Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Review of Anatomy and Physiology of Musculoskeletal System . Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
This document discusses the classification and composition of cells and tissues in the human body. It covers:
1. The two main types of cells - somatic and germ cells. Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes while germ cells contain 26 and are found only in reproductive organs.
2. Tissues are classified based on their regenerative abilities - labile, stable, or permanent cells.
3. The main components of cells - water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, electrolytes, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi bodies.
4. The four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue - and their characteristics and functions.
This document provides information on muscles, joints, and movement. It defines the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their functions. It describes muscle attachments via tendons and ligaments connecting bones. Various joints are defined, including hinge and ball-and-socket joints, and the basic movements they allow including flexion, extension, and rotation. Key muscles of the upper and lower body are identified along with their actions.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder joints provide flexibility, while ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles to facilitate movement. The three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - work with the skeletal system to enable both voluntary and involuntary body functions.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
The document discusses joint dislocation, including definitions, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, management including closed and open reduction techniques, nursing diagnoses, and nursing care for a patient experiencing a joint dislocation. Joint dislocations are injuries where the ends of bones in a joint are forced from their normal positions, commonly occurring in shoulders, fingers, elbows, knees and hips due to trauma, falls, or motor vehicle accidents.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system including its main components and functions. It describes the three types of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and cartilages. It then discusses the assessment of the musculo-skeletal system including history taking, physical examination, common tests like bone marrow aspiration and arthroscopy, and common musculoskeletal problems and their nursing management.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone contains concentric rings surrounding haversian canals, while spongy bone is less dense and contains thin bone columns. Bones come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Long bones have a diaphysis made of compact bone, epiphyses containing spongy bone, articular cartilage at the ends, a periosteum outer layer, and medullary cavity containing marrow. Key bone markings include heads, condyles, epicondyles, and trochanters for muscle attachment and articulation.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
This document discusses the classification and composition of cells and tissues in the human body. It covers:
1. The two main types of cells - somatic and germ cells. Somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes while germ cells contain 26 and are found only in reproductive organs.
2. Tissues are classified based on their regenerative abilities - labile, stable, or permanent cells.
3. The main components of cells - water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, electrolytes, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi bodies.
4. The four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue - and their characteristics and functions.
This document provides information on muscles, joints, and movement. It defines the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their functions. It describes muscle attachments via tendons and ligaments connecting bones. Various joints are defined, including hinge and ball-and-socket joints, and the basic movements they allow including flexion, extension, and rotation. Key muscles of the upper and lower body are identified along with their actions.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones that support the body and enable movement. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum, while the appendicular skeleton comprises the shoulder and pelvic girdles and upper and lower limbs. Bones are living tissues composed of compact and spongy bone, and come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Joints like the ball-and-socket hip and shoulder joints provide flexibility, while ligaments and tendons connect bones to muscles to facilitate movement. The three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - work with the skeletal system to enable both voluntary and involuntary body functions.
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
The document discusses joint dislocation, including definitions, causes, types, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, management including closed and open reduction techniques, nursing diagnoses, and nursing care for a patient experiencing a joint dislocation. Joint dislocations are injuries where the ends of bones in a joint are forced from their normal positions, commonly occurring in shoulders, fingers, elbows, knees and hips due to trauma, falls, or motor vehicle accidents.
The document discusses the musculo-skeletal system including its main components and functions. It describes the three types of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones, joints, and cartilages. It then discusses the assessment of the musculo-skeletal system including history taking, physical examination, common tests like bone marrow aspiration and arthroscopy, and common musculoskeletal problems and their nursing management.
There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone contains concentric rings surrounding haversian canals, while spongy bone is less dense and contains thin bone columns. Bones come in long, short, flat, and irregular shapes. Long bones have a diaphysis made of compact bone, epiphyses containing spongy bone, articular cartilage at the ends, a periosteum outer layer, and medullary cavity containing marrow. Key bone markings include heads, condyles, epicondyles, and trochanters for muscle attachment and articulation.
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
The document summarizes key aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including:
1) The musculoskeletal system includes bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons that work together to provide structure, movement, protection, and hematopoiesis.
2) Bones come in different shapes and contain two types of osseous tissue - compact bone and spongy bone. They have various processes and markings that provide sites for muscle attachment.
3) Joints allow various degrees of movement from immobile to freely movable. They are classified by type of movement and contain ligaments and synovial fluid.
Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, fluid-filled sacs located around joints that reduce friction, most commonly affecting the elbow, shoulder, knee, and hip. It is typically caused by infections, age, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or obesity. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, tenderness, and trouble moving the affected joint. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs or corticosteroids, rest, ice, and lifestyle changes such as weight loss.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of bone. It covers the functions, classification, microscopic structure, development, growth and common disorders of bone. Key points include that bone provides structure, protection and movement; is made of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite; develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification; and can be affected by conditions like fractures, osteoporosis or cancer.
The musculoskeletal system comprises the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body. It provides form, support and movement. The muscular system includes voluntary and involuntary muscles that enable movement and maintain posture. The skeletal system comprises bones and joints, including 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. Bones are classified as flat, irregular, long or short. Joints include fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints like the ball and socket hip joint that allow movement. Together the musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement and protection to the body.
MOVEMENT OF BONES OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SYSTEM.pptxTaniyaMondal6
You can find here about the Movements of Bones of Axial and Appendicular System, Range of Motion, Bones, Joint Movements in Anatomy and Physiology with the help of 3D live images for better understanding and knowledge purpose. This presentation is made considering the new medical and nursing students. explained in an easy wasy. so that you can learn some effective knowledge through this slides.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
In my presentation, I have described about the anatomy and physiology of bone and also did a elaboration on the pathways which is responsible for bone cells formation. For more details related to bone you can contact me on my email : sheershopramanik24@gmail.com
Tendons consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibers that provide great tensile strength to anchor muscles to bones. Ligaments contain bundles of elastic fibers and some collagen, making them more flexible than tendons but offering less strength to hold bones together. Fibroblasts secrete the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue and are called fibrocytes when not actively engaged in synthesis. The poor blood supply to tendons and ligaments affects their behavior in the body.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
Stages of bone healing and various factorsBipulBorthakur
This document summarizes the stages of bone healing and various factors that influence the process. It describes the typical stages of bone healing as injury and hematoma formation, inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling. It also outlines different types of fracture healing and lists both mechanical (e.g. stability) and biological (e.g. age, nutrition) factors that can impact bone healing. Key growth factors and hormones in the process are also identified. Finally, the document discusses factors that can promote bone healing, such as movement and growth factors, as well as factors that can impede it, like excessive movement during soft callus formation.
This document provides an overview of long bone anatomy and classification of joints. It describes the main parts of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphysis and their structures. It also classifies bones based on shape and classifies joints based on both structure and function, describing the characteristics of synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous joints. Key joint types include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding and saddle joints.
Amputation is the removal of a body part, usually an extremity. It is often performed to relieve symptoms of conditions like diabetes, gangrene, trauma, infections, or tumors. There are two main types - open amputation leaves the wound open to drain while closed amputation sutures skin flaps over the end. The level of amputation is determined by circulation and functional usefulness, aiming to conserve length. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection, pain, and contractures. Treatment focuses on wound healing through compression, casting, and avoiding infection. Nursing management assesses the patient and prepares the skin while providing psychological support. Rehabilitation aids acceptance of changes, and a team helps the patient maximize function and participation through
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilage that provide structure, protection, movement, and support. There are two main divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones can be classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. The skeletal system allows movement through articulations between bones at joints like the ball and socket hip joint. Common diseases include arthritis, fractures, osteoporosis, and various cancers that affect the bones and bone marrow.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are inflammatory joint diseases. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical stress and damage over time, causing cartilage loss and bone changes leading to pain and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of multiple joints, resulting in joint stiffness, pain, and deformity especially in hands, wrists and feet. Symptoms include tender and swollen joints, joint stiffness, and difficulty gripping objects. Complications may include rheumatoid nodules, Sjogren's syndrome, and Felty's syndrome. Treatment involves medications, exercise, joint protection, and lifestyle changes.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the structural organization of the human body. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure, while physiology is the study of its functions. The human body is composed of chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels of organization. The main body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity housing the internal organs and divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
This document defines crutches and describes different types of crutch gaits and crutches. It discusses the purpose of walking aids, prerequisites for crutch use, and measurements for proper crutch fitting. Types of crutches described include axillary/underarm crutches, elbow/Lofstrand crutches, and forearm support crutches. Instructions are provided for different weight bearing statuses and ambulation techniques like stairs. Precautions and patient education topics are also outlined.
Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and AssessmentJofred Martinez
The skeletal system has four components: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It provides support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is responsible for locomotion and other movements while cardiac muscle contracts the heart and smooth muscle regulates organs and blood vessels. Joints allow movement and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. A variety of diagnostic tests assess the musculoskeleton including arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, bone density tests, bone scans, gallium/thall
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and minerals. It forms through two processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are replaced by bone, forming long bones and portions of flat bones. It begins in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells directly forming bone, without a cartilage intermediate, forming bones like the skull and clavicle. Bone growth is regulated by hormones like growth hormone and sex hormones. Common bone diseases include osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia.
The skeletal system has 6 main functions including providing support and protecting internal organs. Bone is made up of water, organic proteins, and mineral salts. It is constantly remodeling and made of two main tissues, bone and cartilage. The skeletal system contains long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones that each have specific structures like compact and spongy bone. Bone growth and repair are complex processes involving cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcium levels, hormones, and mechanical forces all influence bone metabolism and aging affects bone density and strength.
The skeletal system has several functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage, with 206 bones in the adult human. Bones are living tissue made up of cells, protein fibers, and mineral deposits. They develop through ossification and are remodeled throughout life. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with different types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Injuries can damage bones and joints.
The document summarizes key aspects of the musculoskeletal system, including:
1) The musculoskeletal system includes bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, and tendons that work together to provide structure, movement, protection, and hematopoiesis.
2) Bones come in different shapes and contain two types of osseous tissue - compact bone and spongy bone. They have various processes and markings that provide sites for muscle attachment.
3) Joints allow various degrees of movement from immobile to freely movable. They are classified by type of movement and contain ligaments and synovial fluid.
Bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa, fluid-filled sacs located around joints that reduce friction, most commonly affecting the elbow, shoulder, knee, and hip. It is typically caused by infections, age, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or obesity. Symptoms include pain, fever, swelling, tenderness, and trouble moving the affected joint. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs or corticosteroids, rest, ice, and lifestyle changes such as weight loss.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of bone. It covers the functions, classification, microscopic structure, development, growth and common disorders of bone. Key points include that bone provides structure, protection and movement; is made of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite; develops through intramembranous or endochondral ossification; and can be affected by conditions like fractures, osteoporosis or cancer.
The musculoskeletal system comprises the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body. It provides form, support and movement. The muscular system includes voluntary and involuntary muscles that enable movement and maintain posture. The skeletal system comprises bones and joints, including 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. Bones are classified as flat, irregular, long or short. Joints include fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints like the ball and socket hip joint that allow movement. Together the musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement and protection to the body.
MOVEMENT OF BONES OF AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SYSTEM.pptxTaniyaMondal6
You can find here about the Movements of Bones of Axial and Appendicular System, Range of Motion, Bones, Joint Movements in Anatomy and Physiology with the help of 3D live images for better understanding and knowledge purpose. This presentation is made considering the new medical and nursing students. explained in an easy wasy. so that you can learn some effective knowledge through this slides.
A joint is a point where two bones make contact. Joints can be classified either histologically on the dominant type of connective tissue functionally based on the amount of movement permitted. Histologically the three joints in the body are fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
In my presentation, I have described about the anatomy and physiology of bone and also did a elaboration on the pathways which is responsible for bone cells formation. For more details related to bone you can contact me on my email : sheershopramanik24@gmail.com
Tendons consist of parallel bundles of collagen fibers that provide great tensile strength to anchor muscles to bones. Ligaments contain bundles of elastic fibers and some collagen, making them more flexible than tendons but offering less strength to hold bones together. Fibroblasts secrete the fibers and ground substance of connective tissue and are called fibrocytes when not actively engaged in synthesis. The poor blood supply to tendons and ligaments affects their behavior in the body.
The musculoskeletal system Anatomy and physiologykajal chandel
The musculoskeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons and muscles, which form a framework for the body. Tendons, ligaments and fibrous tissue bind the structures together to create stability, with ligaments connecting bone to bone, and tendons connecting muscle to bone.
Stages of bone healing and various factorsBipulBorthakur
This document summarizes the stages of bone healing and various factors that influence the process. It describes the typical stages of bone healing as injury and hematoma formation, inflammation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation, and remodeling. It also outlines different types of fracture healing and lists both mechanical (e.g. stability) and biological (e.g. age, nutrition) factors that can impact bone healing. Key growth factors and hormones in the process are also identified. Finally, the document discusses factors that can promote bone healing, such as movement and growth factors, as well as factors that can impede it, like excessive movement during soft callus formation.
This document provides an overview of long bone anatomy and classification of joints. It describes the main parts of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphysis and their structures. It also classifies bones based on shape and classifies joints based on both structure and function, describing the characteristics of synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous joints. Key joint types include ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, gliding and saddle joints.
Amputation is the removal of a body part, usually an extremity. It is often performed to relieve symptoms of conditions like diabetes, gangrene, trauma, infections, or tumors. There are two main types - open amputation leaves the wound open to drain while closed amputation sutures skin flaps over the end. The level of amputation is determined by circulation and functional usefulness, aiming to conserve length. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection, pain, and contractures. Treatment focuses on wound healing through compression, casting, and avoiding infection. Nursing management assesses the patient and prepares the skin while providing psychological support. Rehabilitation aids acceptance of changes, and a team helps the patient maximize function and participation through
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and cartilage that provide structure, protection, movement, and support. There are two main divisions - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles. Bones can be classified by their shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. The skeletal system allows movement through articulations between bones at joints like the ball and socket hip joint. Common diseases include arthritis, fractures, osteoporosis, and various cancers that affect the bones and bone marrow.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are inflammatory joint diseases. Osteoarthritis is caused by mechanical stress and damage over time, causing cartilage loss and bone changes leading to pain and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation of multiple joints, resulting in joint stiffness, pain, and deformity especially in hands, wrists and feet. Symptoms include tender and swollen joints, joint stiffness, and difficulty gripping objects. Complications may include rheumatoid nodules, Sjogren's syndrome, and Felty's syndrome. Treatment involves medications, exercise, joint protection, and lifestyle changes.
This document provides an overview of anatomical terms and the structural organization of the human body. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure, while physiology is the study of its functions. The human body is composed of chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism levels of organization. The main body cavities are the dorsal cavity containing the brain and spinal cord, and the ventral cavity housing the internal organs and divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
This document defines crutches and describes different types of crutch gaits and crutches. It discusses the purpose of walking aids, prerequisites for crutch use, and measurements for proper crutch fitting. Types of crutches described include axillary/underarm crutches, elbow/Lofstrand crutches, and forearm support crutches. Instructions are provided for different weight bearing statuses and ambulation techniques like stairs. Precautions and patient education topics are also outlined.
Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and AssessmentJofred Martinez
The skeletal system has four components: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It provides support, protection, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscle is responsible for locomotion and other movements while cardiac muscle contracts the heart and smooth muscle regulates organs and blood vessels. Joints allow movement and are classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints which can be immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable. A variety of diagnostic tests assess the musculoskeleton including arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, bone density tests, bone scans, gallium/thall
This document provides an overview of the muscular system. It discusses the three types of muscles - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and striated, found attached to bones, and enable movement. Cardiac muscle is exclusively found in the heart and contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscles are not striated, act involuntarily, and are located in organs like the intestines. The document also examines muscle structure, types of contractions, energy sources, exercise effects, and attachments. Examples of major skeletal muscles and their functions are outlined.
Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of cells, fibers, and minerals. It forms through two processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification involves cartilage models that are replaced by bone, forming long bones and portions of flat bones. It begins in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification involves mesenchymal cells directly forming bone, without a cartilage intermediate, forming bones like the skull and clavicle. Bone growth is regulated by hormones like growth hormone and sex hormones. Common bone diseases include osteogenesis imperfecta and achondroplasia.
The skeletal system has 6 main functions including providing support and protecting internal organs. Bone is made up of water, organic proteins, and mineral salts. It is constantly remodeling and made of two main tissues, bone and cartilage. The skeletal system contains long bones, flat bones, and irregular bones that each have specific structures like compact and spongy bone. Bone growth and repair are complex processes involving cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Calcium levels, hormones, and mechanical forces all influence bone metabolism and aging affects bone density and strength.
The skeletal system has several functions including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation. The skeleton is made up of bones and cartilage, with 206 bones in the adult human. Bones are living tissue made up of cells, protein fibers, and mineral deposits. They develop through ossification and are remodeled throughout life. Joints connect bones and allow movement, with different types including immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable joints. Injuries can damage bones and joints.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection for the body. It is made of bones connected by ligaments at joints, and bone marrow inside bones produces blood cells. The skeleton changes over one's lifetime from a flexible newborn skeleton with over 300 bones to the 206 bone adult skeleton. Bones are constantly being built and repaired by osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.
The musculoskeletal system consists of two main systems - the skeletal system and the muscular system. The three types of muscles are smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that produce movement and are attached to bones via tendons. Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, produce blood cells, and store minerals. The skeletal system works with skeletal muscles to provide functions like protection, support, movement, and mineral storage.
This document provides an overview of the skeletal system, including its classification, anatomy, functions, and related diseases. The skeletal system consists of both the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, ribcage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs). Bones provide structure, allow movement through joints, protect organs, produce blood cells in the bone marrow, and store minerals. Diseases like osteoporosis and arthritis affect the skeleton and its functions.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in a course on the muscular system. It begins with learning outcomes related to muscle tissue, including the ability to compare the three muscle types and explain muscle contraction. It then discusses the structure of skeletal muscle tissue in depth, focusing on the sarcomere as the basic contractile unit. Finally, it outlines how the course will cover the major skeletal muscles in the body, identifying their attachments, innervation, and functions in producing movement. The document emphasizes developing a working knowledge of muscle anatomy to understand normal movement and support work in allied health fields.
The document discusses the structure and function of long bones. It describes the key parts of long bones including the diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, compact and spongy bone. It also discusses bone formation through intramembranous and endochondral ossification as well as homeostasis and functions of bone such as support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, and storage of inorganic salts.
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
The skeletal system is composed of bones and associated tissues that provide structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. Bones are living tissues composed of cells, collagen fibers, and minerals. There are four types of bones - long, short, flat, and irregular - with different structures adapted to their functions. Bones develop through intramembranous or endochondral ossification and are remodeled throughout life by bone cells.
The document provides an introduction to the muscular system. It discusses that the muscular system is composed of muscle fibers which are specialized cells that are contractile. Muscles are responsible for movement when they are attached to bones or internal organs. There are three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. The document then goes on to describe the structure of skeletal muscle and provides examples of muscle groups in the head, neck, trunk, upper extremities and more.
The musculoskeletal system provides structure, movement, and protection to the human body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and muscles. Bones provide structure and store minerals, muscles allow movement by contracting and relaxing, and joints connect bones to facilitate motion. Together, these components form a complex system that is essential for human movement and survival.
02 Bones, Joints, Muscles General ConsiderationsMubashir Khan
The document discusses bones and the skeletal system. It provides details on the types of bones, their composition, growth, markings and classifications. It also summarizes the structure and types of joints, including synovial joints. Additionally, it covers the basics of muscles, including their innervation, structure and function.
The muscular system provides motor power for all body movements through skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are voluntary striated muscles attached to bones by tendons that allow movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and non-striated, found in organs. Cardiac muscle is exclusively in the heart. Each muscle fiber contains contractile myofilaments that slide past each other during contraction. Muscle contraction is stimulated by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions. Contraction allows movement through pulling bones via tendons attached at muscle origins and insertions.
Bones and its structure in detail with two different form of bone formationbhartisharma175
It consist of detail content about different types of bone cells, two different type of bone formation and structure of long bone. easy to understand for students. language is simple.
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, and joints that work together to support the body, protect organs, allow movement, store minerals, and produce blood cells. There are four classes of bones - long bones in the arms and legs, short bones in the hands and feet, flat bones that make up the skull and ribs, and irregularly shaped bones. Joints connect bones and allow movement. Maintaining bone health requires weight-bearing exercise, adequate vitamin D and calcium intake, and avoiding risk factors like smoking.
Bones have several important functions in the body including providing structure, protection, movement, and storing minerals. Bones are composed of cells, collagen fibers, and both organic and inorganic compounds. There are four main types of bone cells - osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and bone lining cells - each with distinct roles in bone formation and resorption. Bones also contain two types of tissue - compact bone which is dense and hard, and cancellous or trabecular bone which is lighter and less dense. Throughout life, bones continuously undergo growth and remodeling processes to form new bone tissue and remove old tissue.
Bones provide structure, protect organs, allow movement, and store minerals. There are several bone types classified by shape. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, while short, flat, and irregular bones vary in shape. Bone tissue contains cells, water, collagen fibers, and minerals. Growth and remodeling is regulated by hormones and nutrients. Bones develop from cartilage templates in a multi-step process beginning before birth and continuing into early adulthood.
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The document provides guidance on conducting a comprehensive health assessment, including collecting a health history and performing a physical examination. It describes the components of a health history, such as biographical data, chief complaints, past and family medical history, functional status, and psychosocial factors. The document also offers best practices for preparing the patient and environment for the assessment and using effective communication techniques.
Electrolyte and metabolic ECG abnormalitiesAby Thankachan
This document discusses various electrolyte abnormalities and their ECG manifestations. Hyperkalemia causes widened and low amplitude P-waves, widened QRS complex with potential fusion of the QRS-T segment and loss of the ST segment, and tall tented T-waves. Hypokalemia results in ST depression and flattened T-waves and possible negative T-waves. Hypercalcemia speeds repolarization, causing tall peaked T-waves at mild levels and extremely wide QRS complex with low R-waves and disappearance of P-waves at severe levels. Hypocalcemia causes a narrowed QRS complex, reduced PR interval, flattened and inverted T-waves, and prolonged QT and ST intervals. Hypomag
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This document provides information on diagnostic tests and nursing interventions for musculoskeletal function assessment. It discusses tests such as arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, bone density tests, bone scans, CT scans, EMGs, MRIs, x-rays, and biopsies. For each test, it describes the purpose and relevant nursing interventions such as dressing care, activity restrictions, dietary restrictions, and monitoring for complications. It also discusses subjective and objective assessments including categories like history, symptoms, and physical exams of muscles, nerves, and vascular structures.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Age Related Problems / Geriatric problems, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Respiratory obstruction / Airway Obstruction Aby Thankachan
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Respiratory obstruction / Airway Obstruction, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students.
Dyspnea, also known as shortness of breath, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough. It is normally felt during heavy exertion but can become pathological during light exertion or unexpected situations. The causes of dyspnea are often asthma, pneumonia, heart failure, lung disease, or anxiety disorders. The initial evaluation of dyspnea involves assessing breathing, circulation, and getting a medical history and physical exam. Imaging tests like chest x-rays or CT scans may help identify specific causes like pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause, with oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation also being effective options.
Shock is a life-threatening condition where tissues do not receive enough oxygen due to reduced blood flow. If untreated, shock progresses through stages from initial compensation to irreversible organ failure. The main types of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive. Management involves treating the underlying cause, restoring circulating volume with fluids, and providing supportive care like oxygen therapy. Nurses play an important role in monitoring for shock progression and supporting medical management.
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Uirinary incontinence / Bladder Incontinence, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students
Precise guide for DGNM, B.Sc Nursing & M.Sc Nursing Students .. regarding Bowel Incontinence / Fecal Incontinence, and its management. Highly recommended for II B.Sc Nursing Students
Syncope, or fainting, is defined as a transient loss of consciousness caused by a brief period of low blood flow to the brain. It has many potential causes including vasovagal, cardiac, and neurological factors. Common triggers for vasovagal syncope include pain, emotional stress, and standing for long periods. Symptoms progress from presyncope like dizziness to loss of consciousness during a syncopal episode. Treatment depends on the identified cause but generally involves lying the patient flat and monitoring their vital signs until recovery. Further cardiac workup may be needed to rule out serious arrhythmias or structural issues in some cases.
Unconsciousness is an abnormal state where a patient is unaware of their surroundings. It can be momentary or last for months. Common causes include head injuries, low blood sugar, drug overdoses, or lack of oxygen. The first steps in treatment are the ABCs - maintaining airway, breathing, and circulation. A brief examination and history should be done to investigate the cause and plan further treatment. Potential complications include coma, brain damage, broken ribs from CPR, or choking.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
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2. The skeletal system has four components:
bones, cartilage, tendons,
and ligaments.
Functions
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage
3. Bone cells are categorized as
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Ossification or osteogenesis , is the
formation of bone by osteoblasts.
4. Once an osteoblast becomes surrounded by
bone matrix, it is referred to as an
osteocyte.
6. Bone Structures
Compact (cortical) bone,
forms the outer shell
of a bone, has a
densely packed,
calcified intercellular
matrix.
Cancellous (spongy) bone
is found in the
interior of bones and
is composed of
trabeculae, or spicules.
7. Spongy bone consists
of interconnecting
rods or plates of
bone called trabeculae.
Bones can be classified according to
the amount of bone matrix
relative to the amount of space
within the bone.
8. Compact bone consists
mainly of osteons.
An osteon, or haversian system, consists of a
single central canal, its contents, and
associated concentric lamellae and
osteocytes.
12. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Minerals
Calcium and phosphorus
make bone extracellular
matrix hard.
Magnesium helps form bone
extracellular matrix.
Fluoride helps
strengthen bone
extracellular matrix.
Manganese activates enzymes
involved in synthesis of
bone extracellular matrix.
13. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Nutrition
Vitamin A needed for the activity
of osteoblasts during
remodeling of bone.
Vitamin D helps build bone by
increasing absorption of
calcium from gastrointestinal
tract into blood.
Vitamin C is necessary for
collagen synthesis by
osteoblasts.
Vitamins K and B12 needed for
synthesis of bone proteins.
14. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Hormones
Growth hormone increases general
tissue growth.
Insulin like growth factors (IGFs)
promotes normal bone growth.
Thyroid hormone is required for
normal growth of all tissues,
including cartilage.
Insulin promotes normal bone
growth by increasing the
synthesis of bone proteins.
15. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Hormones
Sex hormones (estrogens and
testosterone); stimulate
osteoblasts and promote the
sudden “growth spurt” that
occurs during the teenage years.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes
bone resorption by osteoclasts;
enhances recovery of calcium
ions from urine; promotes
formation of the active form of
vitamin D (calcitriol).
17. Factors Affecting Bone Growth
Exercise
Weight-bearing
activities stimulate
osteoblasts and,
consequently, help build
thicker, stronger bones
and retard loss of bone
mass that occurs as
people age.
20. There are three types of muscle
tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Functions
Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Constriction of organs and
vessels
Contraction of the heart
21. The major characteristics of muscle tissue
are
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle, with its associated connective
tissue, constitutes about 40% of the body’s weight.
Is responsible for locomotion, facial
expressions, posture, respiratory functions,
and many other body movements.
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, and its
contractions provide the major force for moving
blood through the circulatory system.
22. The major characteristics of muscle tissue are
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of
hollow organs and tubes, in the interior of
the eye, and in the walls of blood vessels,
among other areas.
Is responsible for propelling urine through
the urinary tract, mixing food in the
stomach and the small intestine, dilating
and constricting the pupil of the eye, and
regulating the flow of blood through blood
vessels.
23. Properties of Muscular Tissue
Electrical excitability is the ability to respond
to certain stimuli by producing electrical
signals called action potentials.
Contractility is the ability of muscular tissue
to contract forcefully when stimulated by
an action potential.
Extensibility is the ability of muscular
tissue to stretch without being
damaged.
Elasticity is the ability of muscular tissue to
return to its original length and shape
after contraction or extension.
24. Skeletal Muscle Structure
Muscles are
attached to bones
by tendons.
Muscle contraction
causes most body
movements by
pulling one of the
bones toward the
other across a
movable joint.
26. Skeletal Muscle Structure
A muscle is
composed of
muscle fasciculi,
each surrounded
by perimysium.
At the level of the
perimysium, axons
of neurons branch,
and each branch
extends to a
27. Parts of a Muscle
The muscle fiber
contains several
myofibrils.
A single sarcomere of
a myofibril is
composed of actin
myofilaments and
myosin myofilaments.
29. Functional Classification of Joints
Type Description Examples
Synarthrosis Immovable joint Skull sutures
Epiphyseal
plates
Joint between first rib
and manubrium of
sternum
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable
joint Vertebral joints
Joint of the symphysis
pubis
Diarthrosis
Freely movable
joint
Joints of the extremities
Shoulder joints
Hip joints
33. Range of Motion
Active range of motion is the amount of
movement accomplished by contracting
the muscles that normally act across a
joint.
Passive range of motion is the amount of
movement accomplished when the
structures that meet at the joint are moved
by an outside force.