The document provides an overview of key concepts in atomic structure and chemical bonding. It defines the electron cloud model and notes electrons are found in energy levels around the nucleus. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, which are similar in size. An element is defined by its atomic number, while isotopes have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms form ionic bonds by gaining or losing electrons or covalent bonds by sharing electrons. Metals bond through metallic bonds and are found on the left side of the periodic table, while nonmetals are on the right and form ionic or covalent bonds.

1. Review: Atoms, Periodic
table, & chemical bonds

2. What is the name of the modern atomic
model?

3. What is the name of the modern atomic
model?
Electron cloud model

4. How is the electron cloud model different
from previous models?

5. How is the electron cloud model different
from previous models?
The electron cloud model shows the most likely
location of electrons that are moving around the
protons/neutrons in the nucleus

6. Which subatomic particles are found in
the nucleus?

7. Which subatomic particles are found in
the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons

8. Of the three subatomic particles,
which two are almost the same size?

9. Of the three subatomic particles,
which two are almost the same size?
Protons & neutrons are about the same
size (electrons are almost 2,000 times
smaller)

10. Where are electrons located in the
modern atomic model?

11. Where are electrons located in the
modern atomic model?
Around the nucleus in different energy
levels

12. What are the electrical charges of
protons, neutrons, and electrons?

13. What are the electrical charges of
protons, neutrons, and electrons?
Protons – positive
Neutrons – no charge
Electrons - negative

14. What is the atomic number and
where do you find it?

15. What is the atomic number and
where do you find it?
The number of protons, located on the
periodic table

16. What is the atomic mass (mass
number) and where do you find it?

17. What is the atomic mass (mass
number) and where do you find it?
The mass of the nucleus of an
atom, located on the periodic
table

18. How do you determine the number
of protons in an atom?

19. How do you determine the number
of protons in an atom?
The same as the atomic number, so look
at the periodic table

20. How do you determine the number of
electrons in an atom?

21. How do you determine the number of
electrons in an atom?
The same as the number of
protons (assuming neutral charge)

22. How do you determine the number
of neutrons in an atom?

23. How do you determine the number
of neutrons in an atom?
Subtract the atomic number
(protons) from the atomic mass

24. What is an isotope?

25. What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element, but
with different numbers of
neutrons

26. What is an example of an isotope?

27. What is an example of an isotope?
Carbon-14 & Carbon-12, or
Boron-10 & Boron-11

28. What happens if you change the
number of protons in an atom?

29. What happens if you change the
number of protons in an atom?
It is no longer the same element, because
that is what defines an element

30. What happens if you change the
number of neutrons in an atom?

31. What happens if you change the
number of neutrons in an atom?
It will become an isotope

32. What happens if you change the
number of electrons in an atom?

33. What happens if you change the
number of electrons in an atom?
The atom will become an ion, which
means it will have either a positive
charge or negative charge

34. What is an ion and how do they form?

35. What is an ion and how do they form?
Electrically-charged atom; forms a
positive ion if it loses electrons, forms a
negative ion if it gains electrons

36. Which number increases by one as
you go from left to right in the periodic
table?

37. Which number increases by one as
you go from left to right in the periodic
table?
Atomic number

38. What is the difference between periods
and groups?

39. What is the difference between periods
and groups?
Periods are horizontal rows,
groups are vertical columns

40. What do elements in the same group
have in common?

41. What do elements in the same group
have in common?
Similar physical and chemical properties
(related to same number of valence
electrons)

42. What does “periodic” mean in the
periodic table?

43. What does “periodic” mean in the
periodic table?
Occurring in a repeatable pattern (related
to periodic law)

44. How can you use the periodic table
to figure out the number of valence
electrons?

45. How can you use the periodic table
to figure out the number of valence
electrons?
The group number tells you (except
transition metals in the middle
block); goes from 1-8

46. What are valence electrons?

47. What are valence electrons?
Electrons in the outermost energy level

48. Why is it important for scientists to know
the number of valence electrons for a
type of element?

49. Why is it important for scientists to know
the number of valence electrons for a
type of element?
It determines how reactive an element is
and what bonds it may form

50. What does it mean if an element is
“stable”?

51. What does it mean if an element is
“stable”?
It is unlikely to react or bond with other
atoms

52. How many valence electrons do
“stable” elements have?

53. How many valence electrons do
“stable” elements have?
2 for the 1st energy level (only Helium), 8
for all others

54. What is the group that is known for
having 8 valence electrons and being
unreactive (stable)?

55. What is the group that is known for
having 8 valence electrons and being
unreactive (stable)?
Noble gases (last group on the right,
group 8A or 18)

56. What are properties of metals?

57. What are properties of metals?
• - good conductors of heat & electricity
• - malleable
• - ductile
• - shiny (luster)

58. Where do you find metals on the periodic
table?

59. Where do you find metals on the periodic
table?
Left side (majority of table)

60. What are properties of nonmetals?

61. What are properties of nonmetals?
• - good insulators
• - brittle
• - dull
• - mostly gases

62. Where do you find nonmetals on the
periodic table?

63. Where do you find nonmetals on the
periodic table?
On the right side of the table

64. What are metalloids and where do
you find them on the periodic table?

65. What are metalloids and where do
you find them on the periodic table?
Have properties between metals
and nonmetals, found in a zig-zag
line between metals & nonmetals

66. What property do metalloids have?

67. What property do metalloids have?
Good semi-conductors (good conductors
at high temps, but good insulators at low
temps)

68. Why do atoms form chemical bonds?

69. Why do atoms form chemical bonds?
To achieve stability (or be like noble
gases)

70. What are covalent bonds?

71. What are covalent bonds?
Bonds that form when atoms share one
or more pairs of valence
electrons

72. What are ionic bonds?

73. What are ionic bonds?
Bonds that form between
positively-charged and
negatively-charged ions, as a
result of one giving up & the other taking in
electrons

74. What are metallic bonds?

75. What are covalent bonds?
Bonds that form between metals, where
they share a pool of valence electrons
(community effort)