All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
Locomotion in fishes has been classified into three types: Anguilliform or ...RirisLindiawati
Locomotion of fishes means movement of fishes for their survival .
It provides a number of interesting information to the Ichthyologists.
The knowledge of the different methods of locomotion is yet not fully understood because fishes in aquaria or somewhere else other than their natural inhabitation tend to behave in a manner somewhat different from the normal.
All animal cells have a voltage across their cell membranes. Neurons and muscle cells can alter this potential and conduct impulses through their membranes, called nerve impulses. This is a comprehensive note on the "resting membrane potential" of a cell membrane, when no impulses are being conducted.
Locomotion in fishes has been classified into three types: Anguilliform or ...RirisLindiawati
Locomotion of fishes means movement of fishes for their survival .
It provides a number of interesting information to the Ichthyologists.
The knowledge of the different methods of locomotion is yet not fully understood because fishes in aquaria or somewhere else other than their natural inhabitation tend to behave in a manner somewhat different from the normal.
Why do ion channels not function like open poresWhat is membrane .pdfjaronkyleigh59760
Why do ion channels not function like open pores?
What is membrane potential?
How do K+ leak channels work? Why is the membrane potential of a resting cell negative?
What is patch clamp recording? What is one of the major insights gained from patch clamp
reporting experiments?
Compare and contrast the three types of gated ion channels.
Be familiar with the different parts of a neuron.
During an action potential, what happens to the membrane potential, voltage-gated Na+
channels, Na+ ions, voltage gated K+ channels, K+ ions, and Na+-K+ ion pumps?
When an action potential reaches a synapse, what happens to the Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ ions,
neurotransmitters, transmitter-gated ion channels, and the post synaptic neuron?
What effect do excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic cells?
What is an example of a mechanically gated ion channel?
Solution
1.Excitable cells, such as fast-acting neurons and muscle cells, have specialized channels that
open in response to a signal and permit rapid ion movement across the cell membrane. The
opening of just a single ion channel alters the electrical charge on both sides of the membrane.
The resulting charge differential then causes adjacent voltage-sensitive channels to open in
chain-reaction fashion, creating a self-propagating electrical signal that travels down the entire
length of the cell. Sometimes, this sequence of events is triggered when a chemical signal —
such as a neurotransmitter — binds to an ion channel receptor on cell\'s surface. Other times, a
cell\'s ion channels open in response to mechanical (rather than chemical) stimuli.
2.In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference between the inside of the cell and
the surrounding extracellular fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. When a
nerve or muscle cell is at \"rest\", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane
potential. In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the
inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid.
3.The leak channels allow K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients (from a
high concentration toward a lower concentration).
With the combined ion pumping and leakage of ions, the cell can maintain a stable resting
membrane potential and create membrane potential of a resting cell negative.
4.Patch clamp recording is an extremely useful technique for investigating the biophysical
properties of the ion channels that control neuronal activation.
The procedure involves pressing a glass micropipette against a cell in order to isolate a small
“patch” of membrane that contains one or more ion channels.
The experimental setup further allows scientists to “clamp” the electrical environment of the
patched area by precisely controlling the voltage across the cell membrane, which, depending on
the ion channels present, impacts the flow of ions through the membrane and allow for int.
Production of live food (Aquatic micro animals)for the rearing of fish fry at...Hafiz M Waseem
Production of live food (Aquatic micro animals)for the rearing of fish fry at hatcheries ROTIFERSBrachionus sp. CRUSTACEANS (CLADOCERANS)Moina sp. Daphnia sp.
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary pro...Hafiz M Waseem
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary productivity.ppt
Chlorella sp.
Scenedesmus sp.
Tetraselmis chuii
Skeletonemia sp
Spirulina sp.
Chaetoceros sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Determination of p h of waste water sample .....................................Hafiz M Waseem
ecologyDetermination of pH of Waste Water Sample ..................................................... 4
Determination Dissolved Oxygen within Water ................................................... 5
Adaptive Features of Animals in Relation to Food and Environment .................. 7
Study the Plant Population Density ................................................................... 10
Experimental Design and Approaches to Ecological Research ........................ 12
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Trophic levels and energy variation with increasing trophic levels.food chain...Hafiz M Waseem
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
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1. Topic Name :
Resting Membrane
Potential
Submitted by :
Hafiz Muhammad Waseem
Roll No. mcf-1901171
Class : MSc Zoology
Submitted to :
Mam Razia Bashir
Submitted Date : 16-01-2
2. Contents
Introduction
History
Define RMP
Measurement RMP
Ion gated channels
Movement of ion
Sodium potassium ATPase Pump
Conduction velocities vary widely among neuron
Salutatory conduction
References
3. History
Resting current in nerve were measure and
describe by Julius Bernsteinin 1902
He proposed a ‘ A Membrane Theory ’’
that explain the resting potential of nerve
and muscle as diffusion potential
4. Introduction of neuron
a) dendrites - input
b) cell body – “decision making”; graded
potential
c) axon - transmits action potential
5. Define
The difference in charge with more positive out
side and more negative ions inside
A resting neuron is not conducting a nerve
impels
Fluid inside PM –vet outside PM +vet charge
All cells have a resting potential
But neuron and muscle cells are specialized
transmit and resting potential rapidly
10. The potential difference (–70 mV) across the
membrane of a resting neuron
It is generated by different concentrations of
Na+, K+, Cal, and protein anions (A)
The cytoplam inside a cell is negative and the
outside of the cell is positive. (Polarized)
11.
12. Types of membrane channels
(1) Leak (Diffusion , Passive ) channels : - Pores in the
cell-membrane which are open all the time , therefore
ions diffuse through them according to the ion
Concentration Gradient .
(2) Voltage-gated channels :
open when the cell-membrane is electrically activated .
(3) Chemically-gated ( ligand-gated ) channels : open by
chemical neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions
& synapses )connections b/w neurons).
13. Chemically gated channels –
open with binding of a specific
neurotransmitter
Voltage-gated channels – open
and close in response to
membrane potential (change
in charge)
Mechanically gated channels –
open and close in response to
physical deformation of
receptors
19. Ion channels
They are present in PM.
Sodium potassium ions constantly
diffuse through these ion
channels
Cal ion and negative protein ion
also present.
They have large in size .
They cannot pass through in this
channels.
21. Movement of ions
When gated channels are open:
Ions move along chemical gradients,
diffusion from high concentration to
low concentration. Ions move along
electrical gradients, towards the
opposite charge
Together they are called the
Electrochemical Gradient
An electrical current and Voltage
changes are created across the
membrane
22. Sodium-potassium ATPase Pump
It is present in Pm
It is powered by ATP
It keep the concentration of sodium and potassium ion constant on two side of
membrane
it move sodium out side and potassium inside the membrane
it move 3 sodium outside and 2 potassium inside the membrane
this pump maintain resting potential across membrane
25. Factor that effect that RMP
1. Difference of potassium ion concentration across membrane
2. Due to fact that cell membrane at rest is much more permeable to k ion
than Na ion
3. The movement of K ion has greater influence on the RMP
RMP of cell at rest in this case is -70 mv
4. Permeability of membrane to Na and K
5. Action of Na pump
26. Factor that make inside of the cell
negative
• Depend mainly on transport properties of
resting membrane,
• 1- Contribution of K & Na diffusion potential
through Na & K leak channels of nerve
membrane
• 2- Active transport of Na & K ions ( Na/K
pump)
• 3- Negative ions inside membrane as proteins
& phosphate sulphate
28. •VOLTMETER
To measure very small membrane
potential difference between inside &
outside as resting membrane potential
. How?
•-A small filled pipette containing
electrolyte solution is inserted inside
the nerve fibber & another electrode
is placed in the outside & membrane
potential difference between inside &
outside is measured using the
voltmeter.
Measuring membrane potential
29. Conduction velocities vary widely among neurons
Rate of impulse propagation is determined by:
Axon diameter – the larger the diameter, the faster the
impulse
Presence of a myelin sheath – myelination dramatically
increases impulse speed
31. References
Bennett, Tom, PowerPoint slides, 3/23/05
Jack, Pasternak J. An Introduction to Human
Molecular Genetics. 2nd ed. New Jersey:
Wiley-Liss, 2005.