This document provides an overview of the clinical anatomy of the respiratory system. It describes the main components including the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, and alveoli. It then discusses some common congenital anomalies such as tracheal stenosis, tracheo-esophageal fistula, bronchial atresia, and lung agenesis. Tracheo-esophageal fistula is classified into types A through E depending on the location and nature of the esophageal atresia and fistula. Bronchial atresia is the focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus. Lung agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly where

1. C LINICAL ANATOMY OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FATIMA TRUNKWALA
GROUP 216

2. Introduction
• Conducting portion
Nose, Pharynx , Larynx ,
Trachea and Bronchi
• Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles ,
Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

3. Nose
• Nasal cavity
Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous
• Paranasal Sinuses
air-filled space within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
bones of the skull

4. Pharynx
• Funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to the nasal cavity
• Common passageway for air and food and it provides a resonating chamber
for speech sounds
• It is composed of:
 Nasopharynx – uppermost portion
 Oropharynx – middle portion
 Laryngopharynx – lowermost portion

5. Larynx
• It is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the
pharynx.
• It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal
cords.
• It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic
tissue

6. Trachea
• It is a tubular passageway for air, located anterior to the esophagus
• It extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra where it divides into
the right and left bronchi
• The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane
• Tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings

7. Lungs
• Main and primary organ of the respiratory System
• Consists of lobes
 Right lung has three lobes.
 Left lung has two lobes.

8. Bronchial Tree
• The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leadding from the trachea to
the alveoli.
• Bronchial tree begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
• Branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are right and left primary
bronchi; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts
which terminate in alveoli.

9. The Alveoli
• Primary exchange of gases occur
• Cup-shaped out pouching lined by epithelium and supported by a thin
elastic basement membrane.
• Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening.

10. Congenital Anomalies of respiratory system
• TRACHEAL STENOSIS
• TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
• BRONCHIAL ATRESIA
• LUNG AGENESIS

11. Tracheal stenosis
• Rare
• Focal (30%), Generalized (30%), Funnel shaped (20%).
• Affects Lower 1/3rd of distal airway

12. TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
• Type A: Corresponds to pure esophageal atresia without fistula.
• Type B: is esophageal atresia with fistula between the proximal pouch and the trachea.
• Type C: is esophageal atresia and fistula from the trachea or the main bronchus to the distal esophageal
segment. (most common)
• Type D: is esophageal atresia with both proximal and distal fistulas
• Type E: is tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia.

13. Bronchial Atresia
• Focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus that
lacks communication with the central airways.
• Upper lobe bronchi are frequently affected

14. Lung Agenesis
• Teratogenic;
• 4th week of Gestation
• Usually Unilateral
• More than 50% of children with pulmonary agenesis have associated
congenital anomalies that involve the cardiovascular

15. Thank you for list
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