rehydration.
Applications for Water Activity and Sorption Isotherms in PharmaceuticalsLabFerrer LabFerrer
The pharmaceutical industry has been measuring moisture for decades.
Why? Because most people think water is the enemy of API stability. Turns out they're only partly right.
Hydrostatic pressure processing involves the use of high water pressure in a special pressure vessel to kill the bacteria but preserve texture, nutrients, and color of food.
You can read more about pasteurization here https://agritimps.com/milk-pasteurization-101
Jam means the product prepared from sound, ripe, fresh, dehydrated, frozen or previously packed fruits including fruit juices, fruit pulp, fruit juice concentrate or dry fruit by boiling its pieces or pulp or puree with nutritive value
Fruit Jelly means the product prepared by boiling fruit juice or fruit(s) of sound quality, with or without water, expressing and straining the juice, adding nutritive sweeteners, and concentrating to such a consistency that gelatinization takes place on cooling. The product shall not be syrupy, sticky or gummy and shall be clear, sparkling and transparent.
Marmallade
This is a citrus fruit product prepared by cooking fruit pulp or extract with sufficient amount of sugar and using shreds of peel as suspended material.
Marmalades are classified into :
1. Jelly marmalade
2. Jam marmalade
Preserves
A mature fruit/ vegetable or its piece impregnated with heavy sugar syrup till it becomes tender and transparent is known as preserve. When fruits are placed in a concentrated sugar syrup, the water moves out of the fruit and sugar moves into it until equilibrium is reached by osmosis. Apple, Cherry, anola, pineapple, pear, mango, papaya, strawberry, etc., can be used for making preserves. FPO specifications for preserves are given in Quality section
Candies Vegetable & fruits
A fruit or vegetable impregnated with cane sugar or glucose syrup, and subsequently drained free of syrup and dried, is known as candied fruit/vegetable. The most suitable fruits for candying are pineapple, cherry, aonla, karonda, papaya, apple, peach, peels of orange, ginger etc.
Heat application has many benefit for eating quality and sensory properties of many food products. Therefore, this chapter discusses much high-temperature processing such as blanching, pasteurization, sterilization, extrusion, evaporation, dehydration, distillation and rehydration.
General Principles of Food Preservation:
a. Preservation using High temperature (12D concept), principle of canning
b. Low temperature
c. Drying
d. Food preservatives (organic acids & their salts, Sugar & salt)
e. Ionizing radiations
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Presentation1 food
1. Food preservation by
high temperature
SUBHANANTHINI JEYAMURUGAN,
18PY17, M.SC., MICROBIOLOGY.
AYYANADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE SIVAKASI.
2. Food preservation by high temperature
By destructive effect of heat on microorganisms
Temperature higher than ambient temperature is applied to food
By two methods viz. pasteurization and sterilization.
3. Use of heat at 60~800C for a few minutes for the elimination/ destruction of all disease
causing microorganisms, and reduction of potential spoilage organisms
Commonly used in the preservation of milk, fruit juices, pickles, sauces, beer etc
Milk Pasteurization - heating the milk at 630C for 30 min, called low temperature long
time (LTLT) process;
720C for 15 sec, called high temperature short time (HTST) process. This process
destroys most heat resistant non-spore forming pathogens (Ex. Mycobacterium
tuberculosis), all yeasts, molds, Gram negative bacteria and most Gram positive
bacteria.
Pasteurization:
4. Organisms surviving pasteurization
Some organisms survive pasteurization process. The surviving
organisms are of two types;
1. Thermoduric microorganisms
2. Thermophilic microorganisms
5. Thermoduric microorganisms
Its survive exposure to relatively high temperature but do
not grow at these temperatures.
Example: The non-spore forming Streptococcus and
Lactobacillus sp can grow and cause spoilage at normal
temperature. So, milk need to be refrigerated after
pasteurization to prevent spoilage.
6. Thermophilic
They are not only survive high temperature treatment but
require high temperature for their growth and metabolic activities.
Example: Bacillus, Clostridium, Alicyclobacillus, Geobacillus etc.
7. Sterilization:
Sterilization or appertization - destruction of all viable organisms in food as
measured by an appropriate enumeration method
Kills all viable pathogenic and spoilage organisms
Survivors - non-pathogenic and unable to develop in product under normal
conditions of storage
Thus, sterilized products have long shelf life.
8. Commercial sterility - canned foods to indicate the absence of viable
microorganisms detectable by culture methods or the number of survivors
is so low that they are of no significance under condition of canning and
storage
Foods (solid or semisolid) - packing in cans, sealing and then sterilized
Liquid foods are sterilized, packed in suitable containers and sealed
aseptically
Temperature and time of sterilization given to a food depends on the
nature (pH, physical state, nutritional type etc) of the food being processed
9. Heat resistance of microorganisms is related to their optimal growth
temperature
Psychrophiles are most sensitive and thermophiles are most resistant to heat
treatment
-Spore forming microorganisms are most resistant than non spare
formers
- Gram positive bacteria are more resistant than Gram negative bacteria
- Yeasts and molds are fairly heat sensitive
- Spores of molds are slightly more heat resistant than vegetative cells
Heat resistance of microorganisms
10. Bacterial spores - more heat resistant than vegetative cells
High temperature in canning- spore inactivation
The heat resistance of bacterial endospore is due to their ability to
maintain very low water content in the DNA containing protoplast
Presence of calcium and dipicolonic acid in high concentration in spores
helps to reduce cytoplasmic water
Higher the degree of spore dehydration greater will be its heat resistance
Heat resistance of spores
11. Factors affecting heat destruction of
microorganisms
Water:
◦ Heat resistance of microorganisms increases with decrease in
moisture/ water activity and humidity
◦ This is due to faster denaturation of protein in presence of water
than air.
12. Fat:
◦ Heat resistance increases in presence of fat due to direct effect of
fat on cell moisture
◦ Heat protective effect of long chain fatly acids is better than short
chain fatly acids.
13. Salts:
◦ Effect depends on type of salt, concentration used, and other factors
◦ Some salts (sodium salts) have protective effect on microorganisms
and others (Ca2+ and Mg2+) make cells more sensitive
◦ salts (Ca and Mg) increase water activity, while others (Na+) decrease
water activity there by affecting heat sensitivity
14. Carbohydrtes:
◦ Increases heat resistance of microorganisms due to decreased aw
◦ Heat resistance decreases in the order of;
sucrose>glucose>sorbitol>fructose>glycerol
15. pH
◦ Microorganisms are most heat resistant to heat at their optimum pH
for growth (about pH 7-0)
◦ Increase or decrease in pH reduces heat sensitivity
◦ High acid foods require less heat processing than low acid foods
16. Proteins:
◦ Proteins have protective effect on microorganisms
◦ High protein foods need a higher heat treatment than low protein
foods to obtain similar results
17. Number of microorganisms:
◦ Larger the number of microorganisms, higher the degree of heat
resistance due to the production of protective substance excreted by
bacterial cells, and natural variations in a microbial population to
heat resistance
18. Age of microorganisms:
◦ Microorganisms are most resistant to heat in stationery growth and
least in logarithmic growth phase
◦ Also old bacterial spores are more resistant that young spores
19. Growth temperature:
◦ Heat resistant of microorganisms increases with increase in incubation
temperature, especially in spore formers
◦ This is mainly related to genetic selection favoring growth of heat resistant
forms
◦ Cultures grown at 440C are known to have three times more heat resistance
than those grown at 350C
20. Inhibiting compounds:
◦ Heat resistance of most microorganisms decreases in the presence of heat
resistant microbial inhibitor such as antibiotic (nisin), sulphur dioxide etc
◦ Heat and inhibiting substances together are more effective in controlling
spoilage of foods than either alone
21. Time and temperature:
◦ The longer the heating time, greater the killing effect
◦ But higher the temperature, greater will be the killing effect
◦ As temperature increases, time necessary to achieve the same effect
decreases
◦ The size and composition of containers affect heat penetration
22. Thermal destruction of microorganisms
The preservative effect of high temperature treatment depends on the extent of
destruction of microorganisms
Certain basic concepts are associated with the thermal destruction of microorganisms
include;
◦ Thermal death time (TDT)
◦ D- value
◦ Z- value
◦ F- value
◦ 12D concept
23. TDT - time required to kill a given number of organisms at a specified temperature
Temperature is kept constant and the time necessary to kill all cells is determined
Thermal death point is the temperature necessary to kill given number of organisms
in a fixed time, usually 10 min. But it is of less importance
TDT is determined by placing a known number of bacterial cells/spores in sealed
containers, heating in a oil bath for required time and cooling quickly
The number of survivors from each test period is determined by plating on a suitable
growth media
Death is defined as the inability of organism to form viable colonies after incubation.
Thermal death time (TDT):
24. D-value is the time in minutes required at specified temperature to kill 90% of microorganisms thereby
reducing the count by 1 log units
Hence D – value is the measure of death rate of microorganisms.
It reflects the resistance of an organism to a specific temperature and can be used to compare the relative
heat resistance among different organisms/spores.
D-value for the same organism varies depending on the food type
D -value is lower in acid foods and higher in presence of high proteins
Example: D 250
o
F (121.1
o
C) for B. stearothermophilus: 4-5 min
C. botulinum: 0.1 – 0.2 min.
◦ D 95
o
C for B. coagulans: 13.7 min
B. licheniformis: 5.1 min.
D-value (Decimal reduction time):
25. Z – Value:
Z-value refers to degrees of Fahrheit required for the thermal destruction
curve to drop by one log cycle
Z value gives information on the relative resistance of an organism for
different destruction temperature
It helps to determine equivalent thermal process at different temperature
Example: If adequate heat process is achieved at 1500F for 3 min and Z -
value was determined as 100F, which means the100F rise in temperature
reduces microorganisms by 1 log unit
Therefore, at 1400F , heat process need to be for 30 min and at 1600F for 0.3
min to ensure adequate process
26. F – Value:
F- value is the better way of expressing TDT. F- is the time in minutes
required to kill all spores/vegetative cells at 2500F (12100C)
It is the capacity of heat process to reduce the number of spores or vegetarian
cells of an organism
F – Value is calculated by
F 0 = Dr (log a-log b)
Dr = Decimal reduction time (D value)
a = initial cell numbers
b = final cell numbers
27. 12D concept:
12D concept is used mainly in low acid canned foods (pH >4.6) where C.
botulinum is a serious concern
12D concept refers to thermal processing requirements designed to reduce the
probability of survival of the most heat resistant C. botulinum spores to 10-12
This helps to determine the time required at process temperature of 121o C to
reduce spores of C. botulinum to 1 spore in only 1of 1 billion containers (with an
assumption that each container of food containing only 1 spore of C. botulinum)