Atoms and elements can combine in many ways to form useful compounds. An element is made of identical atoms, while a compound is formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together. Atoms are the simplest form of an element, with protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons orbiting around. The number of protons determines the element, while isotopes of an element differ in their number of neutrons. Electrons are usually contained within atoms but can give electric shocks. Atoms combine in fixed ratios to form molecules, with the molecular mass determined by adding the atomic masses. Large numbers of atoms are measured in moles, with one mole equaling 6.02x1023 units. Elements form ions by gaining or losing
objective
theory of atom
dalton`theory
Thomson, s model of atom
atomic number and mass number
isotopes, molecules formula, empirical formula
ions, formula of ionic compound, polyatomic ions, chemical nomenclature
objective
theory of atom
dalton`theory
Thomson, s model of atom
atomic number and mass number
isotopes, molecules formula, empirical formula
ions, formula of ionic compound, polyatomic ions, chemical nomenclature
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
A PERFECT POWERPOINT PRESENTATION FOR CHAPTER ATOMS AND MOLECULES FOR CLASS 9. IT COVERS ALL THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND TOPICS OF THE CHAPTER. HOPE YOU LIKE IT.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the historical perspectives of the discovery of atoms and subatomic particles. The later part of the presentation describes various atomic models and the properties of subatomic particles with a description of commonly used terms like molecules, ions and compounds.
Best PowerPoint presentation on NCERT class 9 Atoms and Molecules as per CBSE syllabus it covers full chapter with all information.
By Raxit Gupta
9C
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BALLYGUNGE
A PERFECT POWERPOINT PRESENTATION FOR CHAPTER ATOMS AND MOLECULES FOR CLASS 9. IT COVERS ALL THE MAJOR CONCEPTS AND TOPICS OF THE CHAPTER. HOPE YOU LIKE IT.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is about the historical perspectives of the discovery of atoms and subatomic particles. The later part of the presentation describes various atomic models and the properties of subatomic particles with a description of commonly used terms like molecules, ions and compounds.
teachers answers for teaching ions and bonding,
spaces provided for students to copy down diagrams and drawings of ions' electronic configuration and covalent bonding between molecules
Biology 1406 Chapter 2 Worksheet - exam 1 chapter 2. By Sydney Oberheiden of Dallas TX. https://www.pinterest.com/nycsydney/ and http://sydneyoberheiden.blogspot.com/
Describes how the four separation techniques work through pictures and detailed explanation, so as to give a better idea of how different separation techniques work and develop interest.
Introduces the concept of covalent bonding with macro-molecules and simple covalent molecules.
Next, it covers inter-molecular attraction but explaining how temporary dipoles form
Finally, heating and cooling curves together with an explanation for how energy is absorbed or given out during boiling or freezing
provides an overview of the topic of motion in physics
teaches students about the idea of velocity and acceleration
Explains the idea of gradient and goes in-depth into interpretation of distance-time and velocity-time graphs
Provides exercises to test the understanding of students
trains students in the state symbols for reactants and products in a chemical equation.
Elements in their elemental form and compounds are divided into covalent and ionic compounds for classification and easier identification of relevant state symbols.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
1. ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
What is an element?
Simply put, an element is made of identical atoms
Every element is different from each other and they can combine together in so many ways to
produce many many useful compounds for our daily use!
An atom is the simplest form of an element
Compounds refers to two or more elements chemically combined together
You can form 10grams of water from 1.2grams of hydrogen and 8.8grams of oxygen
The basic unit of a compound is the repeating unit
Silicon is used to make computer clips!
As well as forming beautiful beaches
2. Do you know that silicon forms compounds of similar chemical structures as other elements
in its group!
For example, if silicon forms an oxide called SiO2, what do you think is the formula of an
oxide of Carbon and of Germanium?
CO2, SiO2, GeO2
Identify the element time! copper
Are they both of the same element?same
Which pile contains more atoms? Right side one
Can you imagine each little nugget to consist of many many tiny atoms?
Atoms are the simplest form of an element
3. Do you think that each element has its own unique atom?yes
Hmm have you gotten an electric shock before?
Since everything is made of atoms, is the thing that gave you an electric shock an atom?
It is an electron!
An electron usually contained within an atom! Like in this picture
Not every atom can give you an electric shock, because the electrons are held tightly and can
only travel around the centre of the atom because of the proton!
The protons being positively charged, attracts the electrons which are negatively charged
But doesn’t the protons repel each other?
What else is in the nucleus that can prevent the protons from repeling each other?
It is the Neutron!
Both the proton and the neutron are closely packed together in the nucleus
And looking at the size,
4. Clearly the protons and neutrons have more mass than electrons!
In fact, 2000 electrons have the same mass as one proton or neutron, which have roughly the
same mass!
Do you think scientist count the mass of electrons in measuring the mass of an atom?
No, the mass of electrons are too small, so scientist only care about the number of protons
and neutrons.
Together, the total number of protons and neutrons equal the atomic mass
Can you tell what is the atomic mass from the data in the periodic table?
How much heavier would you feel an atom of sulphur is, compared to an atom of oxygen?
___________2x_
Mass is measured in Kg right?
Yet do you think an atom can have a mass measured in Kg?
Do you think the mass of an atom can be measured?
But since you know how small they are, think about grams, if a packet of rice has a mass of
10 000 grams, it is easier if you group a number of smaller units together to form a bigger
unit, like a Kilogram
For atoms, a bigger unit other than one atom is the mole!
One mole equals 6.02x1023. The number is 6 000 000 000…. (+ 14 more zeros)! It is a very
large number
A mole of sodium chloride just means 6x1023 of NaCl basic unit
One mole of sodium chloride contains 1 mole of sodium and 1 mole of chlorine
And the mole is a scientist version of “kilogram” or “metre” or “minute”! So we have
measure reactions in terms of how many moles of what react with how many moles of who.
5. And the mole is very exciting for us, because one mole of hydrogen atoms weigh 1 gram!
This means that 60000000000000000000000000 hydrogen atoms altogether weigh 1 gram!
And the best part is, since we know that hydrogen has an atomic mass
of 1, every other elements’ atoms have a mass that is just a multiple of
1. An atom of oxygen is 16 times more massive than an atom of
hydrogen… and an atom of magnesium?
_____________
And if one mole of hydrogen has a mass of 1 gram, what about one
mole of oxygen?
_____________
If you know the atomic mass of oxygen, and that of hydrogen, can you find out the molecular
mass of water? That means what is mass of one molecule of water.
______18 (because 1 oxygen atom has 16 protons and neutrons and 2 hydrogen atoms have 1
proton each)_______
Try it out for yourself
Find out the molecular mass of calcium carbonate CaCO3 ____________
Do you remember from last lesson,
1) what are the three components of an atom?
2) what are the electrical charges of these three components?
3) what is atomic mass determined by?
4) what does molecular mass refer to?
4) scientists measure large numbers of atoms using the ___________
Back to electrons, remember that
6. Notice that electrons are all circling outside, won’t they repel each other because they are all
negatively charged?
In three dimensions, actually they all have their own path and will not be very close to
another electron!
Do you notice that electrons are arranged in layers? And the inner layer appears to be shielded
by the outermost shell.
We call also this outershell the valence shell and it is very important because atoms all hope
to achieve a stable electronic configuration of anoctet valence shell.
Do you know how many electrons an atom have?
We know that the number of electrons equal the number of protons!
The atomic number at the bottom is the same as the
proton number.
Look at your periodic table, can atoms of any element
have different number of protons?
7. The answer is No! Because once the proton number changes, the element also change. An
atom of any element has a fixed number of protons, but the number of neutrons can change.
How many neutrons are there in 35Cl? ________
How many neutrons are there in 37Cl? _________
Isotopes refers to atoms with of the same element with different number of neutrons
What do you think is the main difference between isotopes?
________________________________________________________________
How many electrons does a35Cl atom have? __________
Electron arrangement
8. What is the atomic number of Helium? ______ = number of electrons
What is the atomic number of Neon? _______ = number of electrons
Notice that electrons are organised in shells, and the first shell can contain up to ____
electrons
The second shell can contain up to _____ electrons
The third shell can contain up to ______ electrons although in our O level syllabus, the
maximum number of electrons a third shell will have is 8
You would usually write the electronic configuration of an atom by filling up the lower
number shells first!
If an atom has 15 electrons, it can fill up the first shell (2), the second one (8), and leave the
last 5 in the third shell
So its electronic configuration is 2.8.5
Try it out and see for yourself just
- check the atomic number to find the number of electrons
- then see if the first shell can be filled
- see if the remaining electrons can fill the second shell
- leave the remaining electrons in the third shell
1) Sodium
2) Flourine
3) Phosphorus
9. You will notice that not all the atoms have fully filled outer valence shell from the below
diagram which only shows the number of electrons in the valence shell.
Is there a pattern you see here?
Also notice that the last column (He and Ne) are known as unreactive noble gases, why do
you think that is so?
For the pattern,The number of valence shell electrons remain the same down a group
For the last column, noble gases have octet electronic configuration, therefore they do not
need to react with other atoms to be stable
Helium does not have 8 electrons in its outer shell, it only has 2 so for helium we say it has
duplex electronic configuration
Whereas all the other noble gases have 8 electrons in their valence shells and hence, can be
described has having octet electronic configuration.
All atoms like to have fully filled valence shells, this is very important.
10. Notice that group 1-3 fall under metals
While group 4 to 8 fall under non-metals
Because metals have fewer valence electrons, they prefer to give away their valence
electrons and enjoy the stability provided by an octet electronic configuration.
What happens when an atom gives away electrons?
Notice that a sodium atom has 11 protons and that number of protons will never change. But
yet if it has given 1 electron away, how many electrons does it have left? _____
What happens is sodium has 1 more proton than electron, and we know that protons have a
positive charge of +1
And that atom changes from being neutral to
being an ion that has a charge of +1
As the diagram shows, a +1 ion produces an
electrostatic field that can attract or repel other
charged particles!
11. Solidify your understanding!
1) what is the ion formed by atoms of magnesium, boron, and lithium when they lose their
electrons?_________________________
For non-metals, they can get aoctet valence shell through 2 ways.
The first way is to gain electrons.
Nitrogen needs to gain ____ more electrons to reach octet configuration.
Oxygen needs to gain ____ more electrons to reach octet configuration.
Similar to the example on sodium above, when a non-metal atom such as fluorine atom gains
an electron, suddenly it has 10 electrons and only 9 protons and it has become an ______ with
a charge of -1
Solidify your understanding!
1) what is the ion formed by atoms of chlorine and sulphur when they gain some electrons?
____________________
Solidify your understanding!
1) what charge
Let me introduce a very important organic molecule called glucose.
It has a chemical composition, meaning it is made up of how many atoms and of which
element, of
6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms