Living organisms respire to gain energy from food to power essential functions like movement, growth, and reproduction. Respiration involves the breakdown of food molecules through oxidation, releasing energy that is captured in ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully break down glucose, producing much more energy, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, generating lactic acid and less energy. Respiration takes place in cells across living things to fuel their various energy-requiring processes.
Respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
Respiration is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
These slides will help to build an understanding of the respiratory system for the ordinary levels and the A levels students.
The can also be useful for science enthusiasts at any level.
so feel free to view and download these slides. enjoy.
Respiratory system
1. Human Respiration {Includes cellular respiration & gas exchange} - Gaurav Pandey
2. Human Respiratory System • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Epiglottis • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Diaphragm
3. 1. Nasal Cavity • Air enters through the nostrils. • The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane • This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air
4. 2. Pharynx • Place where the oral and nasal cavities meet
5. 3. Epiglottis • A flap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing
6. 4. Larynx • In the top of the trachea • Also called the voice box • It contains vocal chords which allows for speec
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptxthiru murugan
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 6:
The structure and functions of respiratory organs
The physiology of respiration
Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation
Respiratory system
The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration
Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 .
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration.
Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration.
Parts of respiratory system
Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax)
Nose
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Nose:
Also called external nares.
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies.
Pharynx:
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat.
Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
There are 3 types:
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx:
Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract.
It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles.
Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx.
Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing.
Trachea:
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times.
Bronchus:
The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs.
Left and right main bronchus in each lung.
Each bronchus divided into bronchioles
Lung:
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm.
Its superior part called the apex
Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage.
Mediastinum
Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side
Pleura:
The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura.
The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Why do living organisms respire?
• Living organisms needs:
Energy to move
Excrete
Grow
Reproduce
• In all living cells, including plants and
animals, food molecules are broken
down by a reaction called oxidation
• Respiration is the oxidation of food
substances with the release of energy in
living cells
3. Respiration
• There are two kinds of Respiration:
Aerobic respiration
It is the oxidation of food substances in the presence of oxygen
with the release of a large amount of energy
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + O2 → H2O + CO2 + ATP
Anaerobic respiration
It is the breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen
• The energy that is released by respiration packed as another molecule called ATP
(adenosine triphosphate)
• Anaerobic respiration release less energy than aerobic respiration
4. Some examples of energy consuming process in organisms:
• The synthesis of protein from amino acid
• Building up cells
• Cell division
• Muscular contraction
• respiratory movement
• Active transport
• Transmission of nerve impulses
5. Anaerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic
respiration
• Yeast needs a little amount of energy to survive
Yeast release ethanol and carbon dioxide as waste products
anaerobic respiration in yeast is called alcoholic fermentation
Glucose→ ethanol + carbon dioxide + small amount of energy
C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2 + ATP
6. Energy conversion in muscle cells
• Muscle respire aerobically
• When less oxygen is available, muscles will respire
anaerobically for short time
• During intensive exercise, aerobic respiration is unable
to produce enough energy to meet the demands
The muscles produce extra energy by anaerobic
respiration
Lactic acid is produced in this process
7. Energy conversion in muscle cells
The equation of anaerobic respiration in your muscles is:
Glucose → 2 Lactic acid + small amount of energy
C6H12O6 → 2 C3H6O3 + ATP
When there is insufficient oxygen to meet the demands of the vigorous muscular
contractions, the muscles are said to incur an oxygen debt
During the period of rest, the breathing rate continues to be the fast for some
time.
This is to provide sufficient oxygen to repay the oxygen debt
• Lactic acid builds up in the muscles and cause fatigue and muscular pains
Lactic acid is transported to the liver and converted back into glucose
Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the lactic acid produced in
the muscles during anaerobic respiration
8.
9. Gas exchange system in humans
Nose
• Air usually enters your body through the two
external nares (nostrils).
The wall of the nostril has a fringe of hairs
• The nostrils leads into two nasal passages
Which lined with a moist mucous membrane
• Breathing though the nose has the following
advantage:
Dust, bacteria and foreign particles trapped
by:
1. hairs in the nostrils
2. Mucous in the mucus membrane
Air is warmed up before entering the lung
Harmful substances may be detected by
small sensory cells in mucus membrane
10. • The air in the nasal passages enters the
pharynx then larynx and then into the
trachea through an opening known as
glottis.
• Trachea is supported by C-ring shaped
cartilage to keep it open
• Trachea divides into two tubes, the
bronchi, one to each lung
• Each bronchus divides into very fine
bronchioles
• Each bronchiole ends in a cluster of air
sacs
11. The Respiratory Epithelium of the Nasal Cavity
and Conducting System
Figure 23.6a, b
• The thinner wall of the
trachea and bronchi are lined
by cilia
• Gland cells secrete mucus to
trap dust and bacteria
• The cilia sweep these
particles up into the pharynx
• From the pharynx, they are
swallowed into the
esophagus or removed by
coughing
12. The Lung
• Each lung lies inside pleural cavity
The pleural cavity is lined by two
transparent elastic membranes called
pleural membranes
The pleural cavity contains lubricating
fluid to reduce friction during breathing
• Thousands of alveoli (air sacs) are
found inside the lung
Alveoli provide a very large surface area
for gaseous exchange
13. How are the lungs adapted for efficient gaseous
exchange?
1. The numerous alveoli provide a large
surface area
2. The alveoli are richly supplied with
blood capillaries
3. The wall of the alveolus and capillary
is only one cell thick (diffusion of
gases is easy)
4. The wall of alveolus is covered with
thin moist film. This allows oxygen to
dissolve in it
14.
15. The Chest Cavity
• Chest wall is supported by ribs.
• Your ribs are attached dorsally to the
backbone
• And attached ventrally to the chest bone or
sternum
10 pairs only are attached to the sternum
2 pairs are free
• External and internal coastal muscles are
found between ribs
These muscles are antagonistic ( one contract
other relax)
• The thorax is separated from the
abdomen by elastic muscle sheet called
diaphragm
Diaphragm move down ward and upward
during breathing
17. Inspiration or Inhalation
Inspiration means breath in.
1. Diaphragm contract and push down
2. External coastal muscles contract
3. Internal coastal muscle relax
4. Ribs move upward and forward
5. Volume of the thoracic cavity increase
6. Pressure in the lungs decrease
7. Air moves into the lung
18. Expiration and exhalation
Inhalation means breath out
1. Diaphragm relax and push up
2. External coastal muscles relax
3. Internal coastal muscle contract
4. Ribs move downward and inward
5. Volume of the thoracic cavity decrease
6. Pressure in the lungs increase
7. Air moves out of the lung
19. Gaseous exchange in alveolus
• Gaseous exchange in the lungs
takes place by diffusion
• The alveolus has:
High concentration of oxygen
Low concentration of carbon dioxide
• Blood entering the lung has:
Low concentration of oxygen
High concentration of carbon
dioxide
20.
21.
22. How is Carbon dioxide removed from your body?
In the tissues:
• Carbon dioxide diffuses to the blood and enter red blood cells
• Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid in the red
blood cells
• This reaction in the presence of enzyme carbonic anhydrase
• The carbonic acid then converted to hydrogencarbonate ions
• Hydrogencarbonate diffuse out of the red blood cell and carried by
plasma to the lungs
In the lungs:
• Hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse back into red blood cells and
converted into carbonic acid
• Then carbonic acid converted to water and carbon dioxide
• The carbon dioxide then diffuses into the alveoli
Also a small amount of CO2 is carried and dissolved in the blood
