Rheology is the study of flow and deformation of matter. It describes the relationship between force, deformation, and time for all materials from gases to solids. There are two categories of flow - Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian fluids have a linear stress-strain relationship while non-Newtonian fluids have nonlinear or time-dependent relationships. Examples of non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant flows. Rheology is important in many fields including pharmaceuticals, food, concrete, and physiology.
Rheology is the investigation of the progression of issue, fundamentally in a fluid state, yet in addition as "delicate solids" or solids under conditions in which they react with plastic stream as opposed to distorting flexibly because of an applied power. Rheology is the study of misshapening and stream inside a material.
Rheology is the investigation of the progression of issue, fundamentally in a fluid state, yet in addition as "delicate solids" or solids under conditions in which they react with plastic stream as opposed to distorting flexibly because of an applied power. Rheology is the study of misshapening and stream inside a material.
Rheology is the science that study flow of fluids. Viscosity is the main parameter of flow. Newtonian & non newtonian are the two types of flow behavior according to newtons law of flow. non-newtonian flow can be plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, antithixotropic or rheopexy. viscosity can be determined by using various viscometers such as capillary viscometer, cup & bob viscometer, cone & plate viscometer, falling sphere viscometer, brookfield viscometer, etc. factors affeting viscosity are intrinsic, extrinsic or temperature dependence.
Rheology is the science that study flow of fluids. Viscosity is the main parameter of flow. Newtonian & non newtonian are the two types of flow behavior according to newtons law of flow. non-newtonian flow can be plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, antithixotropic or rheopexy. viscosity can be determined by using various viscometers such as capillary viscometer, cup & bob viscometer, cone & plate viscometer, falling sphere viscometer, brookfield viscometer, etc. factors affeting viscosity are intrinsic, extrinsic or temperature dependence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Rheology
1. RHEOLOGY
What is rheology?
Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter and describes the interrelation
between force, deformation and time. The term comes from Greek rheos meaning to flow.
Rheology is applicable to all materials, from gases to solids. The science of rheology is only
about 70 years of age.
The study of viscosity is of true liquids, solutions, dilute and concentrated colloidal
systems.
It is involved in the mixing and flow of materials, their packaging into containers, the
pouring from the bottle, extrusion from a tube or a passage of the liquid to a syringe
needle.
It can affect the patient’s acceptability of the product, physical stability, biologic
availability, absorption rate of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.
It influence the choice of processing equipments in the pharmaceutical system.
2. Importance & fundamentals:
Formulation of medicinal and cosmetic creams, pastes and lotions.
Formulation of emulsions, suspensions, suppositories, and tablet coating.
Fluidity of solutions for injection.
In mixing and flow of materials, their packaging into the containers, their removal prior to
use, the pouring from the bottle.
Extrusion of a paste from a tube .
Passage of the liquid to a syringe needle.
Influence the choice of processing equipments in the pharmaceutical system.
Can affect the patient’s acceptability of the product, physical stability, biologic availability,
absorption rate of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.
Manufacturing of dosage forms: Materials undergo process such as mixing, flowing
through pipes, filling into the containers etc. Flow related changes influence the selection of
mixing equipment.
Handling of drugs for administration: The syringibility of the medicines, the pouring of
the liquids from containers, extrusion of ointment from tubes, all depend on the changes in
flow behavior of dosage forms.
Two Categories of Flow & Deformation
Newtonian (Newtonian Law of Flow):
“the higher the viscosity of a liquid, the greater is the force per unit area (shearing stress)
required to produce a certain rate of shear”
3. Shear – is a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face of a material, as opposed to
a normal stress which is applied perpendicularly.
Shear stress
Measured in (SI unit): pascal
Commonly used symbols: τ
Expressed in other quantities: τ = F / A
A Newtonian fluid (named for Isaac Newton) is a fluid whose stress versus rate of strain curve is
linear and passes through the origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the viscosity.
In common terms, this means the fluid continues to flow, regardless of the forces acting on it.
For example, water is Newtonian, because it continues to exemplify fluid properties no
matter how fast it is stirred or mixed.
A shear stress, is applied
to the top of the square
while the bottom is held in
place. This stress results in
a strain, or deformation,
changing the square into a
parallelogram.
4. For a Newtonian fluid, the viscosity, by definition, depends only on temperature and pressure
(and also the chemical composition of the fluid if the fluid is not a pure substance), not on the
forces acting upon it.
Examples :Water, chloroform, Castor oil,ethyl Alcohol etc.
Viscosity:
It is defined as resistance to the flow. ῃ is the coefficient of viscosity. And is calculated as
ῃ=F/ G
Where F= Shearing stress
G= Rate of shear
Unit of viscosity is Poise or dyne.sec/cm2.
Non-Newtonian:
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties are not described by a single constant
value of viscosity.
Many polymer solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many
commonly found substances such as ketchup, starch suspensions, paint, blood and shampoo.
In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the strain rate is
nonlinear, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore a constant coefficient of viscosity
cannot be defined.
Non-newtonian systems:
Three classes:
Plastic Flow
Pseudoplastic Flow
Dilatant Flow
5. Plastic Flow:
• In which curve does not pass through the origin, the substance behaves initially
• Elastic body and it fails to flow when less amount of stress is applied.
• As increase the stress, leads to non-linear increase in shear rate but after that curve is linear.
• The linear portion extrapolated intersects the x axis at the point called as yield value
So, plastic flow shows Newtonian flow above the yield value.
• The curve represents plastic flow, such materials are called as Bingham bodies.
• Bingham bodies does not flow until the shearing stress is corresponding to yield Value
exceeded.
• So, yield value is important property of certain dispersions.
• The reciprocal of mobility is Plastic viscosity
EXAMPLES: ZnO in mineral oil, certain pastes , paints and ointments.
Plastic flow explained by flocculated particles in concentrated suspensions, ointments, pastes
and gels.
Yeild velue increase stress
Flow
Curve:
6. The equation describing plastic flow is,
U = F – f / G
Where,
f = Yield value
F = Shearing stress
G = Rate of shear
Pseudo plastic flow:
Many P’ceutical products liquid dispersion of natural and synthetic gums shows pseudo plastic
flow.
eg. 1. Tragacanth in water
2. Sod. Alginate in water
3. Methyl cellulose in water
4. Sodium CMC in water
• With increase in the shearing stress the disarranged molecules orient themselves in the
direction of flow, thus reducing friction and allows a greater rate of shear at each shearing
stress.
• Some of the solvent associated will be released resulting in decreased viscosity.
• This type of flow behavior is also called as shear thinning system.
Graph for pseudo plastic flow is like this:
7. In which curve is passing from origin (Zero shear stress), so no yield value is Obtained.
As shear stress increases, shear rate increases but not linear.
The exponential equation shows this flow:
N = no. of given exponent
η = Viscosity coefficient
In case of pseudo plastic flow, N > 1.
More N >1, the greater pseudo plastic flow of material.
If N = 1, the flow is Newtonian.
Dilatant flow:
Certain suspensions with high % of dispersed solids shows an increase in resistance to flow
with increasing rates of shear, such system increase in volume when sheared, such system
called as dilatant flow.
Also, called as “ Shear thickening system” i.e. when stress is removed, dilatant system
return to its original position
Graph for dilatant flow is like this:
In which curve is passing from origin (Zero shear stress), so no yield value is Obtained.
8. Non-linear increase in rate of shear.
Increase resistance to flow on increase rate of shear
The relationship of shear stress-stain for all fluids:
There are also fluids whose strain rate is a function of time. Fluids that require a gradually
increasing shear stress to maintain a constant strain rate are referred to as rheopectic. An
opposite case of this, is a fluid that thins out with time and requires a decreasing stress to
maintain a constant strain rate (thixotropic).
Thixotrophy (Gel-Sol-Gel):
It is defined as, isothermal and comparatively slow recovery on standing of material of a
consistency lost through shearing. It is shear thinning system, when agitated and kept aside it is
expected to return its original state of fluidity, but takes longer time to recover compared to the
time taken for agitation.
Thixotropic behavior can be shown by plastic and pseudo plastic system.
9. Anti-thixotrophy (-ve thixotrophy):
Anti-thixotrophy represents an increase in consistency (high viscosity) rather decrease in consistency in
the down curve.The increase in thickness or resistance to flow with increase time of shear
observed for (magnesia magma). Anti – thixotrophy is flocculated system containing low solid
content ( 1 – 10 %).
Dilatancy system is deflocculated system containing solid content ( > 50 %).
Rheopexy:
Rheopexy is phenomena in which a sol forms a gel more readily when shaken or sheared than
when allow to form the gel while the material is kept at rest.
e.g. Magnesia magma, Clay suspension
In rheopectic system, the gel is the equilibrium state.
In anti – thixotropic system, the sol is the equilibrium state.
Pharmaceutical Applications:
1. The viscosity of creams and lotions may affect the rate of absorption of the products by
the skin.
2. A greater release of active ingredients is generally possible from the softer, less viscous
bases.
3. The viscosity of semi-solid products may affect absorption of these topical products due
to the effect of viscosity on the rate of diffusion of the active ingredients.
4. The rate of absorption of an ordinary suspension differs from thixotropic suspension.
5. Thixotropy is useful in the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions and emulsions.
They must be poured easily from containers (low viscosity)
10. Food rheology:
Food rheology is important in the manufacture and processing of food products, such as
cheese and gelato.
Thickening agents, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture,
increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste. They
provide body, increase stability, and improve suspension of added ingredients.
Thickening agents are often used as food additives and in cosmetics and personal hygiene
products. Some thickening agents are gelling agents, forming a gel. The agents are materials
used to thicken and stabilize liquid solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. They dissolve in the
liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. Food
thickeners frequently are based on either polysaccharides (starches, vegetable gums, and pectin),
or proteins.
Concrete rheology:
Concrete's and mortar's workability is related to the rheological properties of the
fresh cement paste. The mechanical properties of hardened concrete increase if less water is used
in the concrete mix design, however reducing the water-to-cement ratio may decrease the ease of
mixing and application. To avoid these undesired effects, superplasticizers are typically added to
11. decrease the apparent yield stress and the viscosity of the fresh paste. Their addition highly
improves concrete and mortar properties.
Physiology:
Physiology includes the study of many bodily fluids that have complex structure and
composition, and thus exhibit a wide range of viscoelastic flow characteristics. In particular there
is a specialist study of blood flow called hemorheology. This is the study of flow properties of
blood and its elements (plasma and formed elements, including red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets). Blood viscosity is determined by plasma viscosity, hematocrit (volume
fraction of red blood cell, which constitute 99.9% of the cellular elements) and mechanical
behaviour of red blood cells. Therefore, red blood cell mechanics is the major determinant of
flow properties of blood.
12. References:
Textbook of pharmaceutics
Pharmaceutics The Science Of Dosage Form design
www.merriam-webster.com
www.unaab.edu.ng
ciks.cbt.nist.gov
sor.scitation.org
www.rheosense.com
www.msubbu.in/ln/fm/Unit-I/NonNewtonian.htm
www.dictionary.com
encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/pseudoplastic
physics.info/viscosity
en.wikipedia.org