Algal Pigments- Structure and Function discusses the various pigments found in algae. It begins by introducing that algae range in size and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms. They contain chloroplasts or chromoplasts in their cells that harbor pigments. The main pigments discussed are chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Each pigment has a unique molecular structure and absorbs different wavelengths of light, allowing algae to capture more of the sun's energy for photosynthesis. The pigments also serve protective functions. In conclusion, the variety of pigments allow different types of algae to
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals. . The term is applied particularly to distinguish heterothallic fungi, which require two compatible partners to produce sexual spores, from homothallic ones, which are capable of sexual reproduction from a single organism.
This lecture is about classification of algae. In this presentation outline of Fritsch's and Smith's classifications are given. Helpful for B. Sc. students.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Its all about pigments in plants Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
Bergey's Manual and it's classification. A brief concised presentation prepared for taking seminar and classes.
Volume II (Edition 2) described more in detail.
Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis. Certain algae are familiar to most people; for instance, seaweeds (such as kelp or phytoplankton), pond scum or the algal blooms in lakes.
Cyanobacteria are important in the nitrogen cycle.
Cyanobacteria are very important organisms for the health and growth of many plants. They are one of very few groups of organisms that can convert inert atmospheric nitrogen into an organic form, such as nitrate or ammonia.
Introduction,In some fungi ,true sexual cycle comprising of nuclear fusion and meiosis is absent.
These fungi derive the benefits of sexuality through a cycle know as parasexuaL cycle.
First Reported by- Gudio Pontecorvo and J.A.Roper(1952)
Parasexual cycle was reported in
Aspergillus nidulans,the imperfect stage of Emericella nidulans.
Since then parasexual cycle has been discovered not only in several members of Deutromycetes but also in fungi belonging to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
DEFINETION - Parasexuality is defined as a cycle in which Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis [Haploidization] take place in sequence but not at a specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism.
Generally parasexual cycle occurs in those fungi in which true sexual cycle does not take place.
Parasexualcycle also know as Somatic recombination. PASEXUALITY ALSO REPORTED IN SOME ORGANISMS- Aspergillus nigar, Penicillium crysogenum, STEPS OF PARASEXUAL CYCLE - 1) ESTABLISHMENT OF HETEROKARYOSIS, 2) Formation of Heterozygous DIPLOIDS, 3) occasional mitotic crossing-over during multiplication of diploid nuclei, 4)occasional haplodization through aneuploidy , COMPARISION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND PARASEXUAL CYCLE, IMPORTANCE OF PARASEXUALITY, C0NCLUSION
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Its all about pigments in plants Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption. Biological pigments include plant pigments and flower pigments. Many biological structures, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigments such as melanin in specialized cells called chromatophores.
Pigment color differs from structural color in that it is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence, usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well.
Jazmín y Daniel tras unir sus corazones por los deseos, primero carnales y luego por lo que crece al disfrutarse uno al otro se vieron separados por un viaje inesperado. Algunos sentimientos nuevos por un lado y la forma de extrañar al ser querido de otro lado; les hizo perder el derecho de brindar el suave labio del amor a sus vidas en conjunto
Oedogonium LifeCycle /vegetative cell/Asexual and sexual reproduction.Katta Vani
Oedogonium belongs to chlorophyta. Fresh water alga .We can easily identify with the help of cap cells. The plant body is haploid and the life cycle is also haplontic type.
What gives carrot & tomato their red color? What is responsible for the yellow color of papaya & mango. This presentation unlocks the secret behind these facts. Enjoy your journey to the colorful world of CAROTENOIDS.
Pigments which are not directly involved in photosynthesis but have the ability to absorb light and transfer it to the principal photosynthetic pigments are called as Accessory pigments. Phycobilins are water soluble pigments that are fairly joined to a protein, which acts as a accessory pigment in photosynthesis. Phycocyanobilin and Phycoerythrobilin are major phycobilins.
Flavonoids are phenolic naturally occurring plant material usually bound to sugar as glycosides.
Flavonoids are represented by C6 C3 C6
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chloroplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms.
Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reaction of photosynthesis)Shekhar Tidke
Importance of photosynthesis. Light reaction of photosynthesis, Dark reaction of photosynthesis. Hill, and Blackman reaction or C3 cycle or Calvin Cycle
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is important to living organisms because it is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth, most organisms would disappear, and Earth’s atmosphere would eventually become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.
Pigments or Biological Pigments can be simply defined as Biochromes or Pigments. These are the substances that are produced by living organisms and have a color that results from the color absorption techniques.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Algal pigments structure and function (2)
1. Algal Pigments- Structure and
Function
Submitted By
Moumita Paul
Dept. of Life Science
and Bioinformatics
2. INTRODUCTION
Algae comprises the simplest plants which possess
undifferentiated roots, stem and leaves or thallus
Range in size from microscopic to single celled
organisms to large seaweed
Chlorophyll containing autotrophic members of
thallopthyta
Members of blue-green algae(Cyanophyta) possess
prokaryotic nature of cells, while the remaining algae
to other division possess eukaryotic nature of cells
Plastids(chloroplast or chromoplasts) are present in
the cytoplasm of each cell.
One or more specialized bodies called pyrenoids
which consists of colourless masses of proteins
sourrounded by starch plates
3. ALGAL PIGMENTS
Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible
light. This makes them appear "colourful". Flowers, corals, and even animal skin
contain pigments which give them their colours. More important than their reflection
of light is the ability of pigments to absorb certain wavelengths
A photosynthetic pigment (accessory pigment; chloroplast pigment; antenna
pigment) is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts of any photosynthetic organisn
and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis
Since each pigment reacts with only a narrow range of the spectrum, there is usually
a need to produce several kinds of pigments, each of a different color, to capture
more of the sun's energy.
The pigments found in algae are
Chlorophyll
Xanthophyll
Fucoxanthin
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin
4. CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is a green pigment found in
cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants
Chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion.
There are different types of Chlorophyll pigment that have been
identified by famous chemists including Richard Willstätter, Hans
Fischer, Robert Burns Woodward and Ian Fleming.
Their structures are based on a chlorin ring at the center of which is
a magnesium ion
The structure can have different side chains depending on the
type of Chlorophyll
5. CHOLROPHYLL a
Chlorophyll a is the most widely occurring and universal type of Chlorophyll.
Molecular formula - C55H72O5N4Mg
Chlorophylls are greenish pigments which contain a porphyrin ring.
Molecular structure consists of a chlorin ring with Mg center.
The chlorin ring is a heterocyclic compound derived from pyrrole
Four nitrogen atoms from the chlorin surround and bind the magnesium atom.
This is a stable ring-shaped molecule around which electrons are free to migrate.
It also has side chains and a hydrocarbon trail
Contains only methyl groups (CH3) as side chains
has a long hydrophobic tail, which anchors the molecule to other hydrophobic
proteins in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
It absorbs light from red, blue and violet wavelengths and gets its colour by
reflecting green.
6. Function
Used in oxygenic photosynthesis
This photosynthetic pigment is
essential for photosynthesis in
eukaryotes, cyanobacteria and
prochlorophytes because of its
role as primary electron donor in
the electron transport chain .
Chlorophyll a also transfers
resonance energy in the antenna
complex, ending in the
reactioncenter where specific
chlorophylls P680 and P700 are
located
Within the reaction centers of
both photosystems there are a
pair of chlorophyll a molecules
that pass electrons on to the
transport chain through redox
reactions
7. Chlorophyll b
A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll
"b", which occurs only in "green algae’’ and
in the plants.
Chlorophyll b absorbs most effectively at
blue 470 but also at 430 and 640
Molecular formula - C55H70O6N4Mg
It is an accessory photosynthetic pigment
Molecular structure consists of a chlorin
ring with Mg center
The chlorin ring is a heterocyclic compound
derived from pyrrole
Four nitrogen atoms from the chlorin
surround and bind the magnesium atom
also has side chains and a hydrocarbon
(phytol) tail
Pyrrole ring II contains an aldehyde group (-
CHO)
8. Function
Absorb energy that chlorophyll a does not
absorb
Functions as a Light-harvesting Antenna in
Photosystem I
9. XANTHOPHYLL
Xanthophyll are yellow pigments that form one of
two major groups of the carotenoids group
It is generally a C40 terpenoid compounds formed
by condensation isoprene units
xanthophylls contain oxygen atoms
Xanthophylls contain their oxygen either as
hydroxyl groups and/or as pairs of hydrogen atoms
that are substituted by oxygen atoms acting as a
bridge (epoxide)
10. FUNCTION
Xanthophyll acts as an accessory light harvesting pigment
Have critical structural and functional role in the photo
synthesis of plants and algae
Also serve to absorb and dissipate excess light energy,
Or work as antioxidants
Xanthophyll may be involved in inhibiting lipid
peroxidation
11. FUCOXANTHIN
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid, which performs a
limited form of photosynthesis in Brown Algae
(Phaeophytes). and other heterokonts.
It is responsible for the brown or olive-green
colour of these algae.
Molecular formula C42H58O6
Fucoxanthin absorbs red light to perform
photosynthesis
The pigment is produced in abundant quantities
by the following edible brown algae : Laminalia
japonica, Undaria pinnatifida , Sargassum
fulvellum etc
It is a xanthophyll — an oxygenated carotene, or
plant pigment
12. FUNCTION
It is a xanthophyll — an oxygenated carotene, or plant pigment
Brown algae is an abundant class of plants, with most species living in
the ocean and employing fucoxanthin for photosynthesis
The substance is sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light, so most
brown algae live in shallow water
It is the main carotenoid produced in brown algae as a component of
the laight harvesting complex for photosynthesis and photoprotections
fucoxanthin as an anti-obesity substance
13. PHYCOCYANIN
Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex from the light-
harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with allophycocyanin
and phycoerythrin
It is an accessory pigment to chlorophyll
Water-soluble, so they cannot exist within the membrane like
carotenoids
Phycocyanin is a characteristic light blue color, absorbing
orange and red light, particularly near 620 nm (depending on
which specific type it is), and emits fluorescence at about
650 nm (also depending on which type it is).
Phycocyanins are found in Cyanobacteria (previously called
blue-green algae).
The most important pigment in Spirulina
14. FUNCTIO
N
Phycocyanin (Pc) is a phycobiliprotein that has been recently
reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological properties. In
this regard, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective
and hepatoprotective effects have been experimentally
attributed to Pc
it reduces carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced lipid
peroxidation in vivo.
Phycocyanin is related to the human pigment bilirubin, which
is important to healthy liver function and digestion of amino
acids. It imparts its anticancer property to Spirulina.
Help in curing anemia
15. PHYCOERYTHRIN
Phycoerythrin(PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from
the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in red
algae and cryptophytes , accessory to the main chlorophyll
pigments responsible for photosynthesis.
it is composed of a protein part covalently binding
chromophores called phycobilins. In the phycoerythrin family,
the most known phycobilins are: phycoerythrobilin, the typical
phycoerythrin acceptor chromophore, and sometimes
phycourobilin
Phycoerythrins are composed of (αβ) monomers, usually
organised in a disk-shaped trimer (αβ)3 or hexamer (αβ)6
In red algae they are anchored to the stromal side of
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, whereas in
cryptophytes phycobilisomes are reduced and are densely
packed inside the lumen of thylakoids.
16. Phycoerythrin is an
accessory pigment to the
main chlorophyll pigments
responsible for
photosynthesis.
The light energy is
captured by phycoerythrin
and is then passed on to
the reaction centre
chlorophyll pair, most of
the time via the
phycobiliproteins
phycocyanin and via
allophycocyanin
R-Phycoerythrin and B-
Phycoerythrin are among
the brightest fluorescent
dyes ever identified
FUNCTION
17. CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it can be cncluded
that Algae are a major group of photosynthhetic
organism
In algae pigments are the means by which the
energy the energy of the sunlight is captured for
photosynthesis
There are various group of algae and can be
classified from one another by the presence of the
photosynthetic pigments
The photosynthetic pigments are- chlorophyll a ,
chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin,
phycoerythrin,
The pigments have wide range of function starting
from photosynthesis to photoprotective activity
18. REFERENCES
Mitra,D.,Guha,J.,Chowdhuri,S.K.2009.Studies in
Botany.Vol(I).2nd ed.Moulik Library,Calcutta
Kumar,P. and Mina,U.2013.Life Sciences
Fundamentals and Practice.Vol(II).3rd
ed.Pathfinder Publication,New Delhi
http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/chlorophyll
-in-plants-benefits-function-definition.html#lesson
www.majordifferences.com/2013/05/difference-
between-chlorophyll-and.html
www.oilgae.com/algae/cla/chl/chl.html
http://www.oilgae.com/non_fuel_products/betacaroten
e.html
Because the electrons move freely, the ring has the potential to gain or lose electrons easily, and thus the potential to provide energized electrons to other molecules. This is the fundamental process by which chlorophyll "captures" the energy of sunlight.