This document discusses various techniques for separating solids, liquids, and gases. It describes processes like gravity separation, sieving, magnetic separation, and chemical leaching to separate contaminants from soils. Filtration, distillation, freeze crystallization, membrane pervaporation, and reverse osmosis are discussed as methods to separate dissolved and undissolved particles from liquids. Finally, techniques for gas separation are covered, including pressure swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, cryogenic distillation, and membrane gas separation.

2. MAHADIA TABASSUM
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AMINA KHATUN
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JONY AHMED
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SUMON ADHIKARI
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MD.SAZZAD HOSSAIN
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AL ZUBER RONY
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MD.ZONAYER HOSSAIN
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MD.SAFI AHMED
Asst . Professor,
Department of Agro Product
Processing Technology,
Jashore University of Science
& Technology.

3. • The creation of two distinct phases from a single
homogeneous mixture.
• The most common type of phase separation is between
two immiscible liquids such as oil and water.

4. • Solid phase separation
• Liquid phase separation
• Gaseous Phase separation

5. There are several types of techniques for separating solids from
soil.
• Gravity Separation
• Sieving /Physical separation
• Dry Soil Separation
• Magnetic separation
• Chemical leaching

6. Gravity separation is an industrial method of separating two
components, either a suspension, or dry granular mixture
where separating the components with gravity is sufficiently
practical.
• Gravity separator lifts the material by vacuum over an
inclined vibrating screen covered deck.
• The heavier impurities are left behind on the screen and
are discharged from the stone outlet.
• Cost effective.

7. • In agriculture Gravity separators are used for the removal
of impurities, admixture, insect damage and immature
kernels from the following examples: wheat, barley,
oilseed rape, peas, beans, cocoa beans, linseed.
• Recycling: Gravity separators are used to remove viable
or valuable components from the recycling mixture i.e.:
metal from plastic, rubber from plastic, different grades of
plastic and these valuable materials are further recycled
and reutilized.

8. • Conventional jigs
• Pinched sluices
– Reichert Cones
• Spirals
• Centrifugal jigs
• Shaking tables

9. • Elementary separation processes.
• Sieves and screens are used to separate different size particles.
Various types of sieves:
• Woven wire mesh sieves
• Perforated plate sieves
• American standard sieves

10. • Separates radioactive particles from clean soil particles.
• In this process, radionuclide-contaminated soil is excavated
and screened to remove large rocks.]
• Large rocks are crushed and placed with soil on a conveyor
belt, which carries the soil under radiation detectors that
measure and record the level of radiation in the material.
• Radioactive particles are tracked and mechanically diverted
through automated gates, which separate the soil into
contaminated and clean segments.

11. • A magnetized medium such as magnetized steel wool is used to
separate slightly magnetic radioactive particles from soil.
• All uranium and plutonium compounds are slightly magnetic
while most soil is nonmagnetic.
• Soil is mixed with water to form a slurry, and the slurry is passed
through the magnetic medium.
• use weak acids such as vinegar to dissolve and wash the metals
from the soil. The metals recovered by the process can possibly
be recycled.

12. • Fugitive dust from dry soil screening and separation is a major
concern.
• Gravity separation processes rely on a difference in particle
density.
• The specific gravity of particles will affect the settling rate and
process efficiency.
• Additionally, settling velocity is dependent on the viscosity of
the suspending fluid, which must be known to estimate process
efficiency and to size equipment.
• Special measures may be required to mitigate odor problems
resulting from organic sludge that undergoes septic conditions.

13. • If it is intended for soil to be returned to its original location.
• A rigorous testing system should be established to ensure that
the soil does not contain low-levels of contamination.
• Magnetic separation may leave a small suspension of
radioactive materials in a slurry.
• It may be more difficult to remediate than the original soil
contamination.

14. • Several types of separation techniques are used to separate
their dissolved and undissolved particles from liquids such as
water . Such as-
 Filtration
 Distillation
 Freeze crystallization
 Membrane pervaporation
 Reverse osmosis

15. • The physical process whereby particles suspended in water are
separated by forcing the fluid through a porous medium (i.e., a
filter).
• The suspended particles are trapped in the filter.
• Relies on the pore size of the membrane, which can be varied to
remove particles and molecules of various sizes.
• Microfiltration processes generally work best for separating very
fine particles (0.1-0.001 microns) from the liquid.
• Sampling the effluent can monitor the effectiveness of these
processes.

16. • A process in which heat is applied to a liquid, causing a
portion of the liquid to vaporize.
• Contaminants with different boiling points from water are
thereby separated.
• The vapors are condensed, producing a liquid product called
distillate.

17. • Freezes contaminated water.
• When the solution is slowly frozen, water crystals form on the
surface, from which they are separated from the remaining
solution.

18. • Uses several permeable membranes to
preferentially sorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from
contaminated water.
• Contaminated water is heated, causing the VOCs to change into
the vapor phase.
• With the assistance of vacuum pressure, VOCs pass through the
membrane wall to a condenser where they return to the liquid
phase.
• Vapor-Phase Separation, described as a separate technology, is
designed to separate vapors from off-gas. However, it uses a
similar concept to membrane pervaporation.

20. • Uses a selectively permeable membrane that allows water to
pass through it, but which traps heavy metals
and radionuclide ions on the other side of the membrane.
• If used for removing radionuclides from water, the size and
charge of the ion being treated affect reverse osmosis.
• Because radium and uranium ions are large and highly
charged, reverse osmosis is particularly effective at removing
these dissolved radionuclides from contaminated solutions.

22. • Reverse osmosis generates a concentrated waste stream
containing radionuclides that must be treated further or
disposed.
• Removal efficiencies for microfiltration have been shown to
be greater than 99 percent for uranium, plutonium, and
americium.
• Depending on what is fed into the system, the microfiltration
process generates three waste streams: a filter cake of solid
material, a filtrate of treated effluent, and a liquid concentrate
that contains the dissolved contaminants. The filter cake and/or
liquid concentrate require further treatment or disposal.

23. • Membrane pervaporation and freeze crystallization are
limited to aqueous waste streams.
• The feed stream should be dilute to make the freeze
crystallization process cost effective.
• The presence of oil and grease may interfere with water
separation processes by decreasing flow rate.
• Space must be adequate for distillation and freeze
crystallization treatment systems. Distillation units are
comparatively tall.
• Explosive compounds should not be used in the
distillation process.

24. • Can refer to any of a number of techniques used to
separate gases, either to give multiple products or to purify a
single product.
• Many types of techniques are available . They are-
 Pressure swing adsorption
 Vacuum swing adsorption
 Temperature swing adsorption
 Cryogenic distillation
 Membrane gas separation

25. • Pressure swing adsorption
 Pressurizes and depressurizes gas around an adsorbent
media to selectively adsorb certain components of a gas,
allowing others to be selectively discarded.
• Vacuum swing adsorption
 Uses the same principle as PSA but swings between vacuum
pressures and atmospheric pressure.
 The two techniques may be combined and are called "vacuum
pressure swing adsorption" (VPSA) in this case.

26. • Temperature swing adsorption
 Uses a similar technique to other swing adsorption techniques
but cycles temperature instead of pressure.
• Cryogenic distillation
 Typically only used for very high volumes because of its
nonlinear cost-scale relationship.
 It makes the process more economical at larger scales.
 Because of this it is typically only used for air separation.

27. • Membrane gas separation
 Membrane technologies are not as well developed as other gas
separation techniques .
 They are less widely used.
 Manufacturing challenges mean the units are better suited for
small to mid scale operations.
 The use partially permeable membranes which allow "fast"
gases to pass through and be removed, while "slow" gases
remain in the airstream and emerge without the original
contaminants.
 Membrane technology is most often used for moisture
removal, hydrogen removal and nitrogen enrichment.