This contains a basic idea about viscosity measurement devices and their principles. Working, principle, construction, and advantages of rotating viscometer are described here.
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
Physical Pharmacuetics,
B.pharm, As per the PCI semester syllabus,
!THIS SLIDE IS SIMPLIFIED BULLETINS, USE THIS SLIDE AND REFER MORE RESPECTIVE TEXTBOOKS!.
THANK YOU:
Rheology is the science that study flow of fluids. Viscosity is the main parameter of flow. Newtonian & non newtonian are the two types of flow behavior according to newtons law of flow. non-newtonian flow can be plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, antithixotropic or rheopexy. viscosity can be determined by using various viscometers such as capillary viscometer, cup & bob viscometer, cone & plate viscometer, falling sphere viscometer, brookfield viscometer, etc. factors affeting viscosity are intrinsic, extrinsic or temperature dependence.
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e., constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid.
This presentation covers concepts such as surface tension, surface energy, liquid drops and bubbles, wetting, capillarity at the elementary school level. Comment down in a box for improvement.
The technology and thermal efficiencies of the coal-fired
cycle have improved dramatically, and the basic idea
of converting the stored energy of coal into electricity
accounts for more than 40% of the world’s power.
This contains a basic idea about viscosity measurement devices and their principles. Working, principle, construction, and advantages of rotating viscometer are described here.
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
Physical Pharmacuetics,
B.pharm, As per the PCI semester syllabus,
!THIS SLIDE IS SIMPLIFIED BULLETINS, USE THIS SLIDE AND REFER MORE RESPECTIVE TEXTBOOKS!.
THANK YOU:
Rheology is the science that study flow of fluids. Viscosity is the main parameter of flow. Newtonian & non newtonian are the two types of flow behavior according to newtons law of flow. non-newtonian flow can be plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, antithixotropic or rheopexy. viscosity can be determined by using various viscometers such as capillary viscometer, cup & bob viscometer, cone & plate viscometer, falling sphere viscometer, brookfield viscometer, etc. factors affeting viscosity are intrinsic, extrinsic or temperature dependence.
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e., constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid.
This presentation covers concepts such as surface tension, surface energy, liquid drops and bubbles, wetting, capillarity at the elementary school level. Comment down in a box for improvement.
The technology and thermal efficiencies of the coal-fired
cycle have improved dramatically, and the basic idea
of converting the stored energy of coal into electricity
accounts for more than 40% of the world’s power.
Rheology is the investigation of the progression of issue, fundamentally in a fluid state, yet in addition as "delicate solids" or solids under conditions in which they react with plastic stream as opposed to distorting flexibly because of an applied power. Rheology is the study of misshapening and stream inside a material.
Fluid Flow in Bioprocesses
A fluid is a substance that undergoes continuous deformation when subjected to a shearing force.
Fluids play a central role in bioprocesses since most of the required physical, chemical, and biological transformations take place in a fluid phase.
In bioreactors, fluid properties play a key role in determining the effectiveness of mixing, gas dispersion, mass transfer, and heat transfer.
The science of flow of fluid and its deformation under applied forces is termed as rheology.
A modern viscometer is a device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. It works by applying a shear force to the fluid and measuring the resulting torque. The torque is then converted into a viscosity value using a calibration equation. Modern viscometers are highly accurate and can measure viscosity over a wide range of values. They are commonly used in industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals to ensure the consistency and quality of their products.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Viscosity Measurement
1. Chapter 1
Measurement of Viscosity
Krunal H. Parmar
Assistant Professor
Department of Instrumentation & Control
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Technology, Vasad
2. Outlines
1. Introduction
- What is Viscosity?
- Why should I measure Viscosity?
2. Newtonian & Non Newtonian behavior
- Newtonian behavior
- Non Newtonian behavior
- Pseudo plastic
- Dilatants
- Plastic
- Thixotropy
- Rheopexy
3. 1. Introduction
• Viscosity is a quantitative measure of a fluid’s resistance
to flow.
• It is defined as the internal friction of fluid.
• Lack of slipperiness is called as viscosity
• Rheology: The study of the change in form and the flow
of matter, embracing elasticity, viscosity, and plasticity.
• We generally measures two types of viscosity :
1. Absolute/ Dynamic Viscosity (ƞ)
2. Kinematic Viscosity (Ʋn)
4. Viscosity
• Viscosity is the measure of the internal friction of a fluid.
• This friction becomes apparent when a layer of fluid is
made to move in relation to another layer.
• The greater the friction, the greater the amount of force
required to cause this movement, which is called shear.
• Shearing occurs whenever the fluid is physically moved
or distributed, as in pouring, spreading, spraying, mixing,
etc. Highly viscous fluids, therefore, require more force to
move than less viscous materials.
5. • Isaac Newton defined viscosity by considering the model
represented in the figure below.
• Two parallel planes of fluid of equal area A are separated
by a distance dx and are moving in the same direction at
different velocities V1 and V2.
6. • Newton assumed that the force required to maintain this
difference in speed was proportional to the difference in
speed through the liquid, or the velocity gradient. To
express this, Newton wrote:
• where Ƞ is a constant for a given material and is called its
viscosity.
7. • The velocity gradient, dv/dx , is a measure of the change
in speed at which the intermediate layers move with
respect to each other. It describes the shearing the liquid
experiences and is thus called shear rate.
• The term F/A indicates the force per unit area required to
produce the shearing action. It is referred to as shear
stress.
• So, mathematically Viscosity can be defines as
8. Why should I measure Viscosity?
• From viscosity measurement, we can obtain much useful
behavioral and predictive information for various
products.
• A frequent reason for the measurement of rheological
properties can be found in the area of quality control,
where raw materials must be consistent from batch to
batch.
• For this purpose, flow behavior is an indirect measure of
product consistency and quality.
11. • This type of flow behavior Newton assumed for all fluids
is called Newtonian.
• It is, however, only one of several types of flow behavior
you may encounter.
• Graph A shows that the relationship between shear
stress and shear rate is a straight line.
• Graph B shows that the fluid's viscosity remains constant
as the shear rate is varied.
• Typical Newtonian fluids include water and thin motor
oils.
12. Non Newtonian fluids
• A non-Newtonian fluid is broadly defined as one for
which the relationship is not a constant.
• It means that there is non-linear relationship between
shear rate & shear stress.
• In other words, when the shear rate is varied, the shear
stress doesn't vary in the same proportion (or even
necessarily in the same direction).
• E.g. Soap Solutions & cosmetics, Food such as butter,
jam, cheese, soup, yogurt, natural substances such as
lava, gums, etc.
14. • This type of fluid will display a decreasing viscosity with
an increasing shear rate.
• Probably the most common of the non-Newtonian fluids,
pseudo-plastics include paints, emulsions, and
dispersions of many types.
• This type of flow behavior is sometimes called
"shear-thinning.
16. • Increasing viscosity with an increase in shear rate
characterizes the dilatant fluid.
• Although rarer than pseudo plasticity, dilatancy is
frequently observed in fluids containing high levels of
deflocculated solids, such as clay slurries, candy
compounds and sand/water mixtures.
• Dilatancy is also referred to as shear-thickening flow
behavior.
18. • This type of fluid will behave as a solid under static
conditions.
• A certain amount of force must be applied to the fluid
before any flow is induced; this force is called the yield
stress (f').
• Tomato catsup is a good example of this type fluid; its
yield value will often make it refuse to pour from the
bottle until the bottle is shaken or struck, allowing the
catsup to gush freely.
• Once the yield value is exceeded and flow begins, plastic
fluids may display Newtonian, pseudoplastic, or dilatant
flow characteristics.
19. • Some fluids will display a change in viscosity with
time under conditions of constant shear rate.
• There are two categories to consider:
1) Thixotropy
2) Rheopexy
22. Viscosity coefficients
• Viscosity coefficients can be defined in two ways:
1) Dynamic or Absolute viscosity
2) Kinematic Viscosity
• Viscosity is a tensorial quantity that can be decomposed
in different ways into two independent components. The
most usual decomposition yields the following viscosity
coefficients:
1) Shear Viscosity
2) Extensional Viscosity
23. Dynamic Viscosity/ Absolute Viscosity
Proportionality constant between shear stress and
velocity gradient is often called as “Dynamic Viscosity
/ Absolute Viscosity”.
Reciprocal of Dynamic Viscosity is “Fluidity”.
Ratio of Shear stress to the velocity gradient of the
fluid is known as Absolute Viscosity.
26. Shear Viscosity
• The most important one, often referred to as simply
viscosity, describing the reaction to applied shear
stress; simply put, it is the ratio between the
pressure exerted on the surface of a fluid, in the
lateral or horizontal direction, to the change in
velocity of the fluid as you move down in the fluid
(this is what is referred to as a velocity gradient).
27. Volume Viscosity or Bulk Viscosity
• Bulk viscosity becomes important only for such
effects where fluid compressibility is essential.
Examples would include shock waves and sound
propagation.
• It appears in the Stokes' law (sound attenuation) that
describes propagation of sound in Newtonian liquid.
28. Extensional Viscosity
• A linear combination of shear and bulk viscosity,
describes the reaction to elongation, widely used for
characterizing polymers.
• For example, at room temperature, water has a
dynamic shear viscosity of about 1.0 * 10−3 Pa·s and
motor oil of about 250 * 10−3 Pa·s.
30. Measurement of Shear viscosity
Depends upon dynamics of shear force acting upon fluid
either Newtonian / non- Newtonian.
Instruments which measures the viscosity are called as
Viscometers. Viscometers only measures under one flow
condition.
Most popular viscometers to measure shear viscosity are
1. Capillary flow viscometer
2. Circular couette flow viscometer
3. Cone & plate flow viscometer
4. Parallel plate flow viscometer
43. Shop Floor Viscometers
• Mainly used in Industrial applications to measure
viscosity of mostly Newtonian types of fluid.
• These viscometers consisting simple & convenient
method for viscosity measurement.
• Most popular shop-floor viscometers :
1. Rotational Viscometer
2. Flow through restriction type Viscometer
3. Flow around type Viscometer
44. Rotational Viscometer (Brook field
Viscometer)
• Determine viscosity by measuring the
resistance on a shaft rotating in the
fluid .
• They are designed to make a direct
measurement of the absolute
Viscosity.
• The theory of operation of a rotational
viscometer is based on the Couette
flow model for fully developed,
steady and laminar flow between two
surfaces, one of which is moving.
• Pointer displacement is directly
proportional to fluid viscosity.
53. Effect of Temperature
• The viscosity of liquids decreases with increase the
temperature.
• The viscosity of gases increases with the increase the
temperature.
• The lubricant oil viscosity at a specific temperature
can be either calculated from the viscosity -
temperature equation or obtained from the
viscosity-temperature chart.
56. Viscosity Index
• An entirely empirical parameter which would accurately
describe the viscosity- temperature characteristics of the
oils.
• The viscosity index is calculated by the following
formula:
VI = (L - U)/ (L - H) * 10
where ,
VI is viscosity index
U is the kinematic viscosity
of oil of interest
L and H are the kinematic
viscosity of the reference oils
57. Effect of Pressure
• Lubricants viscosity increases with pressure.
• For most lubricants this effect is considerably largest
than the other effects when the pressure is
significantly above atmospheric.
• The Barus equation :
60. Applications
• Selection of lubricants for various purpose.
- we can choose an optimum range of viscosity for
engine oil.
- for high load and also for speed operation high
viscous lubricants is required.
• In pumping operation
- for high viscous fluid high power will require.
- for low viscous fluid low power will require.
• In making of blend fuel
- less viscous fuels easy to mix.
• In the operation of coating and printing.
61. Important Questions
1. Explain Coutte Viscometer in detail.
2. Define Viscosity. What are the different methods of Viscosity
measurement? Explain any one method with basic Principle, working &
suitable application.
3. Explain the measurement of viscosity under extremes of temperature
and pressure.
4. Explain in detail construction and working of cone and plate viscometer
and parallel plate viscometer.
5. Define the viscosity with necessary equation and discuss Newtonian
and non-Newtonian behavior of various fluids
6. Explain the measurement of shear viscosity using capillary viscometer
with necessary equation
7. Give explanation about following terms: Viscosity, Bingham Plastic,
Pseudoplastic, Shear Thinning, Shear Thickening, Thixotropy &
Rheopexy